A new standing-wave-type linear ultrasonic motor based on in-plane modes

This paper presents a new standing-wave-type linear ultrasonic motor using combination of the first longitudinal and the second bending modes. Two piezoelectric plates in combination with a metal thin plate are used to construct the stator. The superior point of the stator is its isosceles triangular structure part of the stator, which can amplify the displacement in horizontal direction of the stator in perpendicular direction when the stator is operated in the first longitudinal mode. The influence of the base angle θ of the triangular structure part on the amplitude of the driving foot has been analyzed by numerical analysis. Four prototype stators with different angles θ have been fabricated and the experimental investigation of these stators has validated the numerical simulation. The overall dimensions of the prototype stators are no more than 40 mm (length) × 20 mm (width) × 5 mm (thickness). Driven by an AC signal with the driving frequency of 53.3 kHz, the no-load speed and the maximal thrust of the prototype motor using the stator with base angle 20° were 98 mm/s and 3.2 N, respectively. The effective elliptical motion trajectory of the contact point of the stator can be achieved by the isosceles triangular structure part using only two PZTs, and thus it makes the motor low cost in fabrication, simple in structure and easy to realize miniaturization.     

Performance of Non-Contact Linear Actuators Driven by Surface Acoustic Waves*

A new kind of non-contact linear actuator （motor） driven by surface acoustic waves （SAWs） is presented, in which the stators are made from SAW delay lines using 128° YX-LiNbO3 substrates. A fluid layer is introduced between the slider and the stator of the actuator, and the slider is a circular aluminum disk suspended on the surface of the liquid （water） layer. As the SAW is excited on the stator, the SAW is converted to a leaky wave in the interface of the stator and the liquid, and then propagates into the liquid. Owing to the nonlinear effect of wave propagation, acoustic streaming is generated, which pushes the slider to move. By the experiments, the relations between the slider velocity and the experimental parameters, such as the exciting voltage of the SAWs, the thickness and the kinematic viscosity of the liquid layer, are obtained.     

Development and analysis of a longitudinal and torsional type ultrasonic motor with two stators

In this paper, a new longitudinal and torsional type ultrasonic motor with two stators is presented and investigated. Normally, such a motor consists of one rotor and one stator, and two types of transducers that are longitudinal PZT and torsional PZT are used to generate the desired elliptical locus on the stator surface. The operating frequency is at the resonance frequency of torsional transducer. In order to enhance the efficiency of the motor, however, the resonance frequencies of both transducers should be closed to each other. For the purpose of matching the resonance frequencies, a symmetrical structure is adopted in design of the motor. Furthermore, two rings are added to the stators in order to adjust the resonance frequencies of these two transducers. A finite element model is developed and ANSYS software is used to analyze the resonance frequencies of longitudinal vibration and torsional vibration as well as optimize the motor geometry. According to the FE results, an experimental prototype is fabricated and the experimental results agree well with the theoretical predictions.     

Modelling and characterization of a piezoceramic inertial actuator

An inertial actuator (also known as a proof mass actuator) applies forces to a structure by reacting them against an “external” mass. This approach to actuation may provide some practical benefits in the active control of vibration and structure-borne noise: system reliability may be improved by removing the actuator from a structural load path; effective discrete point-force actuation permits ready attachment to curved surfaces, and an inherent passive vibration absorber effect can reduce power requirements.This paper describes a class of recently developed inertial actuators that is based on mechanical amplification of displacements of an active piezoceramic element. Important actuator characteristics include resonance frequencies, clamped force, and the drive voltage to output the force frequency response function.The paper addresses one particular approach to motion amplification, the “dual unimorph,” in detail. A model of actuator dynamic behavior is developed using an assumed-modes method, treating the piezoelectrically induced stresses as external forces. Predicted actuator characteristics agree well with experimental data obtained for a prototype actuator. The validated actuator dynamic model provides a tool for design improvement.     

弯曲静叶时序效应对压气机性能的影响

本文实验研究了弯曲静叶栅时序效应对某低速轴流压气机性能影响.结果表明,两列静叶时序位置不同导致压气机效率发生显著变化,且变化幅度随流量增加而加大;设计点处,时序位置为4/18和12/18相对节距时具有最低、最高压气机效率,差值约为0.6%;最大流量处,时序位置为O/18和8/18时效率差值约为2.7%.出口流场测量显示,上游静叶尾迹被输运到下游叶列流道中不同周向位置并与该列叶栅不同区域低能流体的掺混是导致压气机性能随静叶时序位置不同而变化的主要原因.     

