Second-order homogenization of periodic materials based on asymptotic approximation of the strain energy: formulation and validity limits

In this paper a second-order homogenization approach for periodic material is derived from an appropriate representation of the down-scaling that correlates the micro-displacement field to the macro-displacement field and the macro-strain tensors involving unknown perturbation functions. These functions take into account of the effects of the heterogeneities and are obtained by the solution of properly defined recursive cell problems. Moreover, the perturbation functions and therefore the micro-displacement fields result to be sufficiently regular to guarantee the anti-periodicity of the traction on the periodic unit cell. A generalization of the macro-homogeneity condition is obtained through an asymptotic expansion of the mean strain energy at the micro-scale in terms of the microstructural characteristic size ?; the obtained overall elastic moduli result to be not affected by the choice of periodic cell. The coupling between the macro- and micro-stress tensor in the periodic cell is deduced from an application of the generalised macro-homogeneity condition applied to a representative portion of the heterogeneous material (cluster of periodic cell). The correlation between the proposed asymptotic homogenization approach and the computational second-order homogenization methods (which are based on the so called quadratic ansätze) is obtained through an approximation of the macro-displacement field based on a second-order Taylor expansion. The form of the overall elastic moduli obtained through the two homogenization approaches, here proposed, is analyzed and the differences are highlighted. An evaluation of the developed method in comparison with other recently proposed in literature is carried out in the example where a three-phase orthotropic material is considered. The characteristic lengths of the second-order equivalent continuum are obtained by both the asymptotic and the computational procedures here analyzed. The reliability of the proposed approach is evaluated for the case of shear and extensional deformation of the considered two-dimensional infinite elastic medium subjected to periodic body forces; the results from the second-order model are compared with those of the heterogeneous continuum.     

An asymptotic theory for the vibration of anisotropic plates

Summary A two-dimensional theory for the motion of anisotropic plates is derived in a systematic and consistent manner without making any of the usual a priori assumptions regarding the dependence of field variables on the thickness coordinate. The method of asymptotic integration of the three-dimensional elasticity equations is used. It is shown that only six elastic constants are present in the first approximation, which also includes the effect of rotatory inertia.

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Übersicht Es wird eine zweidimensionale Theorie anisotroper Platten angegeben, wobei auf die üblichen Annahmen bezüglich der Abhängigkeit der Variablen von der Plattendicke verzichtet wird. Die dreidimensionalen Elastizitätsgleichungen werden durch asymptotische Integration gelöst. Es wird gezeigt, daß nur 6 elastische Konstanten in den Gleichungen der ersten Näherung auftreten, durch die auch der Effekt der Drehträgheit erfaßt werden kann.

     

An asymptotic theory for a gradually varied flow problem

The steady laminar flow of a heavy liquid around a horizontal and circular cylinder is investigated in this paper. The fluid flows with a constant flow rate from an inclined flat plate and then reaches tangentially the cylinder. An asymptotic method is used to calculate the hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow and special attention is put on the equation of the free surface far from the entry zone.     

An upper bound approach on yield surfaces of porous materials

Summary Triaxial deformation of a porous material is analyzed. A material model is proposed where the material consists of spherical cells each of which has a spherical pore in the center of the matrix. The velocity field in the matrix is assumed and the upper bound approach is attempted. The yield surfaces of the porous materials with various volume fractions of pores v _f are obtained as ellipsoids whose axes become smaller with increasing v _f.They coincide with the yield surfaces which have been proposed by the authors earlier.

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Ein Obere-Schranken-Ansatz für den Fließort von porösem Material

Übersicht Analysiert wird die dreiachsige Deformation eines porösen Werkstoffs, der durch kugelförmige Zellen mit sphärischen Löchern im Zentrum der Matrix modelliert wird. Für die Anwendung des Obere-Schranken-Satzes wird ein Geschwindigkeitsfeld in der Matrix angesetzt. Damit erhält man als Fließort von porösen Werkstoffen mit verschiedenen Porenvolumen-Anteilen v _fEllipsoide, deren Hauptachsen mit zunehmendem v _fkleiner werden. Sie stimmen mit den Fließorten, welche die Autoren schon früher halbexperimentell und halb-analytisch ermittelt haben, überein.

