原子荧光光谱法测定镉锭中锡的含量

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定镉锭中锡含量,研究了基体镉对锡的干扰及消除方法,优化了氢化物的发生条件,建立了镉锭中锡含量的快速分析方法。实验证明,原子荧光光谱法对锡的检出限为0.08mg/kg,回收率为99.0%～104.0%,方法准确、可靠,用于日常样品分析,取得了很好的效果。     

氢化物发生–原子荧光法测定水中的镉

采用氢化物发生–原子荧光光谱法对水中的镉进行测定。在0.24 mol/L盐酸介质中,以1.2 mol/L钴溶液为信号改进剂、2 g/L磺基水杨酸钠为基体改进剂,镉与硼氢化钾(质量浓度为25 g/L)反应生成镉的挥发性物质。镉的质量浓度在0~5μg/L范围内与荧光强度呈良好的线性,线性相关系数r=0.999 7,方法检出限为0.021 5μg/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.89%(n=7),加标回收率为88.0%~113.2%。该方法操作简单,灵敏度高,适用于水质中镉元素的测定。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定牡蛎中的镉

利用HNO3–HClO4混合酸消解样品,采用氢化物发生–原子荧光光谱法测定牡蛎中镉的含量。在优化的仪器工作条件下,镉的质量浓度在0.20～1.50μg/L范围内与荧光强度呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.9992,检出限为0.10μg/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差为4.48%(n=12),加标回收率为94.3%～106.1%。测定了标准物质贻贝GB 08571中镉的含量,测定结果与标准值一致。该方法可满足牡蛎中微量镉的分析测定。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定水系沉积物中铋和汞

水系沉积物试样用盐酸-硝酸-水(3+1+4)混合溶液溶解,氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定铋和汞的含量。对介质酸度、硼氢化钾浓度、负高压和灯电流等影响铋和汞测定因素进行了试验并予以优化。铋和汞的检出限(3S/N)分别为0.02,0.01μg.L-1,相对标准偏差(n=11)均小于0.5%。应用此法分析了水系沉积物标准样品,测定值与推荐值相符。     

顺序注射氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定环境水样中砷和镉

目的考察了光电倍增管负高压、砷和镉灯电流、原子化器高度、载气流量、屏蔽气流量、增敏剂等因素对测定结果的影响。方法建立一种顺序注射氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定水样中砷和镉含量的方法。结果载流HCl的浓度为0.60 mol/L,KBH4质量浓度为20g/L,增敏剂硫脲和钴离子的质量浓度分别为80 g/L和70 g/L时,同时测定砷和镉的效果最佳。在最佳实验条件下,砷和镉的检出限分别为0.009 3μg/L和0.12μg/L,加标回收率为92.3%～103.9%,相对标准偏差小于3.5%,被测水样中共存离子对砷和镉的测定没有干扰。结论该法操作方便、快速,用于环境水样中砷和镉的同时测定,具有很好的可行性和实用性。     

酸度对氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定砷镉汞铅硒的影响

对用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定砷、镉、铅、汞、硒五元素时,溶液酸度对相关元素荧光强度的影响进行了试验,并提出了测定各元素时的最佳条件,所述酸度实际是指原子化前试液的综合酸度。试验结果表明,测定铅的溶液酸最严格,应控制在cHNO30．20～0．22 mol·L-1之间,与此相比,测定镉的酸度范围较宽,可允许在cHCl 0．20～0．31 mol·L-1范围内。而对砷、硒、汞的测定,酸度的影响最小,依次在cHCl>0．1 mol·L-1,cHCl>0．12 mol·L-1及cHNO3>0．16 mol·L-1的酸度条件下均能获得满意结果。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定人血液中铅砷汞镉

现代社会的人类活动使环境受到一定的污染，其中重金属污染对人体健康有一定影响。本法采用氢化物发生一原子荧光光谱法（HGAFS）测定铅、砷、汞和镉，方法具有检出限低、精密度好等优点。     

