二氯乙烯锗烯与甲硫醛环加成的反应机理

利用MP2/6-311+G*方法计算了单线态二氯乙烯锗烯与甲硫醛的各种反应机理. 计算结果表明两者之间的环加成反应具有很好的选择性, 优势反应路径分为三步: 首先两种反应物经过无能垒的放热反应形成中间体INT, 然后INT经历过渡态TS3异构化为P31, 最后P31继续与甲硫醛反应形成二环杂环化合物P33. 其中第一步反应放热103.4 kJ·mol-1, 后两步反应能垒分别为0.7 和32.3 kJ·mol-1.     

杂多酸引发四氢呋喃聚合反应Ⅴ.生长链浓度与链生长速率常数的测定

采用改进的酚钠法及端羟基测定法对环氧乙烷促进的低浓度磷钨杂多酸引发的四氢呋喃聚合反应过程中生长链浓度的测定表明 ,杂多酸分子中的三个质子均参与了引发反应 ,各引发一个聚合链 .采用醋酸酐为促进剂时杂多酸引发四氢呋喃聚合反应生长链浓度测定的结果也证明了这一点 .由此测得在 0℃和 2 0℃时四氢呋喃聚合反应链增长表观速率常数分别为 3 78× 10 -3 和 1 98× 10 -2 L·mol-1·s-1,这与四氢呋喃按离子型生长链增长时的反应速率常数相近 .说明PW12 引发的THF聚合反应是通过氧离子活性中心增长的     

气相中W+活化CO2分解的自旋禁阻反应机理

用密度泛函理论中的UB3LYP方法, 对W采用相对论校正赝势基组(SDD), 对C、O采用6-311+G(3d)基组, 研究了气相中不同自旋态W+活化CO2分解的反应机理. 计算结果表明, W+活化CO2分解反应以六重态进入反应通道, 经过六重态势能面到四重态势能面的系间窜越(ISC),最后产物WO+和CO以四重态离开反应通道. 运用Harvey方法优化出最低能量交叉点(MECP), 并计算了MECP处的自旋-轨道耦合(SOC)常数(494.95 cm-1), 势能面的交叉和在MECP处较强的自旋-轨道耦合作用降低了自旋禁阻反应能垒, 为反应提供了一条低能反应路径, 反应总放热量为122.33 kJ·mol-1.     

环氧乙烷均聚反应机理的理论研究

借助量子化学理论计算方法对环氧乙烷均聚反应历程进行了理论探讨．采用DFT中的B3LYP方法在6-311G^**基组下对环氧乙烷基态和激发态以及亲核试剂和亲电试剂进攻环氧乙烷反应产物进行几何构型全优化,确定了各物种的电子结构、电荷分布和键长等参数．运用前线轨道理论从微观电子结构层次上对环氧乙烷的各种均聚反应机理进行了分析,探讨了阳离子均聚和阴离子均聚机理的合理性．由于受到前线轨道对称性和能级差的限制,环氧乙烷的基态分子不能发生均聚,同样也不能发生自由基均聚;而当环氧乙烷基态分子被亲电试剂或亲核试剂进攻时,可以进一步生成新的亲电或亲核试剂从而引发环氧乙烷均聚．计算结果很好地阐明了实验事实．     

星际媒介H2NCH2CN与H2O反应中的H2O分子偶合质子转移机理和氢隧道效应

H2NCH2CN+H2O→H2NCH2C(OH)NH是一个重要的反应, 涉及到星际媒介中甘氨酸的形成, 与早期地球上的氨基酸起源有关. 如果没有考虑氢隧道效应, 在MP2/6-311+G(d,p)级别上计算反应能垒是254.7 kJ·mol-1, 在星际媒介中该气相反应很难进行. 在星际媒介冰颗粒表面上, 水分子催化反应增强了该化学反应的活性. H2NCH2CN与(H2O)3反应中的两个水分子作为催化剂降低活化能77.5 kJ·mol-1和活化自由能70.9 kJ·mol-1, 并且通过氢键桥协同传递质子. 量子氢隧道对于该反应进行至关紧要,采用小弯曲隧道(SCT)近似和正则变分过渡态理论(CVT)方法研究. 温度50 K时, 速率常数kSCT/CVT为1.86×10-23 cm3·molecule-1·s-1, 表明在星际媒介中通过质子隧道机理该反应容易进行. 研究结果与地球上的氨基酸起源于地球本身物质的观点相一致.     

