Electrolyte Redistribution in Sealed Nickel-Cadmium Batteries with Combined Electrode Design in the Course of Their Prolonged Operation

Studies of the electrolyte redistribution in a sealed nickel-cadmium battery with combined electrode design, fabricated using the separation fabric recommended for replacing the previously used and presently laid off perchlorovinyl fabric, were carried out.     

Resistance of Electrolyte in Pores of Lead Battery Electrodes

Relations for calculating the active resistance of electrolyte in pores of lead battery electrodes are proposed, and necessity for taking it into account in determining the active resistance of batteries is demonstrated.     

Influence of Electrolyte on the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface Formation on InSb Electrode in Mg-Ion Batteries

Achieving the full potential of magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) is still a challenge due to the lack of adequate electrodes or electrolytes. Grignard-based electrolytes show excellent Mg plating/stripping, but their incompatibility with oxide cathodes restricts their use. Conventional electrolytes like bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ((Mg(TFSI)₂) solutions are incompatible with Mg metal, which hinders their application in high-energy Mg batteries. In this regard, alloys can be game changers. The insertion/extraction of Mg²⁺ in alloys is possible in conventional electrolytes, suggesting the absence of a passivation layer or the formation of a conductive surface layer. Yet, the role and influence of this layer on the alloys performance have been studied only scarcely. To evaluate the reactivity of alloys, we studied InSb as a model material. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate the surface behavior of InSb in both Grignard and conventional Mg(TFSI)₂/DME electrolytes. For the Grignard electrolyte, we discovered an intrinsic instability of both solvent and salt against InSb. XPS showed the formation of a thick surface layer consisting of hydrocarbon species and degradation products from the solvent (THF) and salt (C₂H₅MgCl−(C₂H₅)₂AlCl). On the contrary, this study highlighted the stability of InSb in Mg(TFSI)₂ electrolyte.     

Antimony-free Alloys for Unattended (Sealed) Lead Batteries

The effect of tin concentration on major characteristics of the Pb-0.08% Ca alloy was studied.     

Effects of Sodium Sulfate as Electrolyte Additive on Electrochemical Performance of Lead Electrode

Sodium sulfate as an electrolyte additive was studied via electrochemical methods including linear sweep voltammetry(LSV), cyclic voltammetry(CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) to deeply understand its effect on the hydrogen evolution current and overpotential as well as the formation and structure of anodic passivation films on lead surface during the redox processes. The results achieved will be valuable to improve the cycle life and maintenance-free properties of lead-acid batteries.     

Electrolyte Interphases in Aqueous Batteries

The narrow electrochemical stability window of water poses a challenge to the development of aqueous electrolytes. In contrast to non-aqueous electrolytes, the products of water electrolysis do not contribute to the formation of a passivation layer on electrodes. As a result, aqueous electrolytes require the reactions of additional components, such as additives and co-solvents, to facilitate the formation of the desired solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the anode and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) on the cathode. This review highlights the fundamental principles and recent advancements in generating electrolyte interphases in aqueous batteries.     

MH—Ni电池封口化成及其性能

在硼氢化钾碱性溶液中对金属氢化物（ＭＨ）电极的表面进行化学还原处理，提高了ＭＨ电极的放电容量、活化性能和电催化活性．用其为负极组装的ＡＡ型ＭＨ－Ｎｉ电池进行了封口化成，电池放电容量达到１１５０ｍＡｈ，５Ｃ下电池的放电容量达到０．２Ｃ下容量的８０％以上，电池在１Ｃ１００％ＤＯＤ（放电深度）充放电条件下，循环寿命由原来的１００次左右提高到２００次以上     

锂离子电池LiBOB电解质盐研究进展

本文介绍了可用于锂离子电池的新型锂盐--双乙二酸硼酸锂（LiBOB）的基本性质,包括结构组成、合成方法、物理化学性能及其与结构的关系。综述了近年来在LiBOB新型电解质锂盐研究与探索方面的新成果,重点评价了BOB-阴离子对于石墨负极和金属氧化物正极材料表面的电化学性能。讨论了这种盐在锂离子系中杂质和安全性等问题,归纳了其优缺点,指出今后电解质锂盐的研究发展方向。     

Regulation of Cathode‐Electrolyte Interphase via Electrolyte Additives in Lithium Ion Batteries

