Dual-wavelength operation of a figure-eight fiber laser

We study numerically an erbium-doped figure-eight fiber laser including a double-band-pass optical filter for dual-wavelength pulse generation. Simulations are performed for several values of the filter band-width and wavelength separation between the transmission windows. The results show that dual-wavelength mode-locking is obtained in most cases, with a balanced energy distribution between wavelengths. Due to cavity dispersion, the pulses at each wavelength are asynchronous for a large wavelength separation, whereas they are synchronous for closely spaced wavelengths, as in this case cross-phase modulation is able to compensate for the dispersion-induced walkoff. In the asynchronous case, dual-wavelength operation is favored by the filter loss, whereas in the synchronous case it is favored by the saturable absorber action of the nonlinear optical loop mirror. Simulations also show that, thanks to those stabilization mechanisms, dual-wave-length pulsed operation does not require precise cavity loss equalization between the two oscillating wave-lengths.     

Flexible pulses from carbon nanotubes mode-locked fiber laser

We demonstrate a flexible erbium-doped pulsed fiber laser which achieves the wavelength and pulse width tuning by adjusting an intracavity filter. The intracavity filter is flexible to achieve any of the different wavelengths and bandwidths in the tuning range. The wavelength and width of pulse can be tuned in a range of ~ 20 nm and from ~0.8 ps to 87 ps,respectively. The flexible pulsed fiber laser can be accurately controlled, which is insensitive to environmental disturbance.     

Narrow linewidth continuous-wave and gain-switched fiber laser with intracavity unpumped Er-doped fiber loop

Investigation has been performed for the characteristics of the fiber ring laser incorporating an intracavity unpumped Er-doped fiber Sagnac loop for narrow linewidth continuous wave (CW) and gain-switched pulsed operation. The gain-switched pulse has duty cycle of 4.4% with more than 113 mW in peak power at the reflective optical filter output and the laser was stable both in output power and the peak wavelength.     

30-W Yb<Superscript>3+</Superscript>-pulsed fiber laser with wavelength tuning

We have investigated various pulsed operation regimes of a diode-pumped Yb³⁺-doped fiber laser with both an acoustooptic filter and a shutter inside the resonator. To imbed the polarization-sensitive acoustooptic-tunable spectral filter into the polarization-nonmaintaining resonator, based on an “isotropic” single-mode fiber without “polarization’ losses, we have used a CaCO₃ single-crystal nondispersive thermostable polarization splitter. Stable smooth bell-shaped laser pulses were obtained in the Q-switch generation regime across the entire wavelength tuning band. Their duration depended on the resonator travel time and their repetition rate was determined exclusively by the outer high-frequency generator controlling the acoustooptic shutter. A pulsed laser radiation tuning bandwidth of more than 20-nm at a repetition rate band of 10–100 kHz was observed in the amplification band of the Yb³⁺-doped fiber. A stable average power of 30 W of the pulsed 70-ns 100-kHz laser radiation in a near Gaussian beam was reached by means of the two-stage amplifier based on Yb³⁺-doped fibers with an enlarged mode field diameter (14 μm). The amplifier was pumped by λ = 975 nm CW multimode laser diodes with a maximum average power of 42 W.     

Distinctive features of a pulsed beam scattering on a plane surface (two-dimensional case)

A two-dimensional problem of scattering of pulsed beams having arbitrary time and spatial form on a plane surface of a lossy dielectric halfspace is solved. A pulsed beam has been modeled by letting an E- or H-polarized plane pulse with homogeneous front pass through a space filter. The reflected pulse is found using an expansion of the incident pulsed beam over time-harmonic plane waves.     

