复合吸收式制冷循环研究进展

先进吸收式制冷循环本质上是各种吸收式制冷循环的复合循环,吸收式制冷循环也可与其它循环进行耦合,从而得到更高效的复合吸收式制冷循环。针对吸收压缩复合及吸收喷射复合循环的性能特点进行分析与总结。子循环采用不同制冷剂的新型吸收-压缩复合制冷循环具有较高的COP,且为低温太阳能热高效利用提供有利条件。吸收喷射复合制冷循环不仅可用来提高循环效率,还可用来制取更低温度下的冷量。另外,高低压发生器可通过喷射器进行耦合来降低低压发生压力,利用低温太阳能热。     

一种二氧化碳-离子液体吸收式制冷系统性能的分析研究

吸收式制冷利用低品位热源为驱动,具有结构简单、运转安静、节能环保等特点,有很大的发展空间。适当的离子液体和CO2可以构成吸收式制冷的工质对,这类吸收制冷工质对可以工作在较高压力,有利于吸收制冷系统的小型化,具有潜在的应用前景。以1-丁基-3-甲基咪挫六氟硼酸盐[bmim][PF6]为例,计算分析了一种离子液体-CO2跨临界吸收式制冷循环的性能,发现该循环的热力性能还并不理想,然后从工质对溶解度和反应热方面分析了原因,给出了进一步研究的方向。     

回热器对跨临界CO_2压缩喷射系统的影响

为了研究回热器对跨临界CO2压缩喷射系统的影响,本文在自行搭建的跨临界CO2压缩喷射系统实验平台上,通过改变冷却水进口温度分别对带回热器的跨临界CO2压缩喷射系统(TCES-IHX)和不带回热器的跨临界CO2压缩喷射系统(TCES)进行了性能测试.分析和比较了这两种系统模式下制热系数(COPh)、制热量、喷射系数、升压...     

谱带吸收式光纤温度传感器

本文提出了一种新颖的半导体谱带吸收式光纤温度传感器系统结构.分析了半导体谱带吸收式光纤温度传感器的原理,推导了其数学模型.该传感器用反射式传感结构,以砷化镓半导体材料作为温度敏感元件,并利用除法器消除了传感器光源的波动及光纤的连接损耗,使传感器具有结构简单、抗环境干扰、高可靠性特点.文中对传感器的整个系统进行了设计和分析,并进行了实验测试,实验结果显示:该传感器在－20～110℃的温度范围内有1℃的测量精确度,并且温度从110℃降到15℃时的时间响应为25s.     

三元工质吸收式制冷系统的性能模拟与优化

为了分析加入溴化锂与硝酸锂等物质后对三元工质氨吸收式制冷系统性能的影响,本文建立了氨-水二元、氨-水-溴化锂和氨-水-硝酸锂两种三元工质吸收式制冷系统模型并模拟其不同盐浓度下的运行特性,结果表明,在相同工况下,三元工质吸收式制冷系统的COP高于传统氨-水二元系统。同时为解决添加盐后吸收终了氨含量降低的问题,建立了新型含电渗析分离的三元工质吸收式制冷系统并进行模拟,氨-水-溴化锂吸收式制冷系统增加电渗析装置后,COP提高了36.0%,氨-水-硝酸锂吸收式制冷系统增加电渗析装置后COP提高了28.1%。     

一种水冷式扩散吸收式制冷机实验研究

介绍了氨水扩散-吸收式制冷系统的制冷原理及其特点,并通过实验的方法,搭建了水冷式扩散-吸收式制冷样机实验平台,分析了特定工况条件下输入功率对制冷性能的影响。测试结果表明:实验样机(40W)最优输入功率是220W,此时的制冷系数为0.248;样机正常运行存在最小启动功率和最小运行功率两个临界功率,随输入功率的不同,样机启动的时间也不同。     

CO2-离子液体压缩-吸收式制冷系统熵产分析

具有优良环保特性的CO2制冷系统在全球范围内正成为研究的热点,但是其跨临界制冷循环中高系统运行压力带来的安全性和成本较高等问题目前仍是应用过程存在的技术挑战.采用CO2压缩吸收式耦合制冷循环可以降低CO2制冷系统运行压力.为了研究CO2压缩-吸收式耦合制冷循环中各个部件在系统参数变化时对于系统不可逆损失(熵产)分布的影...     