A disk-pivot structure micro piezoelectric actuator using vibration mode B11

Micro piezoelectric actuator using vibration mode B(11) (B(mn), where m is the number of nodal circles, n is the nodal diameters) is designed. Different from conventional wobble-type ultrasonic motor using piezoelectric rod or cylinder, piezoelectric disc is used to excite wobble modes and metal cylinder stator is used to amplify the transverse displacement, metal rod rotor is actuated to rotate. The outer diameter of the actuator is 14mm. There are features such as low drive voltage, micromation, and convenient control of wobble state by modifying the structure of stator, etc. Finite element analysis (FEA) of the stator has been made. It is found that the resonant frequency of vibration mode B(11) is 49.03kHz, which is measured at 45.7kHz by the laser vibrometer and impedance analyzer. The rotation speed has been measured, which could be as high as 10,071rpm under an alternating current 100V. Such piezoelectric actuator can be optimized and adjusted to fit practical conditions. It can be applied in the fields of precise instrument, bioengineering and other micro actuator system.     

Vibration behaviour of stators of electrical machines,part I: Theoretical study

A general analytical method for free vibrations of thick cylindrical shells is presented in this paper. The problems associated with thick cylindrical shells are of considerable engineering importance in numerous applications. One important application of such shells is the stator of electrical machines, where the thick stator-core with teeth and windings is encased by a thin frame provided with cooling ribs. In order to design a quiet electrical machine, the accurate determination of resonant frequencies and vibrational characteristics of the stator is essential. The well known energy method is used in the analysis presented for the derivation of the frequency equation of the stator. As a first step, the analysis is applied to a simple and smooth model of thick circular cylindrical shell having substantial axial length as used in actual stators. The analysis delivers information on resonant frequencies and associated mode shapes. The method of analysis and the theoretical results obtained for the model are presented. The experimental verification of the analysis is reported in a companion paper.     

Nanolithography Considerations for Multi-Passband Grating Filters

The placement accuracy and resolution of direct-write patterning tools, in particular the atomic force microscope (AFM), is considered for application to fabricating multi-passband integrated optical niters. Because of its simpler fabrication a grating structure is proposed that consists of identical stripes that are non-periodically spaced. The recently developed pseudorandom encoding method from the field of computer generated holography is modified to effectively assign analog reflectances at each point along the grating by selective withdrawal and offsetting of the stripes from a periodic spacing. An example filter designed by this method has two 1.5 nm bandwidth passbands and –23 dB of rejection for lightly coupled stripes. As with single band filters, the passbands broaden as the coupling increases. A calculation of the coupling coefficient of stripes on a fundamental mode, slab waveguide indicate that stripes on the order of 100 nm in depth and width support low insertion loss, multipassband filtering applications at visible wavelengths. Lines of these dimensions patterned with an AFM on (110) silicon indicates the feasibility of fabricating these filters. These conclusions are specific to current AFM’s that are limited to writing fields of 100 μm. Increased rejection and decreased passband widths will result from incorporating precise field stitching into future AFM’s.     

平面扩压叶栅静叶相对位置改变对流动的影响

本文选取某重复级压气机平均半径处的型线,进行平面扩压叶栅非定常数值模拟。对8组不同的静叶相对位置进行了非定常计算,讨论了不同位置时流场的流动特点,优化出第一级、第二级静叶在给定的气动条件下最佳相对位置。     

涡轮静叶周向和轴向弯曲对其气动性能影响的研究

近年来，叶片弯曲在叶轮机械中得到厂越来越广泛的应用。众所周知，合适的周向弯曲或轴向弯曲能够提高叶轮机械的气动性能。但什么样的弯曲规律最好则取决于叶片的负荷与工况。本文试图通过对某大功率汽轮机未级导叶及其弯曲变形的气动计算与分析，深人探讨特定工况下不同弯曲规律对叶片气动性能的影响。文中采用有限体积时问推进法并结合多重网格法求解Ｎ－Ｓ方程，给出了不同弯曲叶型的流场和总体性能比较，详细分析并讨论了计算结果。     

Experimental validation of a collocated PVDF volume velocity sensor/actuator pair

