高分子的离子效应

在传统理论中,离子通常被作为点电荷处理,其对高分子性质的影响主要基于离子强度效应.然而,高分子体系中许多重要实验现象都无法简单地通过离子强度效应加以理解,这需要从超越离子强度概念的角度来考虑高分子的离子效应.本专题论述将主要讨论高分子体系中的离子特异性效应、离子氢键效应、离子亲/疏水效应以及多价离子效应.离子特异性效应普遍存在于带电高分子体系以及中性高分子体系,且可以在不同溶剂体系中观察到;离子氢键效应可被应用于调控强聚电解质刷的水化、润湿、黏附等多种性质;离子亲/疏水效应不但可以调控界面接枝聚电解质的性质,还可以调控聚电解质溶液以及聚电解质凝胶的性质;通过多价离子交联作用,多价离子效应可被应用于调控聚电解质刷以及高分子凝胶的性质.这些高分子的离子效应拓宽和加深了我们对离子与高分子间相互作用的理解,为基于不同离子效应调控高分子性能奠定了基础,并可进一步拓展至其他类型重要的离子-高分子间相互作用.     

聚电解质混合物在均匀带电平面上吸附的密度泛函研究

采用非局域密度泛函理论计算方法(NLDFT), 我们研究了两种带相反电荷的聚电解质混合物在均匀带电平面上的吸附以及吸附层的电荷反转现象. 我们对表面带电密度和聚电解质链段的价态对吸附的影响做了系统研究, 发现在体系中不含小离子的情况下, 当体系中两种聚电解质链段都为单价时, 和表面带相反电荷的聚电解质链能够吸附在平面上, 而和表面带相同电荷的聚电解质链和表面之间相互排斥, 整个过程就是表面电荷被与之带相反电荷的聚电解质链上所带电荷中和的过程, 没有出现明显的电荷反转现象|当体系中作为反离子存在的聚电解质链段价态为二价时, 和表面带相同电荷的聚电解质链能在表面上吸附, 出现明显的电荷反转现象. 理论研究表明, 以反离子居中为媒介的静电相关效应是聚电解质混合物出现多层吸附的主要驱动力之一.     

两性聚电解质溶液的分子热力学模型和分子动力学模拟

从带电硬球混合物出发采用化学缔合理论建立了聚电解质和两性聚电解质溶液的分子热力学模型.用考虑溶剂的粘滞力和热浴随机力作用的分子动力学(MD)方法模拟了聚电解质和两性聚电解质溶液的渗透系数.对模型预测结果和MD模拟结果进行了比较,表明基于化学缔合理论的分子热力学模型可以用于聚电解质溶液和两性聚电解质溶液热力学性质的预测,对于均聚电解质溶液效果令人满意,对由直径不同的离子构成的聚电解质溶液,模型的预测效果变差,有待进一步改进.该模型对两性聚电解质溶液渗透系数的预测效果比对聚电解质溶液的预测效果更好.     

高分子与表面活性剂在水相中的相互作用

按照组分荷电属性的不同,高分子/表面活性剂体系可大致划分为三种:中性高分子/离子表面活性剂体系、带电高分子/离子表面活性剂体系、高分子/非离子表面活性剂体系。本文对这三种体系在水相中的高分子/表面活性剂相互作用研究进行综述。在大多数情况下,水相中高分子与表面活性剂共存时都能发生相互作用并形成复合物,其驱动力主要包括疏水作用、静电作用和氢键作用。根据高分子与表面活性剂的荷电情况及结构性质(如疏水链长度)的不同,上述驱动力可以单独或组合作用。此外,温度、pH值、电解质等外界因素对复合物形成过程及结构也具有不同程度的影响。     

Flory状态方程理论研究PS/PMMA/SAN相行为

将改进的Flory状态方程理论(EOS)引入含“分子内链段排斥性相互作用”的高分子共混物中,研究含无规共聚物的三元共混体系聚苯乙烯(PS)/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)/聚苯乙烯-丙烯腈(SAN)无规共聚物的相行为,建立相应的适用于含无规共聚物三元共混体系Spinodal方程.用PS、PMMA、PAN的特征参数及其链段间相互作用参数分别计算相应共聚物的特征参数,由二元相互作用模型计算均聚物-共聚物间的相互作用能参数.在运用EOS理论研究三元均聚物共混体系相行为基础上,进一步预测PS/PMMA/SAN体系的相行为,计算并绘制不同温度下的Spinodal曲线并进行实验验证,理论计算与实验结果吻合.结果表明,EOS理论可以克服经典平均场理论的缺陷,成功描述含分子内排斥作用共混体系相行为与共聚物组成及温度之间的关系.     