As the power supply of the prosperous new energy products, advanced lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are widely applied to portable energy equipment and large‐scale energy storage systems. To broaden the applicable range, considerable endeavours have been devoted towards improving the energy and power density of LIBs. However, the side reaction caused by the close contact between the electrode (particularly the cathode) and the electrolyte leads to capacity decay and structural degradation, which is a tricky problem to be solved. In order to overcome this obstacle, the researchers focused their attention on electrolyte additives. By adding additives to the electrolyte, the construction of a stable cathode‐electrolyte interphase (CEI) between the cathode and the electrolyte has been proven to competently elevate the overall electrochemical performance of LIBs. However, how to choose electrolyte additives that match different cathode systems ideally to achieve stable CEI layer construction and high‐performance LIBs is still in the stage of repeated experiments and exploration. This article specifically introduces the working mechanism of diverse electrolyte additives for forming a stable CEI layer and summarizes the latest research progress in the application of electrolyte additives for LIBs with diverse cathode materials. Finally, we tentatively set forth recommendations on the screening and customization of ideal additives required for the construction of robust CEI layer in LIBs. We believe this minireview will have a certain reference value for the design and construction of stable CEI layer to realize desirable performance of LIBs.     

Flow of Multicomponent Electrolyte Solutions through Narrow Pores of Nanofiltration Membranes

The slow flow of a multicomponent electrolyte solution in a narrow pore of a nanofiltration membrane is considered. The well-known semiempirical method of subdivision of electrical potential into quasi-equilibrium and streaming parts and the definition of streaming concentrations and pressure are discussed. The usefulness of this tool for solving the electrohydrodynamic equations is shown and justified: the use of a small parameter enables a system of electrohydrodynamic partial differential equations to be reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations for streaming functions. Boundary conditions for streaming functions at both the capillary inlet and outlet are derived. The proposed model is developed for the flow of a multicomponent electrolyte solution with an arbitrary number of ions. This is coupled with (i) the introduction of specific interactions between all ions and the pore wall and (ii) the inclusion of the dissociation of water in both conservation and transport equations. Effective distribution coefficients of ions are introduced that are functions of both the specific interaction potentials and the surface potential of the nanofiltration membrane material. The axial dependency of surface potential is expressed by the use of a charge regulation model from which the discontinuity in electric potential and ion pore concentrations at the pore inlet and outlet can be described.A relation between the frequently used capillary and homogeneous models of nanofiltration membranes is developed. An example of application of the homogeneous model for interpretation of experimental data on nanofiltration separation of electrolyte solutions is presented, which shows a reasonable predictive ability for the homogeneous model.     

Effective-Medium Approximation in Studies of the Diffusion Discharge of the Positive Electrode in a Lead–Acid Battery

Application of the effective-medium approximation for studying diffusion-controlled electrochemical reactions that occur during the discharge of the positive electrode of a lead–acid battery is considered in detail. Effect of the electrode thickness on the discharge and development of percolation processes, following the clogging of pores by discharge products, is examined.     

锂离子电池中固体电解质界面膜(SEI)研究进展

本文综述了锂离子电池中固体电解质界面膜(SEI膜)的研究进展.在总结SEI膜的形成机理及模型的基础上,讨论了对SEI膜可能的影响因素及其改性方法,以及各种表征技术、特别是原位分析技术在SEI膜研究中的实际应用.指出在今后的研究中,正极表面与电解液间的界面膜,以及引入水溶性粘合剂体系后正负极表面与电解液间的相互作用将成为人们关注的热点。     

基于有机电解液的锂空气电池研究进展

随着化石燃料的逐渐消耗和城市环境污染的日益严重,纯电动和混合动力汽车的开发使用越来越受到人们的重视. 受到锂离子电池能量密度的限制,目前电动汽车的连续行驶距离仍远低于内燃机动力汽车. 作为新一代电动车供能设备,基于有机电解液的锂空气电池由于结构相对简单,理论能量密度极高,成本低廉,已成为学术界的研究热点. 本文从反应机理、电解液、空气电极以及金属锂负极等四个方面入手,详细介绍了近年来锂空气电池的重要研究进展以及在基础研究方面存在的科学问题,指出了该体系面临的挑战和今后的重要研究方向.     