The active control of sound transmission through a rectangular panel is experimentally verified. The control system is based on a collocated volume velocity sensor/actuator pair which measures and excites the first radiation mode of the panel. Suppression of the first radiation mode is an efficient strategy to control the low frequency sound radiation from the panel. This configuration leads to a simple single-input single-output control system, to which feedback control can be applied.Two implementations of the volume velocity sensor/actuator pair are tested. First, a polyvinyledene fluoride polymer (PVDF) volume velocity actuator foil with shaped electrodes is used in combination with an identical PVDF volume velocity sensor foil. Due to the mechanical coupling between the PVDF sensor and actuator foil, it is shown that a direct velocity feedback control scheme is not feasible because higher order structural modes will be destabilized. Instead integral force feedback is applied, such that the open-loop transfer function has a roll-off towards higher frequencies. Experiments show that this control strategy results in a reduction of the sound pressure in the receiving room of 10 dB at the first structural resonance without spillover to higher order modes. Due to the roll-off towards high frequencies, the control over higher order modes remains limited. Second, a discrete volume velocity sensor is constructed by summing the signals from 12 point sensors placed on the panel. The volume velocity actuator consists of two PVDF foils, glued on each side of the panel and driven in opposite phase. Direct volume velocity feedback is applied to this system, which is minimum phase. This control system is capable of reducing the sound pressure in the receiving room below 300 Hz by 10-15 dB without spillover to higher order modes.     

Novel optic-fiber switches based on the wobble-type MEMS electromagnetic microactuator

Some novel optic-fiber switches based on an MEMS electromagnetic microactuator are developed in this paper and their design, fabrication and performance are described. A new kind of wobble-type MEMS electromagnetic microactuator is successfully developed, which can drive mirrors to enter or leave the optical path of a switch. It is layered, composed of two stators and one wobble disc, which improve the output torque of the actuator. Finally, 1×2, 2×2, 1×4 and 1×8 single mode optic-fiber switches, which have been fabricated, are measured. The operating voltage is less than 8 V, switching time is less than 5 ms, insertion loss is less than 0.8 dB, crosstalk is 60 dB, and extinction ratio is 60 dB. These optic-fiber switches show a promising future in optical fiber communication systems.     

Free-space 1×2 wavelength-selective switches for wavelength-division multiplexing optical networks

A free-space 1 ×2 wavelength-selective switch （WSS） based on thin-film filter technology is proposed. The 1 × 2 WSS is fabricated with an electromagnetic actuator, a reflecton prism, a narrow-band thin-film filter, and three fiber collimators. The working principle and the configuration of WSS are illuminated. The experimental results indicate a fiber-to-fiber insertion loss ranging from 1.109 to 1.249 dB with 2-V voltage input, which satisfies the application of optical fiber communication.     

Fabrication of a side-polished fiber polarizer with a biref ringent polymer overlay

The fabrication of an in-line fiber polarizer consisting of a side-polished fiber (SPF) with a birefringent polymer thin-film overlay, polyvinyl carbazole, is described. Typical devices had <0.5 -dB insertion loss and extinction ratios of ~36 dB. A weakly coupled waveguide model that accurately describes these SPF-thin-film overlay devices and guides in their fabrication is also presented.     

Self-powered active vibration control using a single electric actuator

The authors have proposed self-powered active vibration control systems that achieve active vibration control using regenerated vibration energy. Such systems do not require external energy to produce a control force. This paper presents a self-powered system in which a single actuator realizes active control and energy regeneration.The system proposed needs to regenerate more energy than it consumes. To discuss the feasibility of this system, the authors proposed a method to calculate the balance between regenerated and consumed energies, using the dynamical property of the system, the feedback gain of the active controller, the specifications of the actuator, and the power spectral density of disturbance. A trade-off was found between the performance of the active controller and the energy balance. The feedback gain of the active controller is designed to have good suppression performance under conditions where regenerated energy exceeds consumed energy.A practical system to achieve self-powered active vibration control is proposed. In the system, the actuator is connected to the condenser through relay switches, which decide the direction of the electric current, and a variable resistor, which controls the amount of the electric current. Performance of the self-powered active vibration was examined in experiments; the results showed that the proposed system can produce the desired control force with regenerated energy, and that it had a suppression performance similar to that of an active control system using external energy. It was found that self-powered active control is attainable under conditions obtained through energy balance analysis.     

