Asymmetric phase-transfer catalyzed glycolate alkylation, investigation of the scope, and application to the synthesis of (-)-ragaglitazar

[Reaction: see text]. Asymmetric glycolate alkylation using a protected acetophenone surrogate under solid-liquid phase-transfer conditions is a new approach to the synthesis of 2-hydroxy esters and acids. Diphenylmethyloxy-2,5-dimethoxyacetophenone 1 with a trifluorobenzyl cinchonidinium bromide catalyst 9 (10 mol %) and cesium hydroxide provided S-alkylation products 2 at -35 degrees C in high yield (80-99%) and with excellent enantioselectivities using a wide range of electrophiles (80-90% ee). Alkylated products were elaborated to useful alpha-hydroxy intermediates 3 using bis-TMS peroxide Baeyer-Villiger conditions and selective transesterification reactions. The ester products have been enantioenriched by simple recrystallization from ether to give a single isomer (99% ee). A tight ion-pair model is proposed for the observed S-stereoinduction that includes van der Waals contacts between the extended enolate and the isoquinoline of the catalyst. To demonstrate the utility of the new methodology, the anti-diabetes drug (-)-ragaglitazar 24 was synthesized in six steps from a key 2-alkoxy-3-p-phenoxypropionic acid 26 that was made using PTC glycolate alkylation.     

Enantioselective synthesis of both enantiomers of methyl dihydrojasmonate using solid-liquid asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis

Both enantiomers of methyl dihydrojasmonate (-)-1 and (+)-1 were obtained by a short route using asymmetric Michael addition of dimethyl malonate onto pentyl enone 3, followed by nonracemizing demethoxycarbonylation. The key enantioselective step involves a new system of asymmetric solid-liquid phase-transfer catalysis using solvent-free conditions. Enantiomeric excess as high as 90% (91% yield) was achieved.     

用氧瓶燃烧-电位滴定法测定煤中有机硫和橡胶总硫

研究了煤中有机硫和橡胶中总硫的微量测定方法,样品经氧瓶分解后所转变的ＳＯ４２－在Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６３－／Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６４－电对存在下用Ｐｂ２＋滴定。提出了采用Ｚｎ３［Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６］２、微酸性溶液和低浓度Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６４－存在下,消除磷干扰的新方法,应用于合成样品和实际样品的分析,结果满意。其回收率＞９８％,相对标准偏差＜２．３％,绝对误差＜０．１５％。     

Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of 1-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methylindolin-2-one: a new anti-inflammatory compound with reduced gastric ulceration properties

The new compound 1-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methylindolin-2-one (1), designed using the prodrug approach, was easily obtained in 85% yield and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. The lactam 1 showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity comparable to that of the COX-2 inhibitor lumiracoxib, without gastro-ulceration effects. Stability studies demonstrated that the lactam function was stable and did not hydrolyze in pH 1.2 or 7.4. Furthermore, using a thioglycollate-induced peritonitis model, compound 1 was shown to inhibit cell migration by 50.4%, while lumiracoxib inhibited it by 18%. This compound represents a new non-ulcerogenic prototype for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.     

A cycloaddition cascade approach to the total synthesis of (-)-FR182877

An asymmetric synthesis of the cytotoxic natural product, (-)-FR182877 (1), has been achieved. Chirality for the entire structure was established using two (4R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone-mediated boron aldol reactions. A 19-membered macrocarbocycle was synthesized by the coupling of two fragments using a regioselective Suzuki coupling (17 + 23 --> 26; 84%) and macrocyclization of a beta-keto ester (30 --> 31; 77%). Oxidation of 31 triggered a sequence of stereoselective transannular Diels-Alder reactions (32 -->34; 63%) forming four new rings and seven new stereocenters in the pivotal construction event. This pentacyclic intermediate was subsequently transformed to (-)-FR182877. Semiempirical calculations of the transannular Diels-Alder cycloaddition cascade were carried out to determine the origins of asymmetric induction.     