High-repetition-rate pulsed fiber laser based on virtually imaged phased array

High-repetition-rate(HRR) pulsed fiber lasers have attracted much attention in various fields. To effectively achieve HRR pulses in fiber lasers, dissipative four-wave-mixing mode-locking is a promising method. In this work, we demonstrated an HRR pulsed fiber laser based on a virtually imaged phased array(VIPA), serving as a comb filter. Due to the high spectral resolution and low polarization sensitivity features of VIPA, the 30 GHz pulse with high quality and high stability could be obtained. In the experiments, both the single-waveband and dual-waveband HRR pulses were achieved. Such an HRR pulsed fiber laser could have potential applications in related fields, such as optical communications.     

High-energy pulses from a figure 8 fiber laser with normal net dispersion

In this paper we show numerically that high-energy pulses can be obtained with a figure-eight Erbium-doped fiber laser with large normal net dispersion, and in which an anomalous-dispersion Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror (NOLM) is used as the effective saturable absorber. One advantage of this configuration over the ring cavity is the possibility to adjust the length of the NOLM loop to avoid overdriving the saturable absorber. The ring section of the laser includes a bandpass filter to balance the combined effects of Kerr nonlinearity and normal dispersion. Strict polarization control is performed in the NOLM as well as in the ring section of the laser. The NOLM is a power-symmetric scheme whose switching relies on nonlinear polarization rotation. This architecture allows a precise control of the low-power NOLM transmission through the orientation of a quarter-wave retarder, whose adjustment is shown to be critical for stable pulsed operation. Pulse formation appears to depend critically on the filter width. If it is wide enough, ps pulses with a large positive linear chirp are produced. After dechirping outside the laser, nearly transform-limited pulses with durations down to 240 fs, energies up to 10 nJ and peak powers beyond 40 kW are predicted.     

An acoustic model of a multiple-channel cochlear implant

A set of bandpass filtered, pulsed noise stimuli presented to three normally hearing subjects was found to have psychophysical properties similar to those of a set of pulsed electrical stimuli presented to two cochlear implant patients. Identical procedures were used to compare the performances of the two groups of subjects in the following tasks: (a) pulse rate difference limen measurements, (b) pitch scaling for stimuli differing in pulse rate, (c) pitch scaling and categorization of stimuli differing in filter frequency or electrode position, and (d) similarity judgments of stimuli differing in pulse rate and filter frequency or electrode position. By choosing the parameters of the acoustic stimuli appropriately, a high level of agreement between the two sets of results was achieved. Electrical stimuli on electrodes at different sites in the cochlea were matched with pulsed noise passed through bandpass filters with different center frequencies. Matching was achieved for equal electrical and acoustic pulse rates.     

Self-adaptive, narrowband tuning of a pulsed optical parametric oscillator and a continuous-wave diode laser via phase-conjugate photorefractive cavity reflectors: verification by high-resolution spectroscopy

A dynamic self-adaptive Bragg grating formed in a photorefractive crystal is shown to be a convenient way to attain single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) operation and narrowband tuning both in a pulsed, injection-seeded optical parametric oscillator (OPO) and in a continuous-wave (cw) extended-cavity diode laser. The pulsed OPO cavity comprises a Rh:BaTiO₃ photorefractive (PR) crystal, a periodically poled KTiOPO₄ nonlinear-optical crystal, and a dielectrically-coated end mirror. A continuous-wave seed beam at 820–850 nm from a tunable SLM diode laser traverses firstly the Rh:BaTiO₃ crystal and then is retro-reflected by the end mirror; this creates a wavelength-selective Bragg grating reflector in the PR crystal, thereby completing the OPO cavity. The cavity stays automatically resonant with the seed radiation, with no need to actively control its length or to make any other mechanical adjustment. One form of injection seeder comprises a novel extended-cavity diode laser (ECDL) design incorporating a self-pumped photorefractive phase-conjugate reflector and a compact, high-finesse tunable intracavity ring filter. This combination facilitates robust tunable single-frequency operation with narrow optical bandwidth. The performance characteristics of the OPO and the ECDL are evaluated by recording high-resolution atomic and molecular spectra. Notably, fluorescence-detected sub-Doppler two-photon excitation at 822 nm, of the 8S ←6S transition in atomic Cs, provides a crucial linewidth test.     