采用直、弯静叶压气机时序效应实验研究

本文实验研究了采用直、弯静叶的某重复级低速压气机在不同时序位置时的总性能及横截面流场特性.在不同流量工况下对压气机整体性能及流场进行了详细测量.结果表明,采用正弯静叶的压气机时序效应相对较弱且喘振裕度有所增加;同时,在压比略有减小的前提下(0.1%级别),凭借消耗扭轴功的大幅F降(3%左右),效率在设计工况下最大可提高...     

Using a thin actuator as secondary source for hybrid passive/active absorption in an impedance tube

This paper describes the practical implementation of a piezoelectric actuator as secondary source for hybrid passive/active broadband sound absorption in a standing-wave tube. This actuator consists of a thin circular aluminium plate driven by a piezoelectric patch and glued to a flexible rubber support. The resulting device has been mounted in a thin metallic ring that fits perfectly to the tube diameter. Passive absorption is afforded by either a porous layer or a microperforated panel, backed by an air gap. Active absorption is accomplished by releasing the sound pressure at a microphone behind the material, using either a loudspeaker or the actuator as secondary source. Results of broadband sound absorption reveal the feasibility of the piezoactuator. Compared to the loudspeaker, this actuator allows to greatly reduce the whole thickness of the hybrid absorber.     

Metal nanowires fabricated by means of magnetostrictive actuator

A new method of fabricating nanowires for electric conductance quantization studies is proposed as an alternative to the method based on converse piezoelectric effect. Commonly used for nanowire fabrication, piezoelectric actuators are expensive and require high-level voltage control signal. The method presented in this paper is based on the use of magnetostrictive actuator. Both the actuator structure and the method of the conversion factor measurement are discussed. The results of the tests of the magnetostrictive actuator are also reported. The parameters of the proposed actuator are compared with those of its piezoelectric counterpart used to date. The results of measurement confirm that the proposed actuator can be used for studying electric conductance quantization in nanowires. Presented at the X-th Symposium on Surface Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, July 11–15, 2005     

Kinetics of magnetization reversal in a heterophase nanomagnet with spatially modulated anisotropy

Magnetization reversal modes in a thin-film NiFeCuMo ferromagnet (FM) with periodically varying in-plane anisotropy are studied by the magneto-optical indicator film (MOIF) technique. The uni-directional anisotropy in FM regions exchange-coupled to a FeMn antiferromagnet (AFM) film in the form of square mesh stripes is alternated by the uniaxial anisotropy in the FM regions inside this mesh. It is shown that the boundaries formed along the edges of these stripes, which separate FM regions with different anisotropy, crucially influence the kinetics of domain-structure transformation in both types of FM regions. It is established that the lateral exchange anisotropy in the ferromagnet, which is determined by the stabilization of the spin distribution in the FM layer along the FM-(FM/AFM) interface, leads to the asymmetry of the magnetization reversal in FM regions bordered with an FM/AFM structure. Anisotropy of the mobility of 180-degree “charged” and “uncharged” domain walls situated, respectively, perpendicular and parallel to the unidirectional anisotropy axis is revealed. The difference observed between the mobilities of charged and uncharged domain walls is attributed to the difference in the spin distribution in these walls with respect to the unidirectional anisotropy axis and is a key factor for the difference between the magnetization reversal kinetics in horizontal and vertical exchange-biased FM stripes. Drastic differences are revealed in the asymmetry of magnetization reversal processes in mutually perpendicular narrow stripes of FM/AFM structures. Possible mechanisms of magnetization reversal in low-dimensional FM-(FM/AFM) heterostructures are discussed with regard to the effect of domain walls localized on the edges of AFM layers.     

Chaotic and Arnold stripes in weakly chaotic Hamiltonian systems

The dynamics in weakly chaotic Hamiltonian systems strongly depends on initial conditions (ICs) and little can be affirmed about generic behaviors. Using two distinct Hamiltonian systems, namely one particle in an open rectangular billiard and four particles globally coupled on a discrete lattice, we show that in these models, the transition from integrable motion to weak chaos emerges via chaotic stripes as the nonlinear parameter is increased. The stripes represent intervals of initial conditions which generate chaotic trajectories and increase with the nonlinear parameter of the system. In the billiard case, the initial conditions are the injection angles. For higher-dimensional systems and small nonlinearities, the chaotic stripes are the initial condition inside which Arnold diffusion occurs.