Measurement of the near-tip displacement field in a fatigue damaged steel plate by digital speckle pattern interferometry

A digital speckle pattern interferometry system with automatic data analysis is used to measure the near-tip in-plane displacement field in a stainless steel specimen previously cracked by a fatigue test. In-plane displacements over a zone of 3.15 mm×3.15 mm are determined through the evaluation of the optical phase distribution. A theoretical solution developed for elasto-plastic materials is used to evaluate the obtained experimental results.     

Speckle photography combined with speckle interferometry

By combining speckle interferometry (SI) measurements with speckle photography, the fringe visibility can be kept high despite the presence of a large bulk or rotating motion of the object. This combined technique improves the usability and measuring range of both pulsed and phase-stepped SI-methods. This paper reviews the theory of fringe formation in SI and shows some recent applications of this combined technique.     

Microscopic 3-D displacement field measurements using digital speckle photography

A technique to measure object shape and 3-D displacement fields in micro-scale is offered by microscopic stereo digital speckle photography. The displacement of the random features that are often present on many engineering surfaces when viewed in a microscope is measured with the system, using image correlation. In this paper the equipment, physical model and calibration routines are described. The technique can be applied for sub-mm sized objects of arbitrary shape for small deformation fields. As a verifying experiment, an in-plane rotation of a flat calibration plate is presented. The expected in-plane errors are shown to be less than 0.1 μm and the corresponding out-of-plane errors about three times larger. As a pilot experiment, micro-structural paper expansion is studied, when exposed to humidity. The scaling properties of the microscope as well as the sampling criteria and reliability of the system are discussed in detail.     

利用散斑照相检测微小位移的实时方法

以CCD作为散斑和杨氏条纹记录设备,以与分屏器相连的电寻址空间光调制器作为滤波器,以计算机作为图像合成、条纹分辨及数据运算处理中心,并同时控制和协调CCD及空间光调制器等设备,实现了利用散斑照相实时、自动测定微小位移的过程.实验结果表明,此种方法获得的测量结果误差较小,具有一定的使用价值.     

Measurement of complex surface deformation by high-speed dynamic phase-stepped digital speckle pattern interferometry

We describe a high-speed digital speckle pattern interferometer incorporating a line-scan camera and a waveguide phase modulator for the measurement of complex deformation (vibration phase and amplitude) at audio acoustic frequencies. Experimental data show continuous phase-stepped recovery of out-of-plane surface deformation in one dimension, obtained at 100 kHz with 2pi/20-rad (0.02-mum) displacement resolution, for surface velocities of 3.2 mm s>(-1) .     

A stereoscopic digital speckle photography system for 3-D displacement field measurements

Stereoscopic digital speckle photography offers a technique to measure object shapes and 3-D displacement fields in experimental mechanics. The system measures the displacement of a random white light speckle pattern, which somehow is present on the object surface, using digital correlation. This paper describes a general physical model for stereo imaging systems. A camera calibration algorithm, which takes the distortion in the lenses into account, is also presented and evaluated by real experiments. Standard deviations of small deformations as low as 1% of the pixel size for in-plane deformations and 6% of the pixel size for the out-of-plane component are reported. Using the calibration algorithm described, the main source of errors is random errors originating from the correlation algorithm.     

Measurement of the local displacement field generated by a microindentation using digital speckle pattern interferometry and its application to investigate coating adhesion

This paper presents a technique to investigate the adhesion of thin coatings which combines digital speckle pattern interferometry and an indentation test. The proposed approach is based on the measurement of the local displacement field produced by a microindentation introduced on the coated surface of a specimen. It is experimentally demonstrated that the buckling of the coating generated by the microindentation depends on its adhesion to the substrate. Experiments carried out in specimens with different conditions in the coating–substrate interface show that digital speckle pattern interferometry can be used to determine the size of the buckled region and to give a measurement of the coating adhesion strength.     

Volume-grating phase-shifting digital speckle pattern interferometry used for measurement of out-of-plane displacement field

A new digital speckle pattern interferometry, called volume-grating phase-shifting digital speckle pattern interferometry, is discussed in this paper. The out-of-plane displacement field of a bent plate can be quantitatively measured using volume-grating phase-shifting digital speckle pattern interferometry proposed in this paper. Theoretical and experimental results, as well as absolute errors, are given.     

Measurement of the off-plane displacement of carbon steel corrosion with twin-object-beam electronic speckle interferometry

In this paper, twin-object-beam electronic speckle interferometry is used to study the longitudinal corrosion of carbon steel. The displacement expression of this technique is deduced and optical fibers are used to reduce the influence of the optical system and improve the quality of speckle pattern. Twin-object-beam electronic speckle interferometry cannot only quantitatively cipher out off-plane displacement as a result of corrosion, but also estimate the change of corrosion speed.     

Measurement of modal damping by electronic speckle shearing interferometry

A time-average electronic speckle shearing interferometer (ESSI) has been used for modal damping measurement. This is effected by a new fringe enhancement technique. The damping factor of a cantilever measured by using this technique agrees well with the value measured by using the accelerometer method. The study shows that time-average speckle interferometry can be used as a convenient tool for modal damping measurement.     