Diffraction properties of multi-layer volume holographic gratings under an ultrashort pulsed beam with arbitrary temporal profiles

The diffraction properties of a system of multi-layer volume holographic gratings under an ultrashort pulsed beam with arbitrary temporal profiles are investigated using the multi-layer coupled wave theory. The dependence of the pulse profiles of the diffracted beams, diffraction bandwidth and the total diffraction efficiency of the multi-layer system on the temporal profiles of the input ultrashort pulse are investigated. The calculated results indicate that the temporal shape of the input pulsed beams is an important factor in the analysis of the propagation characteristics. The analysis of this paper will be valuable for the applications of pulse shaping, processing and filter.     

Cs Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter for blue pulsed laser

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Polarisation characteristics of a 12 fibre coupler under femtosecond pulsed and continuous wave illumination

We report on the experimental investigation carried out in the polarisation characteristics of femtosecond pulsed and continuous wave beams propagating through a 1×2 fibre coupler. It is demonstrated that the polarisation states of pulsed and continuous wave illumination over the broad wavelength range can be preserved in a conventional fused fibre coupler. Furthermore, the fibre coupler acts as a low-pass spectral filter in the visible wavelength range with a splitting ratio between 99.6/0.4 and 99.7/0.3. The result is of importance for fibre-optic second harmonic generation microscopy which requires the polarisation preservation to extract molecular organization of a sample.     

Rotation rate measurement of a microfluidic biodisk spinner and automatic adjustment for the pulsed light source

This study presents a design for a light field inspection system of a biodisk and spinner, which uses a digital camera attached a light filter below to inspect the fluorescence from the biodisk. The pulsed light is a single frequency-controllable light source that is spread over the biodisk. When the frequency of pulsed light is equal to the rotation rate of the spinner, the rotating biodisk would appear to be static due to the persistence of vision effect. The excitation light source (same as the pulsed light) is used to excite the reaction area in the biodisk, and the biochemical reaction emitted fluorescence is recorded in the monitor. Using the continuous image sequence calculation and measuring the variation of the rotating rate for the spinner, and by adjusting the frequency of pulsed light source, the rotational speed of the biodisk and the pulsed light frequency can be synchronized. We also propose a rule for high-speed image processing and low consumption of memory space. By properly judging the rotational speed of the biodisk spinner and quickly inspecting the biodisk, very large amounts of data can be handled. If the images acquired from the camera are processed individually, there will be drawbacks such as slow image acquisition speed and loss of image information. Therefore, we take a multi-task mechanism to use sufficient image buffer areas to increase the speed of acquiring images while processing the images with adjusting the memory spaces efficiently.     

高重复频率脉冲激光能量测量（英文）

设计了一种用于高重复频率脉冲激光能量测量的峰值保持电路。电路由电荷积分器、2阶低通滤波器、时间延迟触发器和峰值保持器组成,通过将光电流脉冲转换成电压脉冲,电压脉冲的峰值与对应电流脉冲所包含的能量成正比。实验测量结果表明：该电路可以测量脉宽〈10 ns,重复频率≥2 kHz的重频窄脉冲激光的脉冲能量,且工作稳定,其线性动态范围≥140倍。该电路可应用于光电阵列探测系统中,能实现较高的空间分辨力。     

Some studies of ultrasound assisted filtration rates

Some recent experimental results of ultrasonically assisted pressure filtration rates through sintered brass and woven stainless steel filters are presented. The liquids studied are clean motor oil (Velocite Mobil No. 6) and slurries formed by adding aluminium powder or hollow glass spheres to the motor oil. Relations between the parameters: pressure drop across the filter, ultrasonic field intensity and the ratio of particle to pore diameter are investigated. Previous explanations on the mechanisms leading to observed flow rate increase by ultrasonic irradiation, given by various authors, are critically evaluated in the light of new observations. These include the critical frequency theory, the influence of cavitation and microstreaming and the influence of turbulence. Some essential relations between parameters influencing the flow rate which still need a systematic investigation are emphasized. It is concluded that the use of ultrasound in pulsed mode operation may be the way out of the present stagnation in the field.     

