A new procedure for determination of the acid and base strength distribution of colored catalysts

A new procedure for determining the strength distribution of acid and base centers of colored catalysts by the indicator method has been proposed. The procedure basing on the use of a platinum gauze container for the colored catalyst enables us to eliminate the difficulties in the identification of the color of the indicator.

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. , , , .

     

Ba(OH)2 as catalyst in organic reactions, part XIV. Michael addition catalyzed by barium complex salts in the homogeneous phase

Michael addition to chalcone is catalyzed by barium complex salts in the homogeneous phase under various conditions. The nature of these intermediates is analyzed. These complex salts are described for the first time. The Michael adduct of malonodinitrile to chalcone is described for the first time.

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, , . . . . .

     

Formation of oxalates and carbonates in the thermal decompositions of alkali metal formates

The influences of gaseous and solid reactants on the yields of oxalates and carbonates in the thermal decompositions of alkali metal formates have been studied. A mechanism of formation of these products is proposed, which explains the influences of basic and acidic species formed in the medium on the thermal decompositions of the alkali metal formates.

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Zusammenfassung Der einfluß von gasförmigen und festen Reaktanten auf die Ausbeute von oxalaten und Karbonaten bei der thermischen Zersetzung von Alkalimetallformiaten wurde untersucht. Es wurde ein Mechanismus für die Bildung dieser Produkte vorgeschlagen, der den Einfluß der während der thermischen Zersetzung von Alkalimetallformiaten entstehenden Basen und Säuren erklärt.

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, . , , .

     

Catalytic properties and phase composition of multicomponent catalysts for oxidative ammonolysis of propane

Studies of the phase composition and catalytic properties of several complex oxide catalysts for oxidative ammonolysis of propane indicate that the active phases of these catalysts are antimonates of the respective metals. Phosphorus and tungsten additives to the catalysts promote the formation of such phase compositions, i.e. the formation of antimonates and the binding of excess antimony oxide.

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. , ; , .

     

Reduction kinetics of NiO-MoO3 catalysts

Reduction kinetics of NiO–MoO₃ catalysts in H₂ at 573–723 K has been studied. Reduction activation energies E_a have been determined. The degree of NiO–MoO₃ reduction is shown to increase with increasing NiO content.

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NiO–MoO₃ H₂ 573–723 . E NiO–MoO₃ . , NiO–MoO₃ NiO .

     

Synthesis and thermal studies of metal salts of 2,4, N-trinitroanilinoacetic acid

Copper(II), silver(I) and lead(II) salts of N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-N-nitroglycine were prepared and characterised. The thermal behaviour of the salts in air and nitrogen atmospheres was studied by means of DTA and TG techniques. The environment appeared to have no effect on the mode of decomposition. While metal oxides are formed as the end-products of decomposition of the copper and lead salts, metallic silver plus carbon was found to be final product from the silver salt. The thermal stabilities of these salts follow the sequence silver salt>lead salt>copper salt.

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Zusammenfassung Kupfer(II)-, Silber(I)- und Blei(II)-Salze von N-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-N-nitroglycin wurden hergestellt und charakterisiert. Mittels DTA- und TG-Techniken in Luft- und Stickstoffatmosphäre wurde das thermische Verhalten der Salze untersucht. Die Umgebung scheint auf die Art der Zersetzung keinen Einfluß zu besitzen. Zersetzungsendprodukte der Kupfer ui I Bleisalze sind Metalloxide, Zersetzungsendprodukte des Silbersalzes sind elementares Silber und Kohlenstoff. Die Wärmestabilität dieser Salze sinkt in der Reihenfolge Silbersalt — Bleisalz — Kupfersalz.

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, N-(2,4- )N-. . , . . . > > .

     

Catalytic performance in Co hydrogenation over triruthenium ketenylidene cluster-derived catalyst

The ruthenium catalyst prepared from triruthenium ketenylidene cluster exhibited high catalytic activity in CO hydrogenation, compared with the catalyst from [HRu₃(CO)₁₁]^–. The high activity possibly resulted from the ketenyl group (CCO) that could be partly converted to carbide species.

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, , CO, [HRu₃(CO)₁₁]^–. , , (CCO), .