氢化物发生新体系-原子荧光法同时测定铅和镉

报道了Pb和Cd同时氢化物发生的K3Fe(CN)6-(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6-NaBH4-HCl新体系,并探讨了相关反应机理。(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6作为氧化剂将Pb(Ⅱ)氧化为Pb(Ⅳ),Fe(CN)63-与Pb(Ⅳ)络合促进了Pb的氢化物发生。同时,体系中的(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6作为Cd氢化物发生过程中的增敏剂使荧光信号显著增强。在该体系中,Pb和Cd的氢化物发生不产生相互干扰。本实验据此建立了顺序注射-氢化物发生-双道原子荧光同时测定Pb和Cd的方法。所采用的实验条件包括NaBH4、HCl、K3Fe(CN)6和(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6的浓度分别为2%、3%、0.6%和0.3%。以125μL/s进样500μL,得到的线性范围分别为0.4~15μg/L(Pb)和0.5~20μg/L(Cd);对应的检出限分别为0.09μg/L(Pb)和0.17μg/L(Cd);方法的精密度为0.5%(6.0μg/L Pb,n=9)和1.0%(6.0μg/L Cd,n=9)。将本法应用于国家标准样品GBW08608中Pb和Cd的检测,检测值与标准值相符;对河水及海水中Pb和Cd进行了同时测定,加标回收率合格。     

流动注射-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定天然水中痕量镉

基于编结反应器,提出了流动注射-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定水中痕量镉含量的方法。样品与氨水-氯化铵缓冲溶液在线混合,产生的沉淀收集到编结反应器内壁,引入空气除去编结反应器内残留的溶液,泵入盐酸(3+97)溶液溶解沉淀,与硼氢化钾合并后用原子荧光光谱仪测定。在优化的试验条件下,当样品消耗15.6mL时,富集倍数为14倍,方法检出限(3S/N)为2.9ng.L-1,相对标准偏差(n=11)为3.4%。方法用于国家标准物质和天然水样中痕量镉的测定,测定值与标准值相符,天然水样的回收率在91.5%～107.5%之间。     

Study of parameters associated with the determination of cadmium in lake sediments by slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Cadmium concentration in lake sediments is determined by suspending the solid samples in a solution containing 5% (v/v) concentrated nitric acid and 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100. Three modifiers were tested for the direct determination. The furnace temperature programmes and appropriate amount for each modifier were optimised to get the highest signal and the best separation between the atomic and background signals. The drying stage is performed by programming a 400 °C temperature, a ramp time of 25 s and hold time of 10 s on the power supply of the atomiser. No ashing step is used and platform atomisation is carried out at 2200 °C. W–Rh permanent modifier combined with conventional modifier by delivering 10 μl of 0.50% (w/v) NH₄H₂PO₄ solution was the best chemical modifier for cadmium determination. This modifier also acts as a liquid medium for the slurry, thus simplifying the procedure. Calibration is performed using aqueous standards in the 1–5 μg l⁻¹ range. The optimised method gave a limit of detection of 0.56 ng ml⁻¹, characteristic mass of 10.1±0.8 pg for aqueous standard, 9.6±0.7 pg for slurry samples containing different Cd concentrations and good precision (7.6–5.2%). The method was validated by analysing four certified reference lake sediment materials: LKSD-1, LKSD-2, LKSD-3 and LKSD-4; satisfactory recoveries were obtained (90.0–96.3%) and no statistical differences were observed between the experimental and the certified cadmium concentration. The developed methodology was used to determine cadmium in three ‘real’ sediment samples from lakes in the area of Wielkopolski National Park, Poland.     

Precise determination of cadmium and lead isotopic compositions in river sediments

A method for the accurate determination of Cd and Pb isotope compositions in sediment samples is presented. Separation of Cd and Pb was designed by using an anionic exchange chromatographic procedure. Measurements of Cd isotopic compositions were carried out by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICPMS), by using standard-sample bracketing technology for mass bias correction and Pb isotopic ratios were determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). The factors that affect the accurate and precise Cd isotope compositions analysis, such as instrumental mass fractionation and isobaric interferences, were carefully evaluated and corrected. The Cd isotopic results were reported relative to an internal Cd solution and expressed as the δ^114/110Cd. Five Cd reference solutions and one Pb standard were repeatedly measured in order to assess the accuracy of the measurements. Uncertainties obtained were estimated to be lesser than 0.11‰ (2s) for the δ^114/110Cd value. Analytical uncertainties in 2s for Pb isotopic ratios were better than 0.5‰. The method has been successfully applied to the investigation of Cd and Pb isotope compositions in sediment samples collected from North River in south China.     

