碳纤维/环氧树脂仿贝壳珍珠层结构强韧机制与性能优化的实验研究

材料的轻量化设计在生产实践中具有重大意义,将天然贝壳珍珠层结构应用到现有的高性能人工合成材料上,能够获得性能更加优异的轻质高强结构材料。本文采用碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料,设计出了多种具有规则"砖-泥"交错叠层结构的仿贝壳珍珠层复合材料,通过力学性能测试实验、微观结构表征及力学原理分析等对不同片层单元长度及不同单元搭接形式的材料在拉伸载荷下的力学行为进行了研究,探索了其微观结构对材料强度和韧性的影响机制。结果表明,"砖-泥"交错叠层结构中"砖块"单元长度是影响材料强度和韧性的关键因素,而在此基础上通过对片层搭接形式的优化设计,可进一步改善其内部的应力分布与载荷传递机制,从而实现其强度和韧性的进一步提升与有效调控。     

计及界面损伤的复合材料正交(混杂)叠层板的应力集中分析

对正交(混杂)叠层复合材料最终拉伸破坏过程中的细观应力集中问题,提出了一种修正的剪滞分析模型;研究了叠层中由于90°层的基体开裂、层间界面破坏、0°层中部分纤维断裂及纤维/基体界面损伤相互作用所导致的细观应力重新分布,获得了相应的应力集中因子和界面破坏区长度与界面剪切强度的定量关系。本文结果为进一步研究正交叠层复合材料的细观破坏机理、最终拉伸强度及协同效应等提供了重要的理论依据。     

陶瓷／金属连接界面韧性及其实验测定

基于能量叠加和梁的等效截面转换原理,本文导出了计算Ｓａｎｄｗｉｃｈ梁试样界面裂纹扩展能量释放率的解析式,并利用专门设计的四点弯曲实验系统测得了Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／Ａｌ真空扩散连接界面的韧性,进而为优化陶瓷／金属连接工艺、筛选材料组配和评价其连接界面的抗断裂性能提供了必要的研究方法和实验手段。     

共晶基陶瓷复合材料的强度模型

根据细观结构内界面的强约束特性,通过纤维-基体内界面切应力确定了共晶陶瓷棒体的细观应力场.然后分析了两相界面处位错塞积产生的应力集中,获得基体内的最大应力,当最大拉应力等于基体理论断裂强度时,得到共晶棒体的断裂强度的解析表达式.考虑共晶陶瓷棒体长度和方位的随机性,根据概率理论得到共晶陶瓷基复合材料的宏观强度的理论模型.结果表明复合材料的宏观强度与亚微米纤维的直径和长度、以及亚微米纤维、基体、共晶陶瓷棒体的弹性常数有关.理论与实验结果十分接近,说明文中理论模型是合理的,同时证明了共晶界面对陶瓷复合材料的重要影响.     

长杆弹撞击装甲陶瓷界面击溃/侵彻特性

界面击溃/驻留效应可以有效提高装甲陶瓷的抗侵彻能力。为研究长杆弹撞击装甲陶瓷界面击溃及侵彻特性,开展了长杆弹撞击装甲陶瓷实验研究。同时,基于裂纹扩展理论建立了考虑界面击溃/驻留效应的长杆弹侵彻装甲陶瓷计算模型,以定量描述界面击溃/驻留效应对装甲陶瓷抗侵彻性能的影响。不同弹靶条件下的界面击溃/侵彻转变速度、界面驻留时间、侵彻速度与侵彻深度的理论计算值与实验结果具有较好的一致性,表明计算模型可靠。在此基础上,分析了弹体及陶瓷材料对界面击溃/驻留及侵彻过程的影响规律。研究结果表明:随着弹体撞击速度的提高,陶瓷表面由界面击溃向侵彻转变。考虑界面击溃/驻留效应的长杆弹侵彻装甲陶瓷理论模型,可以较好地反映不同弹体撞击速度对应的弹靶作用模式。弹体材料的屈服强度和密度越高,界面驻留时间越短,弹体侵彻靶体的能力越强;陶瓷的屈服强度越高,界面击溃/驻留效应越显著,靶体的抗侵彻能力越强。考虑界面击溃/驻留效应的长杆弹侵彻装甲陶瓷理论模型揭示了部分界面击溃作用机理,可为陶瓷复合靶的设计提供参考。     