     

The use of a continuous-flow helium cryostat in low-temperature calorimetry

For experimental investigation of the temperature-dependences of specific heat and thermal conductivity in the range 4–300 K a continuous-flow helium cryostat has been developed. Its adaptation for low-temperature calorimetry and its use for measurement of the temperature-dependences of the specific heats of bulk samples of metals and insulators are described in this note. The phase transition from the normal to the superconductive state has been measured on NbTi and its critical temperature determined. Two methods of determination of the temperature-dependences of the specific heats of metals and insulators have been developed. The inaccuracy of specific heat determination did not exceed 2 % with metal materials and 5 % with insulating materials.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Heliumkryostat mit kontinuierlichem Strom wurde für Versuchszwecke zur Untersuchung der Temperaturabhängigkeit der spezifischen Wärme und der Wärmeleitfähigkeit im Bereich von 4 bis 300 K entwickelt. Sein Einsatz als Tieftemperaturkalorimeter sowie seine Anwendung zur Messung der Temperaturabhängigkeit der spezifischen Wärme einer Anzahl von Metall- und Isoliermaterialproben werden beschrieben. Der Phasenübergang vom normalen in den Supraleitungszustand wurde an NbTi gemessen und seine kritische Temperatur bestimmt. Zwei Methoden wurden zur Bestimmung der Temperaturabhängigkeit der spezifischen Wärme von Metallen und Isolatoren entwickelt. Die Ungenauigkeit der Bestimmungen der spezifischen Wärme war unterhalb von 2 % bei metallischen und unterhalb von 5 % bei isolierenden Materialien.

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Résumé Un cryostat à circulation continue d'hélium, destiné à la détermination expérimentale de la chaleur spécifique et de la conductivité thermique en fonction de la température entre 4 et 300 K, a été mis au point. Son utilisation comme calorimètre à basses températures est décrite ainsi que son application à la mesure de la chaleur spécifique en fonction de la température d'échantillons massifs de métaux et isolants. La transition de phase de l'état normal à l'état supraconducteur a été étudiée sur un échantillon de NbTi et la température critique a été déterminée. Deux méthodes ont été mises au point pour déterminer la variation de la chaleur spécifique en fonction de la température des métaux et isolants. L'imprécision de la détermination de la chaleur spécifique est inférieure à 2 % pour les métaux et 5 % pour les isolants.

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4–300 . ë . NbTi . . 2%, 5%.

     

Coke deposition on naphtha reforming catalysts: II. Influence of the addition of a second metal to platinum

The nature and rate of coke deposited on mono-and bimetallic reforming catalysts have been studied for normal heptane reforming. For bimetallic catalysts it has been shown that coke deposition is less extensive than on monometallic catalyst, depending on the degree of polymerization and the type of bimetallic catalyst.

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-. , , , .

     

Catalytic preparation of diacetone alcohol in controlled flow conditions

Catalytic preparation of diacetone alcohol from acetone was studied using strong basic ion exchangers as catalysts. A continuous process was carried out in an enlarged laboratory set-up with controlled flow rate. Experiments were performed with respect to experiment duration, temperature, flow rate, catalyst porosity and catalyst-acetone ratio. The quantity of DAA was determined by gas chromatography. The effects of temperature, catalyst porosity and catalyst-acetone ratio on the reaction course were significant in comparison with other parameters examined. An exponential dependence of C/A ratio on DAA yield was found.

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() , . . , , , /. . , / (/) . - /.

     

Le systeme eau-theophylline

The binary system water—theophylline was studied by DTA and radiocrystallography. The slow dehydration of theophylline monohydrate was observed at room temperature at relative humidities lower than 60%, without the formation of any other hydrate. The isochoric phase diagram was established. At 78 °C, a peritectic invariant occurred, owing to decomposition of the monohydrate. The existence of only one binary compound (theophylline H₂O) was confirmed by the.Tammann diagram.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels DTA und Radiokristallographie wurde das binäre System Wasser-Theophyllin untersucht. Bei einer relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit unter 60% wird bei Raumtemperatur eine langsame Dehydratation von Theophyllinemonohydrat ohne Formung anderer Hydrate beobachtet. Es wurde ein isochores Phasendiagramm entwickelt. Wegen der Zersetzung des Monohydrates tritt bei 78 °C eine peritektische Invariantheit auf. Die Existenz nur einer binären Verbindung (Theophyllin, H₂O) wird mittels eines Tammanndiagrammes bekräftigt.

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— . 60% - . . 78° , . -.

     

Synthesis of A C18 alcohol from methyl oleate over hydrogen storage alloys

Catalytic hydrogenolysis of methyl oleate to C₁₈ alcohol is tested with a pulse reaction system under atomspheric pressure at 503 K over a series of hydrogen storage alloys. Mg₂Cu alloy shows the highest efficiency and the yield of alcohol is about three times larger than the classical Cu–Cr–O catalyst.

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-C₁₈ 503 K , . Mg₂Cu Cu–Cr–O.

     

Reduction profiles of supported Ru, Au and Ru?Au

The reduction with hydrogen of Ru, Au and Ru–Au supported catalysts was followed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The supports used were MgO, SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. The differences in the reduction behavior of both metals on each carrier are correlated with the surface composition of the bimetallic clusters.

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Ru, Au Ru–Au . MgO, SiO₂ Al₂O₃. .