α-quartz型GeO2高压相变的分子动力学研究

采用在经典离子晶体作用势中附加Morse势,并进行必要的量子化修正,对α-quartz型GeO2结构随压力变化特性,进行分子动力学计算模拟,获得了在压力高于6.0 GPa, α-quartz型GeO2从晶相向非晶相相变的模拟结果,并利用其摩尔体积变化、键角、径向分布、配位数等重要信息对模拟结果作了深入的探讨;相变后的非晶相,由占体积66%的八面体结构和33%的四面体结构组成的非晶体,其中还有极少量的α-quartz型GeO2存在。     

Efficient microwave access to polysubstituted amidines from imidoylbenzotriazoles

Microwave reactions of primary and secondary amines with imidoylbenzotriazoles 6a-w gave diversely substituted amidines 7a-Aa in 76-94% yields. Convenient preparations of a variety of amides 5a-Ab (87-96%) and imidoylbenzotriazoles 6a-w (56-95%) have also been developed using microwave irradiation under mild conditions and short reaction times. These results demonstrate further the advantages of microwave synthesis and introduce a new application of imidoylbenzotriazoles in the preparation of polysubstituted amidines.     

A new method of analysis of peroxydisulfate using ion chromatography and its application to the simultaneous determination of peroxydisulfate and other common inorganic ions in a peroxydisulfate matrix

A new method for the determination of peroxydisulfate using ion chromatography has been developed. Elution of peroxydisulfate was effected by isocratic elution using 200 mM NaOH at 40°C. A modification of the method using gradient elution was able to simultaneously determine other common inorganic ions (nitrate, nitrite, sulfate and chloride) down to significantly low concentrations in a peroxydisulfate matrix. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were in the range of 0.5-5%, for peak areas and <0.2% for peak retention times. The recoveries were between 95% and 120% for a concentration range of about 0.5-42 ppm. The limit of detection for peroxydisulfate ion was 0.2 ppm and for the other ions were ≤2×10(-2) ppm. The calibration curves were linear with slope and intercepts close to 1 and 0, respectively.     

Determination of ink photoinitiators in packaged beverages by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

A new analytical method, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) techniques, was developed for the determination in packaged food beverages of five ink photoinitiator residues: 2-isopropylthioxanthone (ITX), benzophenone, 2-ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EHDAB), 1-hydroxycyclohexyl-1-phenyl ketone (IRGACURE 184) and ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDAB). Samples were extracted from selected beverages (milk, fruit juices and wine) and relative packagings, using n-hexane and dichloromethane, respectively, purified on solid-phase extraction (SPE) silica gel cartridges, and then analyzed in GC/MS and LC/MS. The recovery percentages, obtained spiking the beverage samples at concentrations of 4 and 10 microgl(-1) with a standard mixture of photoinitiators, were in the range 42-108% (milk), 50-84% (wine), and 48-109% (fruit juices). The repeatability of the method was assessed in all cases by the % of correlation value, that was lower than 19%. The lowest limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs), obtained using GC/MS, were in the range 0.2-1 and 1-5 microgl(-1), respectively. The method was applied to the analysis of forty packaged food beverages (milk, fruit juices and wine samples). The most significant contamination was that of benzophenone, found in all samples in a concentration range of 5-217mugl(-1). Its presence was confirmed by an LC/Atmospheric-Pressure PhotoIonization (APPI)/MS/MS analysis. The photoinitiator (EHDAB) was found in eleven out of forty beverages in a concentration range of 0.13-0.8 microgl(-1). Less important was the ITX contamination, found in three out of forty samples in a range 0.2-0.24 microgl(-1). The work proposes a new method to analyze ink photoinitiator residues in polycoupled carton packaging and in contained food beverages.     

Simultaneous Determination of Cephalexin and Carbocisteine from Capsules by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP - HPLC).

Abstract

A new, simple, precise, accurate and rapid RP- HPLC method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Cephalexin and Carbocisteine from capsules, using 0.025 M monobasic sodium phosphate: acetonitrile (87:13, v/v) as a mobile phase, and a C₈ Shodex column as the stationary phase. Detection was carried out using a UV detector at 210 nm. The linearity range for Cephalexin and Carbocisteine were 50 - 300 μg/mL and 40 - 200 μg/mL, respectively. Assay values for Cephalexin and Carbocisteine were 99.46% (R.S.D. - 1.30%) and 99.22% (R.S.D.-1.34%) for Brand 1. and 99.71% (R.S.D. - 1.68%) and 99.43% (R.S.D. - 1.78%) for Brand 2, respectively.     