R1234ze(E)/[HMIM][TfO]吸收式制冷系统热力学性能的研究

本文测量了293～343 K、0.078～0.631 MPa范围内R1234ze(E)在1-己基-3-甲基咪唑三氟甲磺酸盐([HMIM][TfO])中的溶解度,并利用NRTL方程对实验结果进行了关联.模拟分析了以R1234ze(E)/[HMIM][TfO]为工质对的单级吸收式制冷循环的热力学性能.结果表明:1)当系统不带回热换热器时,较高的蒸发温度、循环倍率和较低的吸收温度有助于提高制冷系数;2)当系统带理想回热换热器时,溶液循环倍率的变化对制冷系数没有明显影响,较高的吸收和蒸发温度有助于提高制冷系数.     

金属表面几何缺陷微细结构对微喷射特性的影响

基于光滑粒子流体动力学方法, 分别采用实测样品几何缺陷模型和简化V形沟槽模型对铅的微喷射过程进行了模拟. 重点分析了金属表面几何缺陷微细结构对微喷射特性的影响, 并将数值计算结果与相应的实验测量值进行对比. 结果表明, 基于实测样品几何缺陷模型计算的最快喷射速度和累积喷射量与实验测量结果符合得很好. 进一步研究发现, 在实测样品几何缺陷诱导的微喷射过程中存在“二次汇聚喷射”现象, 与单次喷射相比, 该过程会诱导产生更高的喷射速度并显著影响微喷物的空间密度分布. 这说明除了受扰动波长、深度影响外,表面几何缺陷微细结构也是影响金属微喷射过程的重要因素.     

一种结构紧凑的四端口光环行器

针对现有四端口光环行器方案中存在结构复杂和不易组装调试的问题,提出了一种新的四端口光环行器结构方案.通过光路分析与计算,设计了一种改进型的Wollaston棱镜,并采用热扩芯双光纤准直器作为输入/输出端口.该光环行器结构简单,具有光路对称的特点,易于组装和调试.由于减少了元件数量并缩小了原有晶体元件的尺寸,器件尺寸更加紧凑.     

Optimal choice of the performance parameters of an absorption heat transformer

The optimal performance of an absorption heat transformer, i.e. a type II absorption heat pump, is investigated by using the cyclic model with continuous flow. The effect of thermal resistances between the heat transformer and the heat reservoirs is considered in the model. A general expression related to the rate of heat-pumping, the coefficient of performance and the overall heat transfer area of the heat transformer is derived. The expression is used to optimise the main performance parameters of the heat transformer. The maximum rate of heat-pumping and the corresponding coefficient of performance are calculated. For a given overall heat transfer area of the heat transformer, the optimal relation of the heat transfer areas of the heat exchangers is obtained. The problems concerning the optimal choices of other performance parameters are discussed. The results obtained here can not only enrich the theory of finite time thermodynamics, but also provide some new theoretical bases for the optimal design and operation of real absorption heat transformers.     

PSM高压电源干式变压器的热分析计算

多绕组干式整流变压器作为托卡马克装置加热系统中高压电源的一个重要设备,其性能优良与否直接关系到高压电源的输出品质。开展变压器的功率损耗与散热分析研究,减少变压器因温度上升造成的性能影响,对保证变压器的良好工作状态是十分重要的。通过MATLAB对干空气下的比热容、传热系数等热物理性质与温度的关系进行拟合分析,得到相关的关系方程,对变压器的对流传热与热辐射进行分析计算,得到仅在空气自然对流和热辐射的情况下,不能使变压器的温度控制在满足性能的温度范围之内。在强迫空气对流的情况下,实现了变压器良好的散热。进一步利用ANSYS对变压器的温度场分布进行分析,利用温度场的分布趋势图观察强迫风冷相对于自然冷却的优点,强迫风冷降低了整体的温度,使热量更快地散发到周围大气中,减少了变压器受高温的危害。     

Selection of alloys and their influence on the operational characteristics of a two-stage metal hydride heat transformer

A heat transformer can upgrade heat to a higher temperature. A two-stage heat transformer has a greater temperature upgrading potential than a single-stage heat transformer, e.g. heat can be upgraded from a level of about 130–140°C to temperatures of about 200°C. A practical method to select suitable hydrides to be used in a two-stage heat transformer is presented. The example discussed shows that the selected alloys result in a reasonable operation of the two-stage heat transformer. Three different evaluation criteria viz. coefficient of performance, alloy output and temperature output, are introduced to compare the operational characteristics of heat transformers with different alloys; the influence of some metal hydride properties on the operational characteristics is also discussed.     