Assessment of cadmium and iron adsorption in sediment,employing a flow injection analysis system with on line filtration and detection by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

This work presents an evaluation of iron and cadmium adsorption in sediment of the Furnas Hydroelectric Plant Reservatory located in Alfenas, Minas Gerais (Brazil). The metal determination was done employing a flow injection analysis (FIA) with an on-line filtering system. As detection techniques, flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for iron and thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS) for cadmium determinations were used. The developed methodology presented good limits of detection, being 190 μg L⁻¹ for iron and 1.36 μg L⁻¹ for cadmium, and high sampling frequency for both metals 144 and 60 readings h⁻¹ for iron and cadmium, respectively. Both metals obey the Langmuir model, with maximum adsorptive capacity of 0⋅169 mg g⁻¹ for iron and 7⋅991 mg g⁻¹ for cadmium. For iron, a pseudo-first-order kinetic model was obtained with a theoretical Q_e = 9⋅8355 mg g⁻¹ (experimental Q_e = 9⋅5432 mg  g⁻¹), while for cadmium, a pseudo-second-order kinetic model was obtained, with a theoretical Q_e = 0.3123 mg g⁻¹ (experimental Q_e = 0⋅3052 mg g⁻¹).     

同位素稀释电感耦合等离子体质谱测定环境和生物样品中的镉

应用同位素稀释电感耦合等离子体质谱（ID—ICP—MS）对环境和生物样品茶叶、湖沉积物和人发标准物质中的镉进行测定研究。对电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）的工作条件和参数进行了最优化。讨论了多原子离子和同量异位素对镉同位素比值的影响,通过天然镉标准溶液对质量歧视进行了校正,并优化同位素稀释剂的加入量。将该方法应用于茶叶、人发和沉积物标准物质的测定。     

High-sensitivity determination of lead and cadmium based on the Nafion-graphene composite film

Graphene nanosheets, dispersed in Nafion (Nafion-G) solution, were used in combination with in situ plated bismuth film electrode for fabricating the enhanced electrochemical sensing platform to determine the lead (Pb²⁺) and cadmium (Cd²⁺) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The electrochemical properties of the composite film modified glassy carbon electrode were investigated. It is found that the prepared Nafion-G composite film not only exhibited improved sensitivity for the metal ion detections, but also alleviated the interferences due to the synergistic effect of graphene nanosheets and Nafion. The linear calibration curves ranged from 0.5 μg L⁻¹ to 50 μg L⁻¹ for Pb²⁺ and 1.5 μg L⁻¹ to 30 μg L⁻¹ for Cd²⁺, respectively. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were estimated to be around 0.02 μg L⁻¹ for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺. The practical application of the proposed method was verified in the water sample determination.     

Effects of freeze-drying on partitioning patterns of major elements and trace metals in lake sediments

The effect of freeze-drying on elemental partitioning pattern in four lake sediments was evaluated using the sequential extraction method developed under the auspices of Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) of the Commission of European Communities. Redox-sensitive elements like iron, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur were analyzed simultaneously with several trace metals. This allows a qualitative determination of which trace metal-scavenging phases commonly found in freshwater sediments that are most susceptible to freeze-drying.The comparison of a surface layer and a deeper more reduced layer collected from four sediment cores ranging from sub-oxic to anoxic condition indicate the changes in partitioning pattern due to freeze-drying. Two of the lakes exhibiting clearly reduced environments are most affected by freeze-drying in terms of change in partitioning patterns. However, this effect is element specific and varies with sediment depth along the redox gradient. Elements commonly associated with a sulfide phase (S, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb) and extracted in BCR step 3 are the most affected elements, but at the same time also dependent on the organic matter content in the sediment. Si and Al that are often considered as conservative elements show a shift from step 3 to step 2, and it is interpreted as a release of Si and Al from organic matter and the subsequent formation of oxides during freeze-drying. Calcium and manganese, elements that are often associated with a carbonate phase, do not seem to be severely affected by this kind of treatment. Carbonate-associated iron (operationally defined), however does show a clear tendency to oxidize during the freeze-drying process. In fact, the shift in iron (carbonate to oxide fraction) corresponds to 3-4% (w/w) of the total sediment in some cases. Surprisingly, a significant fraction of iron originally extracted in step 1 (as “carbonate”) seems to be immobilized during freeze-drying.These results clearly show that freeze-drying does not preserve the speciation pattern of major elements, trace metals, phosphorus, and sulfur in anoxic lake sediment core sections during storage prior to BCR sequential extraction procedures.     