芘标记磺酸基聚电解质在水与DMSO中的荧光光谱

合成了芘标记单体N-(芘基)甲基-2-甲基丙烯酰胺(PyMA),其与2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAA)共聚,得到含PyMA摩尔分数为0.1%、AMPS摩尔分数F_AMPS分别为0.033～0.896的芘标记磺酸基聚电解质.在DMSO和水中,F_AMPS<0.449时芘标记聚电解质的荧光光谱与PyMA的荧光光谱基本相同;当F_AMPS≥0.449时,芘的[0,1]和[0,3]跃迁的发射强度大幅度增强.芘标记的I₁/I₃值随聚电解质电荷密度增加逐渐减小,且随聚电解质浓度增加也减小,表明聚电解质体系中通过电离基团间吸引形成了分子主链的聚集.     

无皂相反转乳化法制备高分子水基分散体系

高分子树脂水基分散体系是指高分子树脂以微粒形式分散于水中 ,包括高分子乳液、高分子悬浮液等体系 .由于高分子树脂水基分散体系具有低成本 ,高性能 ,无污染等优点 ,一直受到普遍关注 .高分子树脂乳液一般通过乳液聚合制备 .该方法只适用于由含双键的单体制备的加聚产物 .而在制备缩聚产物的乳液时 ,乳液聚合方法局限性很大 ,而最近发展起来的相反转乳化技术 ,适用于制备包括加聚产物和缩聚产物在内的大多数高分子水基分散体系 ,拓宽了高聚物水基分散体系的范围 [1] .杨振忠等 [2～ 5] 利用相反转乳化技术制备了未固化和可固化的环氧树脂…     

现代高分子物理课程系列漫谈:I.金兹堡判据

金兹堡判据是判定平均场理论有效性的重要准则.本文从一道典型的高分子物理课程课后习题出发,通过求解过程总结在平均场理论框架下如何构造金兹堡判据,并将该思路推广到不对称两组分高分子共混物体系以及高分子溶液体系.     

强聚电解质在DMSO/THF中溶剂化状态的变化

高分子中电离基团的电离状态取决于分子链溶剂化层的极性.极性大,电离基团离解,体系以静电斥力为主;极性小,电离基团成为离子对,偶极吸引在体系中占主导地位.磺酸基共聚凝胶在二甲基亚砜(ＤＭＳＯ)和四氢呋喃(ＴＨＦ)混合溶剂中的体积相变从宏观上表现出上述两种状态可以互相转变[1-3],相应的线型聚电解质在此混合溶剂中的溶解与沉淀也是这种转变的表现[1].然而,由于优先溶剂化的存在,溶剂组成并不与高分子链溶剂化层的组成相同.揭示聚电解质分子溶剂化层的变化规律对于研究该体系相互作用的转变及凝聚态结构变化具有重要意义.　　将荧光发…     

聚电解质聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵在高分子膜燃料电池中的应用:从纳米颗粒到载体材料（英文）

高分子膜燃料电池是一类很有发展前景的可提供可再生能源的装置,这主要得益于它的零排放、无毒性和较低的操作温度.在高分子膜燃料电池的部件中,电催化剂对于提高输出能量密度和/或工作寿命起到至关重要的作用.在过去的几十年中,科学家提出了很多办法和策略以解决电催化剂的活性和稳定性问题.尽管基于聚电解质的层层自组装制备膜电极的方法已经研究多年,但聚电解质在催化剂制备方面的作用仍需更多的关注.最近几年,已有很多人将聚电解质应用于催化剂设计制备,其中聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(PDDA)的研究较为系统,因此,本文重点关注PDDA,目的是总结出一些有用的信息,以便为该领域未来的研究发展提供一些参考.本文收集了一些聚电解质在电催化剂纳米颗粒和载体材料两方面应用的文献,不仅讨论了聚电解质在催化剂颗粒粒径、形貌和组成方面的影响,还总结了其在修饰载体材料方面的应用.最后,本文还展望了聚电解质在催化剂设计制备领域的发展.通常,聚电解质有三个主要的特征:(1)在水溶液中容易解离为带相反电荷的长链结构和离子;(2)长链结构中带有独特的官能团结构;(3)当溶液浓度变化时其结构会发生转变.因此,聚电解质可以在电催化剂层面作为纳米反应器来控制金属纳米颗粒的生长,可功能化或掺杂纳米颗粒以及载体材料,可以保护纳米颗粒或载体不衰减,同时还可使其他物质带电,利用自组装方法制备有序的催化剂.然而,相关研究大都集中于PDDA,因此,其他聚电解质还需要进一步的系统研究,以便了解聚电解质特征、制备的催化剂以及催化性能之间的关系.PDDA在该领域的研究还需在如下几个方面继续进行.(1)聚电解质通常不是电子的良导体,其在催化剂表面的吸附会造成活性位的损失.尽管已经提出一些相对有效的方法,例如热处理、化学洗涤或光降解等,但仍需继续进行系统的研究和提出有效的方法.(2)先进的研究手段,如原位观测和模拟等还需进一步发展,尤其是研究聚电解质在催化剂形成过程中的功能和影响,这有利于构效关系的研究.(3)目前该领域制备的催化剂大都使用半电池或三电极体系来评价,但与实际的燃料电池装置有本质不同.由于复杂的工作条件,例如水热管理、不同组件的界面耦合等,聚电解质制备催化剂在膜电极中有可能不能表现出优良的性能.因此,上述催化剂的研究还应考虑燃料电池的实际运行情况.     