Thermodynamic assessment of an absorption heat transformer with TFE-Pyr as the working pair

An absorption heat transformer using the working pair trifluoroethanol-pyrrolidone (TFE-Pyr) is described. Trifluoroethanol is used as the working fluid and pyrrolidone is used as the absorbent. A computer simulation model is developed for the thermodynamic analysis of the heat transformer. By the verification of a group of experimental measurements, the model is used to investigate the influences of various operating conditions, design parameters and component dimensions on the performance of the heat transformer. Conclusions on the heat transformer are made according to the results of the thermodynamic assessment.     

立式升温型溴化锂吸收式热泵的设计与变工况研究

本文对立式升温型溴化锂吸收式热泵循环和各部件建立了数学模型,并设计了85℃热水驱动产110℃热水的立式降膜升温型溴化锂吸收式热泵,吸收器输出功率为50 kW。然后对其在热源热水温度和流量变化、冷却水入口温度和流量改变等非设计工况下的工作特性进行了计算与分析研究,得到变工况对于机组性能系数,效率和机组负荷的影响关系图。发现在我们的研究范围内,热源水参数的变化对机组性能的影响要大于冷却水。并且在热源水参数变化过程中,机组性能存在性能急剧变化的拐点,实际运行中应当避免。     

Coupling a single-stage absorption heat transformer with finite heat sources/sinks

The coupling between a single-stage heat transformer and finite heat sources and sinks is considered. A simple lumped-parameter mathematical model shows that the performance is noticeably reduced in comparison with the simpler case of an infinite (constant temperature) heat source. The best performance is obtained when the evaporator and the generator are fed in series, the evaporator being placed upstream.     

Thermodynamic design data for absorption heat transformers—part III. Operating on water-lithium iodide

Derived thermodynamic design data, including Carnot coefficients of performance, enthalpy-based coefficients of performance with and without an economizer heat exchanger and flow ratios for possible combinations of operating temperatures, are calculated for absorption heat transformers operating on a system in which water is used as the working fluid and aqueous lithium iodide solution as absorbent. The effects of operating temperatures as well as economizer heat exchanger on the performance of the absorption heat transformer are illustrated graphically.     

On the performance of advanced absorption heat transformers—I. The two stage configuration

High performance absorption heat transformers based on improved configurations can be proposed with the aim of widening the range of operation of the single stage heat transformer (SSHT). In this paper a two stage heat transformer arranged by coupling the absorber of the first stage to the evaporator of the second stage (TSHT) is analyzed by means of a lumped-parameter mathematical model, written with reference to the water-sulphuric acid system.The computed values of four different indexes of performance show that the proposed TSHT allows one to noticeably increase the gross temperature lift obtainable with a SSHT, while saving a large fraction of the input energy.     

Theoretical studies on adsorption heat transformer using zeolite-water vapour pair

An adsorption heat transformer can raise the temperature level of a fraction of waste heat by rejecting the remaining heat to a low temperature level. In this work some alternatives in the design of an adsorption heat transformer, such as a 2-tank system, 3-tank system and 4-tank system, are evaluated using zeolite-water vapour as the adsorbent-adsorbate pair. The values of coefficient of performance (COP) are computed for each system for various temperatures of waste heat source at which the heat is available and heat sink at which the heat is delivered.It is found that an adsorption heat transformer can be used for a gross temperature lift as high as 50°C with a fairly good COP value. Moreover the 4-tank system gives a much improved COP value as compared to the 2-tank and 3-tank systems for the same operating conditions. It is also found that the effect of temperature driving force for heat transfer on the COP value is quite pronounced.     

On the performance of advanced absorption heat transformers—II. The double absorption configuration

An innovative heat transformer can be derived from the TSHT discussed in Part I. Its configuration is essentially based on a serial arrangement of the two absorbers (“double absorption heat transformer”, DAHT) and allows a drastic reduction of the number of items necessary for the TSHT.The performance of a DAHT operated with the water-sulphuric acid system was computed by means of a lumped-parameter mathematical model and expressed in terms of the four indexes of performance previously used for the TSHT examined in Part I. The results show that the DAHT reaches its optimum performance at values of gross temperature lift intermediate between those optimal for the SSHT and the TSHT, respectively.