非水溶剂锂-空气电池中的氧气电极反应

基于锂-氧气反应的锂-空气电池在所有的锂电池体系中具有最大的理论容量和能量密度,认识锂-空气电池中的氧气电极反应对锂-空气电池的研发具有指导意义.本文以金电极/乙腈电解液为模型体系,介绍了锂-空气电池在放电和充电过程中的氧气电极反应机理.电池放电时,氧气还原成超氧自由基,超氧自由基与锂离子结合生成不稳定的超氧化锂;通过歧化反应,超氧化锂生成放电反应最终产物过氧化锂.电池充电时,过氧化锂通过一步两电子直接氧化生成氧气,不经过超氧化锂中间态.在阐述氧气电极反应机理的同时,还对研究氧气反应的各种电化学方法作了介绍.     

镍氢电池正极大电流充放电性能及最佳配方

采用化学共沉淀法制备了镍铝和钴铝2种层状氢氧化物[ Ni4Al(OH)10]OH和[Co4Al(OH)10]NO3.将前者作为电极活性材料,后者及石墨作为正极导电添加剂,通过单纯形重心设计研究了正极中3种物质的最佳配比,使其大电流充放电性能得到有效地提高.结果表明,电极的性能与电极配方密切相关.当[ Ni4Al(OH)...     

锂离子电池非水电解质中Li迁移特性

电解质是锂离子电池的重要组成部分之一，其中Li＋的迁移特性对电池性能具有显著影响。本文综述了用于锂离子电池的凝胶、聚合物和非水液态电解质中Li+迁移特性的研究进展，分析了影响Li＋迁移的主要因素，并提出了进一步的研究重点和新的研究方法。     

Tailored Organic Electrode Material Compatible with Sulfide Electrolyte for Stable All‐Solid‐State Sodium Batteries

All‐solid‐state sodium batteries (ASSSBs) with nonflammable electrolytes and ubiquitous sodium resource are a promising solution to the safety and cost concerns for lithium‐ion batteries. However, the intrinsic mismatch between low anodic decomposition potential of superionic sulfide electrolytes and high operating potentials of sodium‐ion cathodes leads to a volatile cathode–electrolyte interface and undesirable cell performance. Here we report a high‐capacity organic cathode, Na₄C₆O₆, that is chemically and electrochemically compatible with sulfide electrolytes. A bulk‐type ASSSB shows high specific capacity (184 mAh g^?1) and one of the highest specific energies (395 Wh kg^?1) among intercalation compound‐based ASSSBs. The capacity retentions of 76 % after 100 cycles at 0.1 C and 70 % after 400 cycles at 0.2 C represent the record stability for ASSSBs. Additionally, Na₄C₆O₆ functions as a capable anode material, enabling a symmetric all‐organic ASSSB with Na₄C₆O₆ as both cathode and anode materials.     

Determining the Zeta Potential of Porous Membranes Using Electrolyte Conductivity inside Pores

The zeta potential is an important and reliable indicator of the surface charge of membranes, and knowledge of it is essential for the design and operation of membrane processes. The zeta potential cannot be measured directly, but must be deduced from experiments by means of a model. The possibility of determining the zeta potential of porous membranes from measurements of the electrolyte conductivity inside pores (lambda(pore)) is investigated in the case of a ceramic microfiltration membrane. To this end, experimental measurements of the electrical resistance in pores are performed with the membrane filled with KCl solutions of various pHs and concentrations. lambda(pore) is deduced from these experiments. The farther the pH is from the isoelectric point and/or the lower the salt concentration is, the higher the ratio of the electrolyte conductivity inside pores to the bulk conductivity is, due to a more important contribution of the surface conduction. Zeta potentials are calculated from lambda(pore) values by means of a space charge model and compared to those calculated from streaming potential measurements. It is found that the isoelectric points are very close and that zeta potential values for both methods are in quite good agreement. The differences observed in zeta potentials could be due to the fact that the space charge model does not consider the surface conductivity in the inner part of the double layer. Measurements of the electrolyte conductivity within the membrane pores are proved to be a well-adapted procedure for the determination of the zeta potential in situations where the contribution of the surface conduction is significant, i.e., for small and charged pores. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Effect of Active-Material Grain Distribution by Size on Discharge of the Positive Electrode of Lead–Acid Battery

The formation of lead sulfate in the active-material grains during discharge of a lead-acid battery is considered under the assumption that the grain size is not constant. The process is modeled for a binary grain distribution by size and its effect on the discharge is studied.