《义务教育课程标准实验教科书·化学》分析

本文在研究《全日制义务教育化学课程标准(实验稿)》(以下简称《课程标准》)的基础上,对中学化学国家课程标准研制组编写的《义务教育课程标准实验教科书·化学》(九年级上册、下册)(以下简称《标准组化学》)的体系结构、体例与栏目、特点与启示等进行了分析,并对教科书的编写和修订提出了建议。《标准组化学》从学生的发展需要构建教科书内容体系,体现化学与科技进步和社会发展的关系,贴近学生的生活实际,加强科学探究活动,提倡多样化的学习方式。这些新的尝试体现了化学课程改革的新理念,反映了《课程标准》的精神和要求,有利于培养学生的创新意识和实践能力,全面地提高学生的科学素养。     

新加坡现行中学化学教科书视觉表征的文本研究*

借鉴Gkitzia等人编制的分析框架,采用内容分析法对新加坡现行中学化学教科书All About Chemistry ‘O' Level(2017年,Hodder Education出版)中的视觉表征进行文本分析。从视觉表征的类型(C1)、表面特征的注释(C2)、视觉表征与文本的关联(C3)、标题的存在与性质(C4)、多重表征的连接程度(C5)等5个维度进行编码统计分析,获得该教科书中的视觉表征信息。以期为我国后续中学化学教科书的编写提供借鉴与启示。     

我国高中化学教科书中“文化自信素材”选择的变迁

教科书承载着培养学生文化自信的重要使命。尝试从内容选材、呈现位置、表征形式、学科联系、知识载体等5个方面构建化学教科书中文化自信素材的分析框架,采用内容分析法对改革开放以来人民教育出版社出版的6版(共23册)高中化学教科书进行文本分析,揭示文化自信素材的特点与变迁趋势。以期为后续高中化学教科书中文化自信素材的选择与编写提供建议与参考。     

人教版高中化学必修教科书的内容呈现方式及特点分析*

高中化学教科书是发展学生化学学科核心素养的重要载体和资源平台。依据《普通高中化学课程标准(2017年版)》编写的人教版普通高中化学必修教科书作为分析文本,着重从栏目系统、图像系统、习题系统角度对其呈现方式进行分析,具体特点表现为:栏目系统强化功能性,图像系统凸显直观性,习题系统体现针对性、情境性、开放性,以期为高中化学教师有效使用教科书、落实化学学科核心素养的培养发挥积极作用。     

中美高中化学教材中科学本质内容水平的比较及启示

理解科学本质是科学素养的核心成分,科学教材是影响学生和教师对科学本质理解的主要因素之一。通过对我国现行3套高中化学必修教材及美国主流化学教材《化学概念与应用》科学本质内容水平的比较,发现中美化学教材的科学本质内容水平都较低。建议教材编写以显性方式准确呈现科学本质内容,科学探究活动、化学史的编排需符合科学本质内涵,恰当设计反思性活动栏目,重构教科书文本话语。     

新版高中化学教科书视觉表征的文本研究*

以人民教育出版社和山东科学技术出版社2019年出版的4本化学必修教科书为研究对象,借鉴Gkitzia等人开发的分析框架,运用内容分析法对4本教科书中的视觉表征进行分析。从表征的类型、表面特征的注释、表征与文本的关联情况、是否存在合适标题、多重表征内各层表征间连接情况等5个维度对教科书进行编码统计,获得新版化学教科书中视觉表征的信息。     

人教版新课标化学教科书中"科学探究"的编制解析与实施建议

《义务教育课程标准实验教科书·化学 (九年级 )》(人教版 )继在全国基础教育课程改革实验区进行教育实验之后 ,已陆续在全国很多地区推广试用。科学探究是新化学课程标准提倡的重要理念之一 ,因此 ,使用新教科书的许多教师对教科书中如何落实“科学探究”给予了高度的关注。本文结合参加教学实验的教师的反馈信息 ,对教科书中有关科学探究的编写思路、内容与形式进行简要解析 ,并对教学实践中实施科学探究提几点不成熟的建议。1　教科书中“科学探究”的编写思路为了落实科学探究理念 ,教科书的编著者在编制过程中遵循了如下的思路。1.1　…     

中加九年级化学(科学)教科书教学属性比较研究——以“原子结构”为例

选取加拿大安大略省纳尔逊教育版九年级科学教科书(学术)与人教版九年级化学教科书共同内容“原子结构”作为研究对象,以文本分析的方法,从目标引导、过程引导、评价引导等3个维度对2本教科书教学属性进行比较。发现在教学属性的设计上,安大略版教科书更趋于素养取向,而人教版则趋向于知识取向。并基于此对化学教科书教学属性进行了思考。     

人教版新老教材中“化学平衡”内容的比较

正基于《普通高中化学课程标准(2017年版)》编写的人教版教材《化学(必修第2册)》和选择性必修1《化学反应原理》,称为新教材;人教版《普通高中课程标准实验教科书:化学2(必修)》《普通高中课程标准实验教科书:化学反应原理(选修4)》,称为老教材。1 新老教材中"化学平衡"内容的比较(1)章引言:老教材仅指出本章的学习内容并说明了局限性,但对于学习目的、意义等描述很模糊,教学指导性不大;新教材章引言进行了凝练和概括,明确了本章     

值得关注的修订——美国Chemistry For Changing Times第9次修订的启示

《变化时代的化学》(Chemistry For Changing Times)是历经9次改版的一套美国化学教科书。从体系结构、呈现方式、栏目设置等方面对该书的几个版本进行分析、比较后指出：重视批判思维训练、重视学习活动安排、重视联系生命科学,是该书值得关注的发展走向,还讨论了这些走向对我国教科书编写的几点启示以及需要注意的一些问题。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。