界面断裂韧性的实验研究

本文以铝材与浇注的环氧树脂之间的界面裂纹为研究对象，用三点弯曲和四点弯曲的试验方法，并结合有限元法的数值分析，对双材料界面裂纹的扩展判据，即裂纹扩展的临界能量释放率ＧＣ与相位角ψ↑＾的关系曲线，进行了初步验证。结果表明这一判据基本上是可取的。但是，应该注意界面裂纹的韧性与多种因素有关，实际应用ＧＣ－ψ↑＾曲线时，必须严格区分不同因素。     

陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合材料的细观强度分析

陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合材料的失效主要有界面脱粘、增强粒子开裂等新的细观结构损伤机制。为了减小这些不足并对细观失效过程有一个清晰的了解,近来人们对金属基复合材料进行了大量研究,在此基础上,本文用细观力学的方法和损伤模型研究了陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合材料的强度和损伤失效。为了计算方便,陶瓷颗粒简化为在复合材料中随机分布的椭球形粒子,然后以二相胞元模型计算分析了金属基体、颗粒中的应力应变分布情况,结果表明,基体中应力极不均匀,界面区存在应力集中,并计算了界面弧形裂纹扩展时的能量。最后分别提出了基体,颗粒和界面的失效强度准则,本文结果对于颗粒增强金属基复合材料具有普遍的实用性。     

加载应变速率对UHTCC薄板弯曲性能影响试验研究

通过测定10~(-7)s~(-1)、10~(-6)s~(-1)、10~(-5)s~(-1)、10~(-4)s~(-1)、10~(-3)s~(-1)五个加载应变速率下薄板四点弯曲的跨中挠度、初裂强度、极限强度和韧性指数,就加载应变速率对超高韧性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)薄板弯曲性能的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明:UHTCC薄板在所研究的应变速率范围内均出现了挠度硬化特征,随着加载应变速率的增大,试件跨中挠度有减小的趋势;以10~(-7)s~(-1)(徐变)、10~(-6)和10~(-5)s~(-1)(准静态)应变速率加载,UHTCC薄板的弯曲初裂强度和极限强度变化不大。当考虑到冲击作用时,不论是弯曲初裂强度还是极限强度都有明显地增大;UHTCC薄板在冲击作用下能吸收较大的能量,产生一定的变形而不破坏,具有一定的弯曲韧性。     

冲击作用下复合材料叠层板层间开裂演化模型

采用双线性特性破坏模型研究了复合材料叠层板层间开裂裂纹的演化, 通过引入弹性/剪切模量的损伤参数, 推导出损伤参数与应变之间的微分方程, 并得到裂纹耗散功率与损伤参数变化率之间的关系. 计算不同初始冲击速度下复合材料叠层板某界面上应变、应变率响应以及损伤参数的演化, 即可得到该界面发生层间开裂的情形及其对剪切模量的影响.通过检查界面各点处的损伤参数是否发生改变, 预测了冲击完成之后复合材料叠层板第1, 2层之间发生层间开裂区域的大小与位置; 该预测结果与实验数据及其他破坏准则计算结果基本相符. 计算结果表明, 在冲击过程中当界面上任意点处的剪应力超过剪切强度后, 该点附近的剪切模量开始发生衰减, 衰减大小随铁球初始冲击速度的增大而增大, 并从靠近冲击中心的位置逐渐向周围递减. 在四边简支边界条件下, 复合材料叠层板的层间开裂区域同样最先出现在界面中靠近冲击点的位置, 区域面积随初始冲击速度的增大不断扩大. 当初始冲击速度足够高时, 第1, 2层界面的两条对称轴上开始出现多个独立的开裂区域.      

微纳米材料及其结构的界面强度的实验研究

介绍了近年来微纳米材料强度实验测试研究方面的最新进展,重点综述了可用于微纳米材料及其结构中界面强度测试的实验系统、测试方法及结果.主要内容包括:测试微纳米薄膜界面端分层裂纹启裂的夹层悬臂梁方法,测试纳米岛/衬底间界面结合强度的改进AFM (atomic force microscopy)方法, 测试裂纹沿界面扩展的预裂纹法,可实现纳米薄膜界面裂纹原位观察的实验测试方法,测试薄膜在疲劳、蠕变条件下界面裂纹扩展的改进4点弯曲法等.除了总结分析测试结果,还讨论了上述实验方法的优缺点和适用范围,并指出了微纳米材料界面强度实验研究方面的一些挑战与难点,最后提出了若干需要继续研究的课题.      

NUMERICAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF WEAK INTERLAYER OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE

<正>With assumption of material inhomogeneity on meso level,a three-point bending beam model has been adopted to simulate crack propagation in two dimensional laminated composite and to verify the toughening mechanism of energy dissipation and crack deflection along the weak interlayer.Moreover,the effect of strength,elastic modulus and thickness of the weak interlayer on both strength and toughness of the laminated composite have also been investigated in this paper.     

FRACTURAL PROCESS AND TOUGHENING MECHANISM OF LAMINATED CERAMIC COMPOSITES

Based on the model of multi-layer beam and the assumption of micro-inhomogeneity of material, the 3D fractural characteristics of laminated ceramic composites have been studied with numerical simulation. Under three-point bending load, crack initiation, coalescence, propagation, tuning off in the weak interface and final rupture have been simulated. The spatial distribution and evolution process of acoustic emission are also presented in the paper. The simulation verifies the primary mechanism of the weak interface inducing the crack to expand along there and absorbing the fractural energy. The disciplinary significance of the effect of strength and properties of material on the toughness and strength of laminated ceramic composites is, therefore,discussed in this paper.     

薄膜非线性撕裂三种弯曲模型的解答及讨论

针对薄膜非线性撕裂的弯曲模型,引入了3种表征薄膜撕裂过程的双参数准则.这3种表征分别为:(1)界面断裂韧度和分离应力; (2)界面断裂韧度和薄膜的裂尖转角; (3)界面断裂韧度和薄膜在裂尖的临界Mises等效应变.从3种双参数准则入手,分析并给出了针对上述各准则的薄膜非线性撕裂问题的解答.通过分析和比较,建立弯曲模型解答与严格平面应变弹塑性分析解答之间的关联.     

A combined phenomenological model for the representation of anisotropic hardening behavior in high strength steel line pipes

Line pipes have anisotropic mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, ductility and toughness. These properties depend on both prestrain during the cold forming process and on the anisotropy of the mother plates. In this study, a phenomenological model combining isotropic and kinematic hardening is developed to represent anisotropic hardening behavior of high strength steel line pipes. The model is adjusted on experiments carried out on smooth and notched axisymmetric bars and plane strain specimens. The model is used to simulate bending tests carried out on large pipes containing a geometric imperfection. Numerical results suggest that prestraining in pipe forming process significantly affects the bending capacity of pipes.     

基于线法的U形切口混凝土梁断裂参数研究

混凝土的断裂韧度是重要的材料参数,本文利用含U形切口的三点弯曲梁试验结合临界距离线法来获得混凝土的断裂韧度.理论推导了含断裂韧度与不同根部半径的断裂失效方程,采用有限元法计算了切口应力集中系数.根据断裂失效方程和试验中的材料几何参数,利用最小二乘法拟合计算得到混凝土材料的断裂韧度和抗拉强度.对小切口半径情形,采用双K断裂准则分析计算了混凝土起裂韧度和失稳断裂韧度,分析结果表明:临界距离线法得到的材料断裂韧度与双K断裂准则中的失稳断裂韧度吻合,同时获得相应临界距离值.     

工程结构用钢屈强比分析与探讨

论文以T型管节点为例,建立FEMAP有限元模型,利用大型有限元软件ABAQUS进行数值计算,研究屈强比对于钢结构承载能力的影响.并在此基础上,研究影响钢结构承载能力的其它因素,得出钢结构的承载能力是屈强比、屈服强度、静力韧度、几何参数等共同作用的结果,从而为以后钢结构的工程设计提供一个明确的思路.     