Flow injection wetting-film extraction system for flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of cadmium in environmental waters

A newly simple flow injection wetting-film extraction system coupled to flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) has been developed for trace amount of cadmium determination. The sample was mixed on-line with sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate and the produced non-charged Cd(II)-diethyl dithiocarbamate (DDTC) chelate complex was extracted on the thin film of diisobutyl ketone (DIBK) on the inner wall of the PTFE extraction coil. The wetting-film with the extracted analyte was then eluted by a segment of the cover solvent, and transported directly to the FAAS for evaluation. All the important chemical and flow parameters were optimized. Under the optimized conditions an enhancement factor of 35, a sample frequency of 22 h⁻¹ and a detection limit of c_L = 0.7 μg l⁻¹ Cd(II) were obtained for 60 s preconcentration time. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 1.5-45.0 μg l⁻¹ Cd(II) and the relative standard deviation, R.S.D. (n = 10) was 3.9%, at 10.0 μg l⁻¹ concentration level. The developed method was successfully applied to cadmium determination in a variety of environmental water samples as well as waste-water sample.     

微波消解-原子吸收光谱法测定橡胶及其制品中镉

建立了橡胶及其制品中镉含量的快速测定方法. 样品采用微波消解, 消解溶液中的镉用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定. 方法的检出限为2.5 mg/kg, 多种代表性橡胶及其制品的镉元素回收率在101.6%～104.4%之间. 对某含镉橡胶样品的10个实验室3次平行测定的结果表明实验室内和实验室间的相对标准偏差分别1.8%和8.2%. 方法适用于各种橡胶材料中镉的快速分析.     

Flow-injection potentiometric determination of free cadmium ions with a cadmium ion-selective electrode

The determination of free cadmium ions with solid-state cadmium ion-selective electrode can be performed in non-flow measurements in non-buffered solutions in a wide concentration range down to pCd 10. In cadmium ion buffered solutions linear Nernstian response was obtained even down to pCd 12, which is lower, that expected based on calculation of cadmium solubility from the conditional solubility product. Interferences of trace amounts of Fe(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II) commonly present in natural waters in larger concentrations than Cd(II) can be eliminated by reduction with hydroxylamine, complexation with Neocuproine and ion-exchange on anion-exchange resin in sulphate form, respectively. The developed procedure might be suitable for the determination of activity of free cadmium ions in natural water. A preliminary study on this subject is demonstrated for river water sample using stopped-flow flow-injection system.     

Molybdenum, Mo-Ir and Mo-Ru coatings as permanent chemical modifiers for the determination of cadmium and lead in sediments and soil samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Molybdenum, Ir, Ru, Mo-Ir, Mo-Ru thermally coated on to platforms inserted in pyrolytic graphite tubes as permanent modifiers and Pd + Mg(NO₃)₂ conventional modifier mixture have been employed for the determination of cadmium and lead in dissolved sediments and soil samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Optimum masses and mass ratios of permanent modifiers for the analysis of Cd and Pb in sample solutions have been investigated. The 280 μg of Mo, 200 μg of Ir, 200 μg of Ru, 280 μg of Mo + 200 μg of Ir or 280 μg of Mo + 200 μg of Ru has been found as efficient as 5 μg of Pd + 3 μg of Mg(NO₃)₂ for increasing thermal stabilization of analytes and for decreasing the most serious interferences. Pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, atomization and background signal shapes, characteristic masses and detection limits of analytes in dissolved samples with or without permanent and conventional modifiers have been compared. The detection limits and characteristic masses obtained with Mo-Ir coated platform are 0.01 μg g⁻¹ and 1.1 pg for Cd and 0.09 μg g⁻¹ and 19 pg for Pb, respectively. Long-term stabilities for analytes in samples with Mo, Mo-Ir, Mo-Ru and Pd + Mg(NO₃)₂ have been studied. Cadmium and lead contents have been determined in certified and standard reference materials by using optimum conditions investigated and the results obtained with Mo-Ir or Mo-Ru were in agreement with the values of certified reference materials.