甲醇协助丙交酯开环聚合反应的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论在B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)水平上研究了甲醇协助的丙交酯开环聚合反应, 探讨了1~3个甲醇分子参与的丙交酯聚合反应机理, 考察了溶剂化效应对聚合反应的影响. 结果表明, 甲醇协助的丙交酯开环聚合按加成-消除机理进行; 甲醇分子作为质子给体与受体通过与丙交酯形成环状氢键促进开环聚合, 随着甲醇分子数的增加, 环状氢键的张力逐渐减小, 反应能垒随之降低; 溶剂化效应对反应机理和反应势垒的影响均可忽略不计.     

Pd催化甲醇裂解制氢的反应机理

基于密度泛函理论(DFT), 研究了甲醇在Pd(111)面上首先发生O—H键断裂的反应历程(CH3OH(s)→CH3O(s)+H(s)→CH2O(s)+2H(s)→CHO(s)+3H(s)→CO(s)+4H(s)). 优化了裂解过程中各反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型, 获得了反应路径上各物种的吸附能及各基元反应的活化能数据. 另外, 对甲醇发生C—O键断裂生成CH3(s)和OH(s)的分解过程也进行了模拟计算. 计算结果表明, O—H键的断裂(活化能为103.1 kJ·mol-1)比C—O键的断裂(活化能为249.3 kJ·mol-1)更容易; 甲醇在Pd(111)面上裂解的主要反应历程是: 甲醇首先发生O—H键的断裂, 生成甲氧基中间体(CH3O(s)), 然后甲氧基中间体再逐步脱氢生成CO(s)和H(s). 甲醇发生O—H键断裂的活化能为103.1 kJ·mol-1, 甲氧基上脱氢的活化能为106.7 kJ·mol-1, 两者均有可能是整个裂解反应的速控步骤.     

环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷开环聚合

环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的开环聚合产物在表面活性剂工业和聚氨酯工业得到了极为广泛的应用.本文综述了近几年来发展的用于环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷开环聚合的各类催化剂体系,分别讨论了各类催化剂体系对环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的不同作用机制,考察了反应物结构对反应活性和选择性的影响,重点介绍了配位络合催化剂体系在环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷开环聚合反应中的应用,并指出了今后研究的方向.     

环氧乙烷环氧丙烷开环聚合反应动力学研究

环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷由于具有较高的环张力,因而容易发生开环聚合。本文综述了环氧乙烷合环氧丙烷开环聚合反应的动力学研究进展,考察了环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷开环聚合反应的机理,分别讨论了各类催化剂体系中环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷开环聚合的动力学常数、两者的竞聚率及开环聚合产物的分子量分布,并指出了开环聚合反应动力学研究对于环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的开环聚合研究及工业应用的重要性。     

HCOO在Cu(110)、Ag(110)和Au(110)表面的吸附

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)以及广义梯度近似方法(GGA)计算了甲酸根(HCOO)在Cu(110)、Ag(110)和Au(110)表面的吸附. 计算结果表明, 短桥位是最稳定的吸附位置, 计算的几何参数与以前的实验和计算结果吻合. 吸附热顺序为Cu(110)(-116 kJ·mol-1)>Ag(110)(-57 kJ·mol-1)>Au(110)(-27 kJ·mol-1), 与实验上甲酸根的分解温度相一致. 电子态密度分析表明, 吸附热顺序可以用吸附分子与金属d-带之间的Pauli 排斥来关联, 即排斥作用越大, 吸附越弱. 另外还从计算的吸附热数据以及实验上HCOO的分解温度估算了反应CO2+1/2H2→HCOO的活化能, 其大小顺序为Au(110)>Ag(110)>Cu(110).     