The damage tolerance of elastic-brittle, two-dimensional isotropic lattices

The fracture toughness of elastic-brittle 2D lattices is determined by the finite element method for three isotropic periodic topologies: the regular hexagonal honeycomb, the Kagome lattice and the regular triangular honeycomb. The dependence of mode I and mode II fracture toughness upon relative density is determined for each lattice, and the fracture envelope is obtained in combined mode I-mode II stress intensity factor space. Analytical estimates are also made for the dependence of mode I and mode II toughness upon relative density. The high nodal connectivity of the triangular grid ensures that it deforms predominantly by stretching of the constituent bars, while the hexagonal honeycomb deforms by bar bending. The Kagome microstructure deforms by bar stretching remote from the crack tip, and by a combination of bar bending and bar stretching within a characteristic elastic deformation zone near the crack tip. This elastic zone reduces the stress concentration at the crack tip in the Kagome lattice and leads to an elevated macroscopic toughness.Predictions are given for the tensile and shear strengths of a centre-cracked panel with microstructure given explicitly by each of the three topologies. The hexagonal and triangular honeycombs are flaw-sensitive, with a strength adequately predicted by linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) for cracks spanning more than a few cells. In contrast, the Kagome microstructure is damage tolerant, and for cracks shorter than a transition length its tensile strength and shear strength are independent of crack length but are somewhat below the unnotched strength. At crack lengths exceeding the transition value, the strength decreases with increasing crack length in accordance with the LEFM estimate. This transition crack length scales with the parameter of bar length divided by relative density of the Kagome grid, and can be an order of magnitude greater than the cell size at low relative densities. Finally, the presence of a boundary layer is noted at the free edge of a crack-free Kagome grid loaded in tension and in shear. Deformation within this boundary layer is by a combination of bar bending and stretching whereas remote from the free edge the Kagome grid deforms by bar stretching (with a negligible contribution from bar bending). The edge boundary layer degrades both the macroscopic stiffness and strength of the Kagome plate. No such boundary layer is evident for the hexagonal and triangular honeycombs.     

U形切口的有限断裂准则

有限断裂力学准则综合了应力和能量参数,假设裂纹或切口端部有限裂纹长度的增长．特别地,该有限裂纹的长度不是材料的基本常数,而是与构件的结构有关．基于U形切口两种形式：点方式和线方式有限断裂准则,对文献中的铝合金U形切口三点弯曲断裂实验进行了分析验证．一方面基于材料的断裂韧度和抗拉强度,预测切口件断裂载荷;另一方面根据几组不同的切口根部半径及其对应的临界切口应力强度因子,同时估算材料的断裂参数：断裂韧度和抗拉强度．将点方式和线方式两种不同形式有限断裂准则的预测结果,与平均周向应力准则、最大周向应力准则以及文献中相关结果进行了比较得出：无论是预测断裂载荷还是估算材料断裂参数,线方式有限断裂准则,与文献中相关结果比较吻合,尤其是估算的断裂韧度精度较高．     

Strength calculations and optimal weight design of multilayer shell-shaped composite products under a set of loads

The stress-strain state of axisymmetric multilayer shells is analyzed using kinematic and static hypotheses that allow for the transverse shear stresses satisfying the necessary equations of state, continuity conditions at the boundaries between the layers and given boundary conditions. A numerical solution of the problem of the stress-strain state for a multilayer bar is compared with the Lekhnitskii solution (for a cantilever beam loaded by a concentrated force and moment) to asses the applicability of the employed bending equations of multilayer shells. It is shown that these solutions are in good agreement. The problem of the initial fracture of the shells considered is formulated using phenomenological strength criteria for each layer. A coordinate-wise descent method in the unit interval is proposed to solve weight optimization problems for multilayer shells of composite materials under combined loading. Regions of safe operating loads and the optimal weight distribution of layer thicknesses are determined for a multilayer bar acted upon by a uniformly distributed load and concentrated force.     

Optimization design of strong and tough nacreous nanocomposites through tuning characteristic lengths

How nacreous nanocomposites with optimal combinations of stiffness, strength and toughness depend on constituent property and microstructure parameters is studied using a nonlinear shear-lag model. We show that the interfacial elasto-plasticity and the overlapping length between bricks dependent on the brick size and brick staggering mode significantly affect the nonuniformity of the shear stress, the stress-transfer efficiency and thus the failure path. There are two characteristic lengths at which the strength and toughness are optimized respectively. Simultaneous optimization of the strength and toughness is achieved by matching these lengths as close as possible in the nacreous nanocomposite with regularly staggered brick-and-mortar (BM) structure where simultaneous uniform failures of the brick and interface occur. In the randomly staggered BM structure, as the overlapping length is distributed, the nacreous nanocomposite turns the simultaneous uniform failure into progressive interface or brick failure with moderate decrease of the strength and toughness. Specifically there is a parametric range at which the strength and toughness are insensitive to the brick staggering randomness. The obtained results propose a parametric selection guideline based on the length matching for rational design of nacreous nanocomposites. Such guideline explains why nacre is strong and tough while most artificial nacreous nanocomposites aere not.