Zr-SBA-15介孔微球的制备、表征及其甲醇脱水性能研究(英文)

在SBA-15的合成体系中直接引入锆原子硝酸盐,用氨水调节体系的pH值到4.0~5.0,通过水热晶化处理后得到一系列不同含量的Zr-SBA-15介孔微球。利用XRD、氮吸附、SEM、TEM-EDS、ICP、FT-IR、和漫反射UV-vis等技术对该材料的组成、结构及形貌进行了表征。结果表明,这种杂化材料具有纳米介孔结构、高比表面积和空心微球等特征,空心微球形貌的形成可能与金属杂原子的引入、溶液pH值的调节有关,锆原子被高效率地引入到纳米介孔结构中,表面酸性与未改性前相比有了显著的提高,随着锆含量的增加,样品结构和表面酸性的变化直接影响着催化剂在甲醇脱水反应中的表现。     

Optimization of hydrothermal synthesis of H-ZSM-5 zeolite for dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether using full factorial design

H-ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized by hydrothermal method.The effects of different synthesis parameters,such as hydrothermal crystallization temperature(170-190 C) and Si/Al molar ratio(100-150),on the catalytic performance of the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether(DME) over the synthesized H-ZSM-5 zeolite were studied.The catalysts were characterized by N 2 adsorption-desorption,XRD,NH 3-TPD,TGA/DTA,and SEM techniques.The full factorial design of experiments was applied to the synthesis of H-ZSM-5 zeolite and the effects of synthesis conditions and their interaction on the yield of DME as the response variable were determined.Analysis of variance showed that two variables and their interaction significantly affected the response.According to the experimental results,the optimized catalyst prepared at 170 C with the Si/Al molar ratio of 100 showed the best catalytic performance among the tested H-ZSM-5 zeolite.     

多级孔ZSM-5分子筛的合成及其在甲醇脱水制二甲醚反应中的应用

以四丙基氨为微孔模版剂,阳离子高分子聚合物为介孔模版剂,合成了具有多级介孔的ZSM-5分子筛,并用于甲醇气相脱水合成二甲醚.结果表明,加入阳离子高分子聚合物后,合成的HZSM-5分子筛样品既保持了其MFI典型结构,又呈现了多级介孔特征;随着阳离子高分子聚合物模板剂加入量的增加,其多级介孔特征更为明显.具有多级介孔的HZSM-5分子筛表现出比常规微孔HZSM-5分子筛高的反应稳定性和二甲醚选择性,这主要是由于其织构和酸性的双重作用.     

含有多级孔复合分子筛的复合催化剂上合成气一步制二甲醚

以Beta分子筛为核、Y型分子筛为壳层的多级孔复合分子筛(BFZ)作为甲醇脱水催化剂用于固定床中合成气一步法制备二甲醚,并与纯Y型分子筛进行了比较,研究了二甲醚合成催化反应活性与甲醇脱水催化剂孔道结构和酸性之间的关系.结果表明,复合分子筛HBFZ具有中等强度的酸性和中孔孔道结构,有利于提高合成气制备二甲醚的催化反应活性.二甲醚直接合成催化剂由工业CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂(CZA)与分子筛(HBFZ、HY)采用机械混合方法制备;催化评价结果显示,CZA/HBFZ比CZA/HY具有更优的催化活性和稳定性.在250 ℃, 5.0 MPa 和 1 500 h^-1的反应条件下,CZA/HBFZ催化剂上CO的转化率和DME的选择性分别达到94.2%和67.9%.     

Catalytic performance of hierarchical H-ZSM-5/MCM-41 for methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether

Micro-mesoporous composite molecular sieves H-ZSM-5/MCM-41 were prepared by the hydrothermal technique with alkali-treated H-ZSM-5zeolite as the source and characterized by scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,N2 adsorption-desorption measurement and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption.The catalytic performances for the methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether over H-ZSM-5/MCM-41 were evaluated.Among these catalysts,H-ZSM-5/MCM-41 prepared with NaOH dosage (nNa/nSi) varying from 0.4 to 0.47 presented excellent catalytic activity with more than 80%methanol conversion and 100%dimethyl ether selectivity in a wide temperature range of 170—300℃,and H-ZSM-5/MCM-41 prepared with nNa/nSi=0.47 showed constant methanol conversion of about 88.7%,100% dimethyl ether selectivity and excellent lifetime at 220℃.The excellent catalytic performances were due to the highly active and uniform acidic sites and the hierarchical porosity in the micro-mesoporous composite molecular sieves.The catalytic mechanism of H-ZSM-5/MCM-41 for the methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether process was also discussed.     