吡喃木糖和O-乙酰基吡喃木糖热解形成羟基乙醛的机理研究

以半纤维素主要成分木聚糖的两种单体--吡喃木糖和O-乙酰基吡喃木糖为模型化合物,运用密度泛函理论(DFT),采用B3LYP方法和6-31+G(d,p)基组进行计算,研究了吡喃木糖热解形成HAA的6条可能的反应路径和O-乙酰基吡喃木糖热解形成HAA的3条可能的反应路径。由此确定了吡喃木糖热解形成HAA的最优路径为:吡喃木糖首先开环得到链式木糖,然后C3羟基和C2氢脱水,随后经重排和逆醇醛缩合反应生成包含C4/C5的HAA;该路径的决速步骤为脱水反应,能垒为253.3 kJ/mol。O-乙酰基吡喃木糖热解形成HAA的最优路径为:O-乙酰基吡喃木糖首先支链断裂脱出乙酸(AA),开环后的链式中间体经氢转移反应得到包含C4/C5的HAA;该路径的决速步骤为最后的氢转移反应,能垒为317.6 kJ/mol。     

Organolanthanide-mediated ring-opening ziegler polymerization (ROZP) of methylenecycloalkanes: a theoretical mechanistic investigation of alternative mechanisms for chain initiation of the samarocene-promoted ROZP of 2-phenyl-1-methylenecyclopropane

A detailed theoretical investigation of alternative mechanisms for chain initiation of the organolanthanide-promoted ring-opening polymerization of 2-phenyl-1-methylenecyclopropane (PhMCP) with an archetypical [Cp2SmH] model catalyst is presented. Several conceivable pathways for important elementary steps, which also included ring-opening isomerization of PhMCP to phenylbutadienes, were critically scrutinized for a tentative course of the catalytic reaction. The operative mechanism starts with the first exo-methylene C=C insertion into the Sm-H bond in a 1,2 fashion and is followed by shift-based beta-alkyl eliminative cyclopropyl ring opening by cleavage of a proximal bond, while the alternative mechanism that commences with 2,1-insertion and subsequent ring opening by distal bond scission is revealed to be almost entirely precluded. The facile and irreversible insertion process is not found to occur in a regioselective fashion. The ring-opening process is analyzed as the critical step that discriminates between the two conceivable mechanisms. Opening of the cyclopropyl ring is kinetically easy and proceeds readily for the 1,2-insertion species, while a prohibitively large barrier must be overcome for ring opening of 2,1-insertion species. The isomerization of PhMCP in a ring-opened fashion, which would afford phenylbutadienes as possible products, is predicted to be a less likely process, owing to both kinetic and thermodynamic factors. The phenyl functionality has been demonstrated to distinguish between the regioisomeric ring-opening pathways, both kinetically and thermodynamically, thereby rendering this process selective with regard to the regiochemistry. Overall, chain initiation of the samarocene-mediated ring-opening polymerization of PhMCP is predicted to be a smooth, kinetically facile process.     

Block and star block copolymers by mechanism transformation X. Synthesis of poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether/polystyrene/poly(l-lactide) ABC miktoarm star copolymers by combination of RAFT and ROP

Poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether/polystyrene/poly(l-lactide) (MPEO/PSt/PLLA) ABC miktoarm star copolymers were synthesized by combination of reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) using bifunctional macro-transfer agent, MPEO with two terminal dithiobenzoate and hydroxyl groups. It was prepared by reaction of MPEO with maleic anhydride (MAh), subsequently reacted with dithiobenzoic acid and ethylene oxide. RAFT polymerization of St at 110 °C yielded block copolymer, MPEO-b-PSt [(MPEO)(PSt)CH₂OH], and then it was used to initiate the polymerization of l-lactide in the presence of Sn(OCt)₂ at 115 °C to produce ABC miktoarm star polymers, s-[(MPEO)(PSt)(PLLA)]. The structures of products obtained at each synthetic step were confirmed by NMR and gel permeation chromatography data.     