     

An asymptotic theory for laminar pipe flow of a non-Newtonian fluid

For a generalized Newtonian fluid the viscosity * varies with the shear rate . Instead of assuming a certain dependence like rheological models do, the viscosity is expanded in a Taylor serie with respect to . Based on this expansion a perturbation approach to laminar pipe flow withq _w = const. and viscous heating included is formulated. The basic flow (zero order solution) is that of a Newtonian fluid. Higher order terms successively account for the influence of a non-Newtonian fluid. — The asymptotic results compare reasonably well with those of specific rheological models like power law or Ellis model. — The influence of temperature dependent properties (including the viscosity) can be accounted for by the same kind of asymptotic approach. The influence of shear rate as well as temperature dependence thus can be combined in general results valid for all generalized Newtonian fluids.Für ein verallgemeinertes Newtonsches Fluid ist die Viskosität * von der Scherrate abhängig. Statt nun eine bestimmte Abhängigkeit anzunehmen, wie dies für rheologische Modelle geschieht, wird die Viskosität als Taylor-Reihe in Bezug auf entwickelt. Ausgehend von dieser Entwicklung wird eine reguläre Störungsrechnung durchgeführt. Dies schließt den Effekt der Reibungswärme ein. Die Grundströmung ist die Strömung eines Newtonschen Fluides. Terme höherer Ordnung berücksichtigen den Einfluß des nicht-Newtonschen Fluidverhaltens. — Die asymptotischen Ergebnisse stimmen gut mit denen spezifischer rheologischer Modelle (power law, Ellis) überein. — Mit der gleichen asymptotischen Methode kann auch der Einfluß der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Stoffwerte erfaßt werden. Damit kann dann der Einfluß sowohl der Scherraten- als auch der Temperaturabhängigkeit auf eine allgemeine Weise für verallgemeinerte Newtonsche Fluide formuliert werden.     

An upper bound on the steady flow velocity of solvent-free nanofluids

The rheological properties and limited flow velocities of solvent-free nanofluids are crucial for their technologically significant applications. In particular, the flow in a solvent-free nanofluid system is steady only when the flow velocity is lower than a critical value. In this paper, we establish a rigid-flexible dynamic model to investigate the existence of the upper bound on the steady flow velocities for three solvent-free nanofluid systems. Then, the effects of the structural parameters on the upper bound on the steady flow velocities are examined with the proposed structure-preserving method. It is found that each of these solvent-free nanofluid systems has an upper bound on the steady flow velocity, which exhibits distinct dependence on their structural parameters, such as the graft density of branch chains and the size of the cores. In addition, among the three types of solvent-free nanofluids, the magnetic solvent-free nanofluid poses the largest upper bound on the steady flow velocity, demonstrating that it is a better choice when a large flow velocity is required in real applications.     

An asymptotic method for deriving the equations of the Reissner-Mindlin plate theory

The equations of the Kirchhoff-Love and Reissner-Mindlin plate theories are derived with the use of the asymptotic homogenization method.     

An upper and lower bound for the die swell of the plane jet

Summary A lower and upper bound for the die swell of a plane jet of a viscoelastic liquid is obtained and applied to a Newtonian jet. Extension of the bounds for other fluids is suggested.

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Zusammenfassung Eine untere und obere Grenze für die Aufweitung eines ebenen viskoelastischen Flüssigkeitsstrahls werden angegeben und auf einen newtonschen Freistrahl angewandt. Die Anwendung der angegebenen Kriterien auf andere Flüssigkeiten wird angeregt.

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With 2 tables     

Extension of the lubrication theory for arbitrary wall shape: An asymptotic analysis

We extend the lubrication approximation for a viscous flow in two-dimensional channels with arbitrary shape functions and moderate aspect ratio. The higher-order model is obtained following an asymptotic analysis. Velocity and pressure profiles for the approximated model are given analytically and involve the derivatives of the shape functions of the walls up to the second order. Comparisons with full-scale simulations are given and show good agreement as well as improvements from the classical standard lubrication approximation.     