Sound field monitoring by tomographic electronic speckle pattern interferometry

Time-averaging electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) allows to record the phase modulation of light that has propagated through a sound field. When such data are collected from different projection directions the three-dimensional spatial distribution of amplitude and phase of the sound are obtained by tomographic back projection. The performance of such a setup increases with the number of projection directions, the number of effective resolution elements in the detector, and the number of recordings taken in averaging. These efforts, however, compete with the need for acceptable recording and processing times. Recent improvements in time-averaging ESPI enable even demanding applications in sound field monitoring. This is demonstrated in the design of a 38.5 kHz ultrasound source composed of a large number of individual piezoelectric transducer elements and intended to generate highly directive audio sound by nonlinear mixing in air (parametric array). The success of this method relies essentially on a non-intrusive control of the spatial homogeneity of the ultrasound field. Tomographic ESPI data have guided in a delicate alignment of the transducer elements yielding the expected narrowing of the angular radiation of the audio sound.     

Holographic interferometry and speckle photography for strain measurement: A comparison

Holographic interferometry and speckle photography are essentially described by the same equations. The sensitivity and the range of displacements at which the methods are applicable are different however. The accuracy of strain measurement, using high resolution opto-electronic evaluation in both cases, is estimated and compared.     

Measurement of out-of-plane static and dynamic deformations by processing digital speckle pattern interferometry fringes using wavelet transform

In this paper, we are presenting measurement of static and dynamic deformations in rectangular plate fixed at one end using digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI). To improve the measurement accuracy, we have developed a new filtering scheme based on combination of average/median filtering and Symlet wavelet filtering which enhances the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the speckle interferogram obtained from DSPI. Experimental results show that our filtering scheme is quite effective in improving SNR of the speckle interferogram. The measurements by DSPI and calculations from beam theory in the case of out-of-plane static deformation and the measurements by DSPI and accelerometer in the case of dynamic deformation are in good agreement.     

Comparative accuracy of holographic interferometry and speckle photography for out-of-plane deformation measurement

Out-of-plane deformation of a surface can be measured either by recording a double exposure hologram, or by taking a double exposure speckle photograph with the camera deliberately de-focused. In the latter case the local surface tilt is measured, and the profile change subsequently obtained by integration. It is shown that errors can arise in speckle photography due to focusing the camera incorrectly, whereas the holographic method is not affected instrumentally. The sensitivity of the speckle method can approach that of holographic interferometry, but without requiring the same interferometric stability of recording apparatus.     

Use of dynamic speckle interferometry for contactless diagnostics of fatigue crack initiation and determining its growth rate

Steel 09G2S specimens are subjected to cyclic tests, and real-time monitoring of the initiation of a fatigue crack and its growth kinetics is performed by dynamic speckle interferometry. The time averaging of speckles are used to reveal a relation between the parameters that characterize random and deterministic changes in the relief height and speckle images of the surface near the notch during crack initiation.     

Quantitative phase retrieval in dynamic laser speckle interferometry

The rapid progress of modern manufacturing and inspection technologies has posed stringent requirements on optical techniques for vibration characterization and dynamic testing. Due to its simplicity, accuracy and whole-field characters, laser speckle interferometry has served as one of the major techniques for dynamic measurement. In this paper, a two-step phase shifting method is developed for quantitative speckle phase measurement, which helps to eliminate the specklegrams needed for phase evaluation and facilitate dynamic measurement. Unlike previously reported two-step methods using fringe patterns with known phase shift of π/2, a small unknown phase shift is employed instead in the proposed method, which eliminates the need for phase shifting devices. Further investigation shows that small phase shifts are preferable over large phase shifts in this method. Shearographic experiments conducted have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed technique.     

Strain field measurements with dual-beam digital speckle photography

A non-contact strain field measurement technique called dual-beam digital speckle photography is presented. The system facilitates strain measurements in rough environments and at elevated temperatures and can be used on materials where instrumentation of standard strain gauges are difficult. The system uses two symmetrically oriented laser illumination beams and an imaging system oriented normal to the object surface. The laser speckle field for each illumination beam is recorded simultaneously before and after object deformation. From these data sets it is possible to extract one strain component, e.g. _xx, without the need of numerical differentiation. It is shown that the most important criteria is normal viewing but also that deviation from perfect symmetry in the illumination will affect the results. A dynamic strain field, acquired at 15 Hz, illustrates the system performance. The effect of oblique viewing and unstable lasers are also shown.     

基于数字散斑照相术测量刚体面内位移

数字散斑照相术通常测量刚体的面内位移。从基本原理着手,研究了基于散斑照相术的两种常用方法,即数字图像相关法和傅里叶变换法。论述了数字图像相关法中的亚像素梯度算法,讨论了如何选择子区的大小,优化测量结果;傅里叶变换法通过对散斑图进行傅里叶变换和数学形态学等一系列操作,获得精确的条纹间距,从而更好地计算面内位移。实验结果表明,傅里叶变换法的测量精度要高于数字图像相关法。     

Velocity contours by speckle photography

We describe a method of generating velocity contours of an object using speckle photography. The object is illuminated by a series of laser pulses following each other at equal intervals. A speckle record of the object is observed in a spatial filtering setup with a small aperture in the frequency plane. A fringe pattern representing a map of velocity contours is obtained in the output plane.