Entrainer effect in supercritical mixtures

The objective of this paper is to propose a predictive method for the estimation of the change in the solubility of a solid in a supercritical solvent when another solute (entrainer) or a cosolvent is added to the system. To achieve this goal, the solubility equations were coupled with the Kirkwood–Buff (KB) theory of dilute ternary solutions. In this manner, the solubility of a solid in a supercritical fluid (SCF) in the presence of an entrainer or a cosolvent could be expressed in terms of only binary data. The obtained predictive method was applied to six ternary SCF–solute–cosolute and two SCF–solute–cosolvent systems. In the former case, the agreement with experiment was very good, whereas in the latter, the agreement was only satisfactory, because the data were not for the very dilute systems for which the present approach is valid.     

Energy migration and transfer in poly(phenylacetylene)

Studies have been made of energy migration and transfer in dilute solutions of poly(phenylacetylene). In fluid media, “down-chain” energy migration is very efficient (being limited only by chain length in the system studied); however, in a rigid matrix, the energy migration rate is significantly lower. It is suggested that segmental rotation in a fluid environment brings neighbouring chain units into conformations suitable for resonance energy transfer and also breaks conjugated sequences functioning as exciton “traps”. The broad absorption spectrum (and relatively high extinction coefficients) coupled with the efficient transfer of the energy make these substances very efficient energy transfer additives in polymer systems.     

Unified analysis of thermodynamic and rheological properties of high polymer solutions. I. Binary systems

We present a comprehensive experimental study of thermodynamic and rheological properties of semidilute polymer solutions in good solvent. Osmotic pressure and viscosity measurements have been done in several polymer‐solvent systems at different temperatures. A renormalization group technique was applied to analyze the data using de Gennes's blobs model to connect dynamic and conformational quantities. The behavior of polymer systems in the whole range from dilute to semidilute solutions can be satisfactorily described using only a few nonuniversal quantities experimentally determined. An adequate agreement between experiments and theory was found, showing universal behavior with a system‐dependent constant β that does not depend on molecular weight or concentration. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 290–301, 2002     

The Study on Pervaporation Behaviors of Dilute Organic Solution Through PDMS/PTFE Composite Membrane

As an energy-efficient alternative to distillation, pervaporation has been widely combined with fermentation to remove organic compounds from their dilute solutions in a fermentation broth. In this work, the organic permselective composite membrane is prepared by coating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cross-linked with n-heptane on the substrate of polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) membrane. The separation behavior is studied in different dilute organic solutions, which include acetone dilute solution, butanone dilute solution, cyclohexanone dilute solution, ethanol dilute solution, isopropanol dilute solution, n-butyl alcohol dilute solution, acetic acid dilute solution, and ethyl acetate dilute solution. Most of these solutions are main reaction products or by-products from fermentation process. The effects of solubility of organics in the membrane, molecular weight, and polarity of the organics on the pervaporation performance are investigated. The effects of operating temperature and organic concentration in the feed solutions on the performance of composite membrane are studied as well. The experimental results show that molecular volume has less influence than solubility and molecular polarity for these organic solvent. The selectivity of PDMS membrane to ethyl acetate is relative high due to good solubility and diffusion of ethyl acetate molecules in polymer.     