Quantitative determination by temperature dependent near-infrared spectra: a further study

Quantitative spectra-temperature relationship (QSTR) between near-infrared (NIR) spectra and temperature has been studied in our previous work (Talanta, 2010, 82, 1017-1021). In this study, applicability of the QSTR model for quantitative determination is further studied using the spectra of aqueous ethanol samples in the temperature range of 31-40 °C and the concentration range of 1-99%. The results show that QSTR model can be built by using the spectra in a small temperature range and the quantitative analysis can be achieved by only two spectra at different temperatures. Moreover, calibration curves for different concentration ranges (1-5%, 20-70%, 95-99%, v/v) are investigated by using linear and nonlinear curve fitting, respectively. Both of the linear and nonlinear curves are found to be applicable within these concentration ranges. Therefore, the temperature dependent NIR spectra may provide a new way for quantitative determination and may have high potential in bio-fluids analysis or industrial practices.     

Diastereoselective spiroannulation of phenolic substrates: advances towards the asymmetric formation of the manumycin m-C7N core skeleton

The asymmetric syntheses of two new spirolactones prepared in optically pure form from L-3-nitrotyrosine are described. The key step, an oxidative spiroannulation, was carried out on the optically active phenols 11a and 11b and afforded the new spirolactones 5a and 5b in 85% and 83% yields, respectively, as mixtures (3:1 dr) of diastereomers. The major diastereomers from these mixtures could be isolated in optically pure form by trituration using acetone-hexanes as the solvent. Thus, the optically active spirolactones (+)-5a (+ 92.8 degrees, c=0.125 acetone) and (+)-5b (+112.0 degrees, c= 0.125 acetone) were obtained after four synthetic steps from L-3-nitrotyrosine in 41% and 43% yield, respectively.     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiophene derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A series of new thiophene derivatives has been synthesized using the Gewald protocol. The acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity was assayed according to Ellman's method using donepezil as reference. Some of the compounds were found to be more potent inhibitors than the reference. 2-(2-(4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetamido)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxamide (IIId) showed 60% inhibition, compared to only 40% inhibition by donepezil.     

Highly enantioselective phenylacetylene addition to aromatic ketones catalyzed by cinchona alkaloid-aluminum complexes

The catalytic asymmetric addition of phenylacetylene to aromatic ketones is reported. The catalyst, generated from commercially available Cinchona alkaloids and industrially available triethylaluminum, gives the expected tertiary alcohols with good enantiomeric excess (70-89%) and yields (60-83%). No previous case has been reported successfully using triethylaluminum as a Lewis acid in the asymmetric alkynylation of carbonylic derivatives, and thus we provide a new method to obtain optically active tertiary propargyl alcohols.     

Determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in biological fluids by automatic on-line integration of solid-phase extraction and capillary electrophoresis

A new, automatic method for the clean-up, preconcentration, separation, and quantitation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in biological samples (human urine and serum) using solid-phase extraction coupled on-line to capillary electrophoresis is proposed. Automatic pretreatment is carried out by using a continuous flow system operating simultaneously with the capillary electrophoresis equipment, to which it is linked via a laboratory-made mechanical arm. This integrated system is controlled by an electronic interface governed via a program developed in GWBasic. Capillary electrophoresis is conducted by using a separation buffer consisting of 20 mM NaHPO4, 20 mM beta-cyclodextrin and 50 mM SDS at pH 9.0, an applied potential of 20 kV and a temperature of 20 degrees C. The analysis time is 10 min and the detection limits were between 0.88 and 1.71 microg mL(-1). Automatic clean-up and preconcentration is accomplished by using a C-18 minicolumn and 75% methanol as eluent. The limit of detection of NSAIDs can be up to 400-fold improved when using sample clean-up. The extraction efficiency for these compounds is between 71.1 and 109.7 microg mL(-1) (RSD 2.0-7.7%) for urine samples and from 77.2 to 107.1 microg mL(-1) (RSD 3.5-7.1%) for serum samples.     

4(R)-(2,4,6-三甲基苄氧基)-(S)-脯氨酸促进的直接不对称羟醛反应

方便地合成了一种新的不对称羟醛反应的手性催化剂4(R)-(2,4,6-三甲基苄氧基)-(S)-脯氨酸. 以过量的丙酮作溶剂, 使用5 mol%该催化剂, 有效地催化了多种取代苯甲醛与丙酮间的不对称羟醛反应, 产率最高达91.0%, ee最高达84.3%.     