Mechanism of the living lactide polymerization mediated by robust zinc guanidine complexes

Zinc bis(chelate) guanidine complexes promote living lactide polymerization at elevated temperatures. By means of kinetic and spectroscopic analyses the mechanism has been elucidated for these special initiators that make use of neutral N-donor ligands. The neutral guanidine function initiates the polymerization by a nucleophilic ring-opening attack on the lactide molecule. DFT calculations on the first ring-opening step show that the guanidine is able to act as a nucleophile. Three transition states were located for ligand rearrangement, nucleophilic attack, and ring-opening. The second ring-opening step was modeled as a representation for the chain growth because here, the lactate alcoholate opens the second lactide molecule via two transition states (nucleophilic attack and ring-opening). Additionally, the resulting reaction profile proceeds overall exothermically, which is the driving force for the reaction. The experimental and calculated data are in good agreement and the presented mechanism explains why the polymerization proceeds without co-initiators.     

Grafting of poly(ethylene oxide) with Schiff's base end group onto chloromethylated polystyrene via Decker-Forster reaction

Amphiphilic graft copolymer of polystyrene (PS) as backbone and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as branch chain was prepared by Decker-Forster reaction. PEO with Schiff's base end group (PEO_s) was obtained by ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide (EO) initiated with protected potassium aminoethoxide, and then alkylated with chloromethylated polystyrene (c-PS). A graft copolymer with high grafting efficiency was derived by hydrolysis of the above-mentioned product.     

乙烷在Ni(111)表面的吸附和分解

研究了乙烷在Ni(111)表面解离的可能反应机理, 使用完全线性同步和二次同步变换(complete LST/QST)方法确定解离反应的过渡态. 采用基于第一性原理的密度泛函理论与周期平板模型相结合的方法, 优化了C2H6裂解反应过程中各物种在Ni(111)表面的top, fcc, hcp和bridge位的吸附模型, 计算了能量, 并对布居电荷进行分析, 得到了各物种的有利吸附位. 结果表明, 乙烷在Ni(111)表面C—C解离的速控步骤活化能为257.9 kJ·mol-1, 而C—H解离速控步骤活化能为159.8 kJ·mol-1, 故C—H键解离过程占优势, 主要产物是C2H4和H2.     

铜催化CO2和1-苯基丙炔的氢羧基化反应机理及区域选择性

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究了在还原剂(EtO)₃SiH存在下, 铜(I) (Cl₂IPrCuF)催化CO₂插入1-苯基丙炔生成α,β不饱和羧酸的反应机理. 计算结果表明, Cl₂IPrCuF 首先与(EtO)₃SiH 生成活性催化剂Cl₂IPrCuH,然后经历三个步骤完成催化反应: (1) Cl₂IPrCuH 与1-苯基丙炔加成生成烯基铜中间体. 由于炔烃的不对称性,烯基铜中间体有两种同分异构体, 最后可导致生成两种对应的α,β不饱和羧酸衍生物; (2) CO₂插入烯基铜中间体得到羧基铜中间体; (3) (EtO)₃SiH 与羧基铜中间体发生σ转位反应形成最终产物, 同时重新生成催化剂Cl₂IPrCuH. 理论研究还表明, 生成两种α,β不饱和羧酸衍生物的反应路径所对应的决速步骤不同, 在Path a 中炔烃插入反应和CO₂插入反应都可能是整个催化反应的决速步骤, 自由能垒分别为68.6 和67.8 kJ·mol^-1, 而在Path b中, 仅炔烃插入反应是整个催化反应的决速步骤, 自由能垒为78.7 kJ·mol^-1. 此结果很好地给出了实验上两种α,β不饱和羧酸衍生物收率不同的原因. 炔烃与Cl₂IPrCuH的加成决定了反应的区域选择性, 其中电子效应是影响反应区域选择性的主要原因.     

MECHANISM-TRANSFORMATION SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLY(STYRENE-b-2-ETHYL-2-OXAZOLINE) DIBLOCK COPOLYMER*

By mechanism-transformation (anionic→ cationic) poly(styrene- b-2-ethyl -2-oxazoline) diblockcopolymer, PS-b-PEOx, was synthesized in two steps. The first step is the polymerization of styrene blockcapped with ethylene oxide and its tosylation; the second step is the cationic ring-opening polymerization of2-ethyl-2-oxazoline. The products were thoroughly characterized by various methods, such as ~1H-NMR, IR,DMA, TEM and SAXS. The results show that the copolymer obtained possesses high molecular weight andnarrow molecular weight distribution.