Theoretical analysis of aliasing noises in cold atom Mach-Zehnder interferometers

We present a theoretical analysis of aliasing noises that might appear in cold atom Mach-Zehnder interferometers used for the measurement of various physical quantities. We focus more specifically on single cold atom gyroscopes. To evaluate the level of aliasing noises, we have developed a model based on the power spectral densities of the different identified noise sources as input parameters and which makes use of a servo-loop to realize a precise measurement of the rotation rate. The model allows one to take into account different modes of operation, like a continuous as well as a pulsed or even a multi-ball operation. For monokinetic atoms, we show that the intermodulation noise can be completely filtered out with a continuous mode of operation and an optimum modulation scheme for any modulation frequency but also with a pulsed operation however only for specific launching frequencies. In the case of a real continuous atomic beam having a velocity distribution, it comes out that a high attenuation can be reached which indicates clearly the potential stability improvement that can be expected from a continuous operation.     

Fenestration operation in middle ear bone with pulsed infrared lasers: an in-vivo study

The feasibility of fenestration operation in middle ear bone with pulsed infrared laser is evaluated. Healthy male New Zealand rabbits in vivo are used in the experiment. Middle ear mastoid bone of animal model is completely exposed with conventional methods, and then a pulsed CO2 laser （10.6 μm） and an Er：YAG laser （2.94 μm） are used to perform the fenestration operation. Diamond drill is also used as a control group. The total operation time and light irradiation time are recorded and the opening efficiency is assessed. The morphological changes and thermal damage around the opening window on the middle ear bone are examined. It is shown that both laser systems are suitable for the fenestration operation in middle ear bone, and this no-touch technique has a lot of benefits compared with traditional methods. The bleeding during operation has an important effect on operation time and thermal injury and needs to be controlled efficiently in further study.     

New efficient laser dye for pulsed and CW operation in the UV

A new laser dye for pulsed and cw operation has been synthesized which can be tuned from 362 nm up to 412 nm. For pulsed excitation with a XeCl excimer laser an energy conversion of 18.5% has been measured at the tuning maximum of the dye; this is the highest efficiency for any known dye in the UV. For cw operation a low laser threshold and a goof efficiency have been observed. The range of tuned cw dye lasers is extended by 30 nm to shorter wavelengths. The dye shows high photochemical stability even at high pump laser power.     

固态化高功率长脉冲驱动源重频特性

基于固态化磁开关、低阻抗脉冲形成网络和感应电压叠加等关键技术, 提出并研制了一台固态化高功率长脉冲驱动源。在前期通过2 GW单次实验验证技术方案的基础上, 研制了中等电压等级的重复频率初级电源;改进了两级磁脉冲压缩系统的复位和绝缘特性;优化了系统整体电路结构, 利用感应电压叠加器完成充电磁开关和脉冲升压的双重功能;设计了合理的复位路径, 实现了各部分磁芯的在线直流复位;并开展了重频运行研究。在电阻负载上获得了输出功率2.1 GW、脉宽约170 ns、重复频率20 Hz及运行时间1 s的实验结果, 脉冲波形的重叠一致性好。     

Low Level Laser Therapy: laser radiation absorption in biological tissues

We theoretically show that a polarization-independent optical band-stop filter operation can be performed by a two-dimensional sub-wavelength array of symmetric cross-shaped plasmonic nanoantennas. The proposed filter’s optical properties can be controlled by varying the size and periodicity of the plasmonic nanoantennas. So, this can be used to design filters in many frequency ranges of interest. In addition, the filter is simply constructed as a coating with only 30-nm thickness, which is much thinner than the operation wavelength, and thus facilitates the fabrication and further large-scale optical integration.