Enantiospecific synthesis of 2-[18F]fluoro-L-phenylalanine and 2-[18F]fluoro-L-tyrosine by isotopic exchange

2-[(18)F]Fluoro-L-phenylalanine and 2-[(18)F]fluoro-L-tyrosine have been developed as promising radiopharmaceuticals for molecular imaging using positron emission tomography (PET). However, the lack of a convenient radiosynthetic pathway has limited their practical use. In this work a new three-step nucleophilic synthesis of these compounds starting from [(18)F]fluoride is described. Corresponding precursors (1a and 1b) were (18)F-fluorinated by isotopic exchange, followed by the removal of an activating formyl group with Rh(PPh(3))(3)Cl and subsequent hydrolysis of protecting groups in acidic medium. All reactions were carried out using both conventional and microwave heating. Conventional heated reactions yielded the desired products 2-[(18)F]Fphe and 2-[(18)F]Ftyr in 43% and 49% whereas radiochemical yields of 34% and 43%, respectively, were obtained when they were heated by microwaves. Under optimized conditions the enantiomeric purity was ≥94% for both radiopharmaceuticals.     

Capillary electrophoresis of double-stranded DNA fragments using a new fluorescence intercalating dye EvaGreen

EvaGreen is a new DNA intercalating dye successfully used in quantitative real-time PCR. In the present work, we firstly apply EvaGreen to the analysis of dsDNA by CE with LIF detection. Comparisons of EvaGreen dye with the commonly used dyes SYBR Green I and SYBR Gold were preformed in dsDNA analysis by CE. The linear range of dsDNA using EvaGreen was slightly wider than that using SYBR Gold and SYBR Green I, and the detection limits of dsDNA were not significantly different for the three dyes. Good separations of dsDNA fragments were obtained using the three dyes. Reproducibility of migration time and the peak area of dsDNA fragments with EvaGreen were better than those for SYBR Green I and SYBR Gold. The RSD values were 0.24-0.27% for migration time and 3.45-7.59% for peak area within the same day, 1.35-1.63% for migration time and 6.72-12.05% for peak area for three days. Our data demonstrated that EvaGreen is well suited for the dsDNA analysis by CE with LIF detection.     

New eco-friendly animal bone meal catalysts for preparation of chalcones and aza-michael adducts

ABSTRACT: Two efficient reactions were successfully carried out using Animal Bone Meal (ABM) and potassium fluoride or sodium nitrate doped ABMs as new heterogeneous catalysts under very mild conditions. After preparation and characterization of the catalysts, we first report their use in a simple and convenient synthesis of various chalcones by Claisen-Schmidt condensation and then in an aza-Michael addition involving several synthesized chalcones with aromatic amines. All the reactions were carried out at room temperature in methanol; the chalcone synthesis was also achieved in water environment under microwave irradiation. Doping ABM enhances the rate and yield at each reaction. Catalytic activities are discussed and the ability to re-use the ABM is demonstrated. RESULTS: For Claisen-Schmidt the use of ABM alone, yields never exceeded 17%. In each entry, KF/ABM and NaNO3/ABM (79-97%) gave higher yields than using ABM alone under thermic condition. Also the reaction proceeded under microwave irradiation in good yields (72-94% for KF/ABM and 81-97% for NaNO3/ABM) and high purity. For aza-Michael addition the use of ABM doped with KF or NaNO3 increased the catalytic activity remarkably. The very high yields could be noted (84-95% for KF/ABM and 81-94% for NaNO3/ABM). CONCLUSION: The present method is an efficient and selective procedure for the synthesis of chalcones anaaza-Michael adducts. The ABM and doped ABMs are a new, inexpensive and attractive solid supports which can contribute to the development of catalytic processes and reduced environmental problems.     

Palladium-catalyzed alpha-arylation of esters

A new and simple one-pot procedure for the palladium-catalyzed intermolecular alpha-arylation of esters is described. A number of esters can be functionalized with a wide range of aryl bromides using Pd(OAc)(2) or Pd(2)(dba)(3) and bulky electron-rich o-biphenyl phosphines 1-3. Under the reaction conditions, using LiHMDS as base, alpha-arylation proceeds at room temperature or at 80 degrees C with very good yields and high selectivities for monoarylation. Important nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug derivatives such as (+/-)-naproxen tert-butyl ester and (+/-)-flurbiprofen tert-butyl ester can be prepared in 79% and 86% yield, respectively. The catalyst system based on the di-tert-butylphosphine (2) is also active for the alpha-arylation of esters using aryl chlorides. Furthermore, using (3) the alpha-arylation of trisubstituted ester enolates can be accomplished to provide compounds that have quaternary centers.