Monte Carlo study of supramolecular polymer fractionation: selective removal of chain stoppers by phase separation

Supramolecular polymers consist of bifunctional monomers that join and break reversibly. Supramolecular polymer solutions are often polluted by monofunctional contaminants, which drastically reduce the chain-forming capabilities of the system. Unfortunately, the monofunctional contaminants are difficult to remove due to the physical and chemical resemblance with the bifunctional counterparts. In this paper, we present a method to specifically remove the monofunctional contaminants from a supramolecular polymer solution. The general idea is to induce phase separation by decreasing the solvent quality and to remove the most dilute phase. This concept is explored by means of a recently developed Monte Carlo scheme to calculate the compositions of the coexisting liquid phases. The simulations provide a proof of principle that the proposed purification method is suitable to remove the monofunctional contaminants efficiently. The calculations indicate that, at the right experimental conditions, the vast majority of the monofunctional contaminants can be removed in this way while retaining most of the bifunctional monomers. Because of the general nature of the arguments presented here, it is to be expected that the results are applicable to a large variety of supramolecular systems. Moreover, the method is very suitable for large-scale applications because only solvent is added and no tedious chromatographic steps are required.     

Dynamics and scaling of polymers in a dilute solution: analytical treatment in two and higher dimensions

We consider the dynamical scaling of a single polymer chain in good solvent. In the case of two-dimensional systems, Shannon and Choy [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1455 (1997)] have suggested that the dynamical scaling for a dilute polymer solution breaks down. Using scaling arguments and analytical calculations based on the Zimm model, we show that the dynamical scaling of a dilute two-dimensional polymer system holds when the relevant dynamical quantities are properly extracted from finite systems. Most important, the polymer diffusion coefficient in two dimensions scales logarithmically with system size, in excellent agreement with our extensive computer simulations. This scaling is the reason for the failure of the previous attempts to resolve the dynamical scaling of dilute two-dimensional polymer systems. In three and higher dimensions our analytic calculations are in agreement with previous results in the literature.     

Dissipative particle dynamics simulation of depletion layer and polymer migration in micro- and nanochannels for dilute polymer solutions

The flows of dilute polymer solutions in micro- and nanoscale channels are of both fundamental and practical importance in variety of applications in which the channel gap is of the same order as the size of the suspended particles or macromolecules. In such systems depletion layers are observed near solid-fluid interfaces, even in equilibrium, and the imposition of flow results in further cross-stream migration of the particles. In this work we employ dissipative particle dynamics to study depletion and migration in dilute polymer solutions in channels several times larger than the radius of gyration (Rg) of bead-spring chains. We compare depletion layers for different chain models and levels of chain representation, solvent quality, and relative wall-solvent-polymer interactions. By suitable scaling the simulated depletion layers compare well with the asymptotic lattice theory solution of depletion near a repulsive wall. In Poiseuille flow, polymer migration across the streamlines increases with the Peclet and the Reynolds number until the center-of-mass distribution develops two symmetric off-center peaks which identify the preferred chain positions across the channel. These appear to be governed by the balance of wall-chain repulsive interactions and an off-center driving force of the type known as the Segre-Silberberg effect.     

哌嗪-苯胺二环氧系感光性高分子的研究 Ⅰ.合成及其感光性

用哌嗪和N,N-二环氧丙基苯胺(苯胺二环氧)通过线型加成聚合反应,得到一种新型高分子。这种高分子与有机多卤化物所组成的感光体系,在近紫外光(300—400nm)的照射下,发色的同时交联固化。最低固化光量为78mJ·cm^-2。发色吸收峰初始为660nm,随曝光量增大,吸收增大,峰值向650nm俯移。所得蓝绿色图像可用稀酸显影。硫杂蒽酮类化合物是这些体系很有效的增感剂。     

Zur mikrochemischen untersuchung schwach radioaktiver lösungen und abwässer

The ring-oven method, and ring chronoautoradiography are shown to be suitable for the investigation of very dilute radioactive solutions. The limits of detection are of the order of nanocuries or less. A method for the concentration of large volumes of liquid on the ring oven is described.     

高分子动力学的单链模型

高分子单链模型是高分子稀溶液理论研究的基本模型.对其进行深入地分析,不仅有助于解决高分子稀溶液体系中溶液黏度和分子链扩散等基本问题,而且能够增进人们对高分子链结构与溶液性质间关联性的理解.虽然基于经典连续性介质力学的流体动力学理论可以定性,甚至半定量地获得稀溶液的一些重要性质,但是,随着科学技术的发展,人们从分子水平上建立了许多描述高分子稀溶液性质的模型和理论,期望能够定量地描述高分子稀溶液的性质.本文以高分子稀溶液中3个典型的单链模型为例(包括:不含流体力学相互作用的Rouse模型、含二体流体力学相互作用的Zimm模型和含多体流体力学相互作用的部分穿透球模型),综述高分子稀溶液的重要性质,并详细地给出其动力学方程的推导过程及其重要的研究进展.特别是,对于Rouse模型,本文还将其预言结果拓展到了短链高分子流体体系;此外,还介绍了这一领域的关键科学问题、发展前景和研究方向.