An analytical theory of heated duct flows in supersonic combustors

One-dimensional analytical theory is developed for supersonic duct flow with variation of cross section, wall friction, heat addition, and relations between the inlet and outlet flow parameters are obtained. By introducing a selfsimilar parameter, effects of heat releasing, wall friction, and change in cross section area on the flow can be normalized and a self-similar solution of the flow equations can be found. Based on the result of self-similar solution, the sufficient and necessary condition for the occurrence of thermal choking is derived. A relation of the maximum heat addition leading to thermal choking of the duct flow is derived as functions of area ratio, wall friction, and mass addition, which is an extension of the classic Rayleigh flow theory, where the effects of wall friction and mass addition are not considered. The present work is expected to provide fundamentals for developing an integral analytical theory for ramjets and scramjets.     

A shock dynamics theory based analytical solution of double Mach reflections

The shock-dynamics based governing equations of double Mach reflection (DMR) wave configurations were developed and solved. The analytical results were compared to experimental results from various sources. Very good to excellent agreement was evident.     

Enhanced first-order theory based on mixed formulation and transverse normal effect

An accurate prediction of displacements and stresses for laminated and sandwich plates is presented using an enhanced first-order plate theory based on the mixed variational theorem (EFSDTM) developed in this paper. In the mixed formulation, transverse shear stresses based on an efficient higher-order plate theory (EHOPT) developed by Cho and Parmerter [Cho, M., Parmerter, R.R., 1993. Efficient higher-order composite plate theory for general lamination configurations. AIAA Journal 31, 1299–1306] are utilized and modified to satisfy prescribed lateral conditions, and displacements are assumed to be those of a first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). Relationships between the modified EHOPT and the FSDT are systematically derived via both the mixed variational theorem and the least-square approximation of difference between in-plane stresses including the transverse normal stress effect. It is shown that the transverse normal stress effect should be considered in predicting the in-plane stresses when the Poisson effect is dominant. The developed EFSDTM preserves the computational advantage of the classical FSDT while allowing for important local through-the-thickness variations of displacements and stresses through the recovery procedure. The accuracy and efficiency of the present theory are assessed by comparing its results with various plate models as well as the three-dimensional exact solutions for thick laminated and sandwich plates.     

An upper bound to the free energy of mixing by twin-compatible lamination for n-variant martensitic phase transformations

Modeling the energetic behavior of martensitic (phase transforming) materials usually leads to non quasiconvex energy formulations. For this reason, researchers often employ quasiconvex relaxation methods to improve the character of the formulation. Unfortunately, explicit expressions for the relaxed free energy density for multi-variant martensitic materials are typically not available. Thus, some researchers have employed a Reuβ-like convex lower bound, which neglects compatibility constraints, as an estimate on the free energy of mixing. To be confident with such a technique, one needs a measure of the quality of the lower bound. In this paper, we seek such a measure by comparing the Reuβ-like lower bound to an upper bound. The upper bound is constructed upon assumptions on the type of microstructures that form in such alloys. In particular, we consider lamination type microstructures which form by temperature- or stress-induced transformation in monoclinic and orthorhombic Copper-based alloys with cubic austenitic symmetry. Our results display a striking congruence of upper and lower bounds in the most relevant cases.     

土质边坡极限荷载上限计算方法研究

以边坡极限分析的上限解析式为标准,在无重力情况下利用不同屈服准则的数值方法计算了相同工况下边坡的极限荷载。针对一个实际边坡工况使用解析和FLAC方法计算了边坡的极限荷载上限,并且基于强度折减法使用FLAC确定了各种荷载下边坡的安全系数。通过与解析方法计算结果的比较发现,基于Mohr-Coulomb准则的FLAC软件计算出的边坡极限荷载更加接近解析解。不同边坡顶角或不同内摩擦角的计算结果显示FLAC计算出的边坡极限荷均稍大于解析解,并且内摩擦角越大差值越大,但两者的差别最大不超过5%。     

An asymptotic estimate of the edge effects in the high frequency Kirchhoff diffraction theory for 3-d problems

In the context of wave propagation through a three-dimensional acoustic medium, an analytical approach to estimate the boundary effects in the high-frequency (single) diffraction by thin rigid obstacles is developed. Starting from the classical Kirchhoff (approximate) representation, explicit formulas regarding three sample cases are obtained. The improvement with respect to previous approaches, usually based on refinements of the classical Ray Theory, is evaluated by comparison with the results from a direct numerical solution of the main integrals involved.