     

Dissociative adsorption of oxygen and hydrogen, and the formation of hydroxyl groups on the surface of Cu, Ag, Ni, Pd and Pt

By the semi-empirical interacting bonds method, the heats of oxygen and hydrogen adsorption in a dissociative form on the (100) face of Cu, Ag, Ni, Pd and Pt have been calculated. It has been shown that most stable are the multiply bonded adsorption forms. For the different bonding states, the heat of hydroxyl group formation from O₂ and H₂ varies but slightly. The calculated values are compared with the experimental data.

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(100) Cu, Ag, Ni, Pd, Pt. , . - H₂ O₂. .

     

The kinetics of the thermal degradation of calcium carbonate

The decomposition of calcium carbonate fine powder in a flowing nitrogen atmosphere has been investigated by non-isothermal thermogravimetry at heating rates in the range, 10–50 deg min^–1. The analog percentage weight change record was digitized at 1 deg intervals. The resulting data, transformed into dimensionless extents of reaction and calculated rates of reaction, was then subjected to the Arrhenius, Friedman and Generalized Kissinger analyses, using a recently developed FORTRAN program system. The value ofn namely 0.39 ±0.04, resulting when the data is analyzed assuming an nth order reaction, strongly indicates that the most probable rate controlling step is a three-dimensional diffusion process (D4 mechanism), withE=172.4 kJ·mol^–1 andA=1.97·10⁴ K^–1·min^–1. Reasons for the wide disparity in previously reported kinetic data are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Die Zersetzung von feinpulvrigem Calciumcarbonat im Stickstoffstrom wurde durch nicht-isotherme Thermogravimetrie bei Aufheizgeschwindigkeiten von 10–50 °C/min untersucht. Die analoge prozentuale Gewichtsverlustregistrierung wurde in Intervallen von einem Grad digitalisiert. Die erhaltenen, in solche eines dimensionslosen Reaktionsgradcs überführten Daten und berechnete Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten wurden der Arrhenius-, der Friedmann- und einer verallgemeinerten Kissinger-Analyse unterzogen, wobei ein kürzlich aufgestelltes FORTRAN-Programm benutzt wurde. Der unter der Annahme einer Reaktion n-ter Ordnung fürn erhaltene Wert von 0.39 ±0.04 ist ein nachdrücklicher Hinweis darauf, daß der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt höchstwahrscheinlich ein dreidimensionaler Diffusionsprozeß (D4-Mechanismus) mitE=172.4 kJ·mol^–1 undA=1.97·10⁴ K^–1·min^–1 ist. Gründe für die weitreichende Verschiedenheit der bisher mitgeteilten kinetischen Daten werden diskutirt.

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10–50° . , , 1. , , , , , . n- , =0,39 ±0,04 , , e (4 ) E=172, 4 · ^–1 =1,97·10^{4 –1}·^–1. .

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To be presented at the 14th North American Thermal Analysis Society Conference, San Francisco, CA, September 15–18, 1985.     

Depolymerization kinetics of the polymer formed in the reaction of 1-bromobutane on unmodified alumina

The slow processes accompanying the reaction of 1-bromobutane on unmodified alumina have been studied. Butenes and octane are formed via depolymerization of a low polymeric complex formed from the reaction product. The activation energy for the formation of products from the polymer has been determined.

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, 1- . , , , , . .

     

Precipitation of aluminium hydroxide in the presence of surfactant and its effect on the surface acidity

Surface acidity of aluminas prepared by precipitation from sodium aluminate solutions and nitric acid with and without surfactant were determined by IR spectroscopy. It was found that the amounts of aprotic acidic sites increase with increasing pH of precipitation and with increasing concentration of surfactant used in the course of precipitation and washing of the precipitate.

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, -. , -, .

     

Catalytic desulfurization of ethanethiol over zinc-forms of NaX zeolites

Zinc exchanged zeolite X was found to catalyze effectively the dehydrosulfurization of ethanethiol. The catalytic activity correlated linearly with the degree of ion exchange and increased with the reaction temperature. The role of zinc cations in the reaction examined is discussed and suggestions concerning the reaction mechanism are put forward.

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X, Zn, . . .

     

Cracking of n-hexane on Na, H-mordenite: Coke poisoning

n-Hexane cracking was studied on Na, H-mordenites at 400 °C under atmospheric pressure. It was found that the degree of exchange of Na⁺ for H⁺ affected both the initial and the steady state activity of the mordenite. The deactivation by coke also varied with the degree of proton exchange of the zeolite.

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- Na, H- 400°C . , , Na⁺ H⁺. .

     

Acidity and cyclohexene isomerization activity of aluminas from sodium aluminate

The relationship between the catalytic activity of aluminas and the pH of precipitation of the corresponding aluminium hydroxides and the Na₂O/Al₂O₃ molar ratio of sodium aluminate is shown. The precipitation agent exerts a strong effect on the catalytic activity of the aluminas.

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pH , Na₂ O/Al₂O₃ . .