The optimum conditions for methanol conversion to dimethyl ether over modified sulfated zirconia catalysts prepared by different methods

Sulfated zirconia (SZ) and two promoted 1%Mn/SZ catalysts which have been prepared via sol gel (Mn/SZ-S) and impregnation (Mn/SZ-I) methods were studied.The morphology of the catalysts was characterized by XRD,BET,NH_3-TPD,ICP,SEM and FT-IR analysis.The conversion of methanol to dimethyl ether and hydrocarbons was carried out in the temperature range of 120-300 ℃.The Mn/SZ-S showed the highest activity due to the high surface area with suitable acidity.The optimum condition of Mn/SZ-S catalyst was investigated at 200°C and LHSV of 0.02 h~(-1) in a time range from 30 to 210 min.It was found that the total conversion decreased from 80.18% to 53.26% at 210 min.The reusability of this catalyst was studied at the optimum condition up till four cycles for 1 h.The characterization of the reused catalyst showed a significant change in the structure and surface acidity due to the blockage of the surface acid sited by carbonaceous materials.     

ZSM-5分子筛骨架铝落位对甲醇转化制芳烃催化性能影响

采用水热合成法,在合成过程中通过添加矿化剂、尿素和改变硅源,制备了不同骨架铝落位的ZSM-5分子筛。通过SEM、XRD、BET、XRF、MAS NMR、NH_3-TPD和Py-FTIR等表征手段对分子筛的形貌、织构、骨架铝落位和酸性进行了系统研究,同时考察了不同ZSM-5分子筛催化剂甲醇制芳烃的催化性能。研究结果表明,制备的ZSM-5分子筛均具有结晶度高和形貌均一等特点,但在骨架铝落位和酸性方面存在显著差异。椭球状ZSM-5分子筛的骨架铝主要分布于直通孔道或正弦孔道中,并表现出较多的酸性位。块状分子筛中骨架铝主要落位在孔道交叉处,且具有较低的强酸量。在甲醇制芳烃反应中,骨架铝主要位于直通或正弦孔道并表现出较多酸性位的椭球状ZSM-5分子筛催化剂具有较高的活性稳定性和芳烃选择性。     

分子筛改性对一步法合成二甲醚的影响

采用浸渍法制备了MgO、CaO、ZnO改性的HZSM 5分子筛,并以改性HZSM 5为脱水剂与JC207甲醇合成催化剂组成双功能催化剂,在固定床反应器上考察了其对一步法合成二甲醚影响。结果表明,适量碱性氧化物的引入,引起分子筛表面的B酸中心（强酸中心）向L酸中心（弱酸中心）转变,而弱酸和中强酸中心是甲醇脱水生成二甲醚的活性中心,强酸中心会造成二甲醚进一步脱水生成烃类副产品,所以改性后产物中二氧化碳和烃类的选择性下降,二甲醚选择性升高。这种趋势在CaO/HZSM 5脱水剂上表现的更为明显。     

Thermodynamics of catalytic formation of dimethyl ether from methanol in acidic zeolites

We present a theoretical study of the formation of the first intermediate, dimethyl ether, in the methanol to gasoline conversion within the framework of an ab initio molecular dynamics approach. The study is performed under conditions that closely resemble the reaction conditions in the zeolite catalyst including the full topology of the framework. The use of the method of thermodynamic integration allows us to extract the free-energy profile along the reaction coordinate. We find that the entropic contribution qualitatively alters the free-energy profile relative to the total energy profile. Different transition states are found from the internal and free energy profiles. The entropy contribution varies significantly along the reaction coordinate and is responsible for stabilizing the products and for lowering the energy barrier. The hugely inhomogeneous variation of the entropy can be understood in terms of elementary processes that take place during the chemical reaction. Our simulations provide new insights into the complex nature of this chemical reaction.     

铂银合金的制备及其对甲醇电氧化反应的催化性能

采用一种无需使用任何有机表面活性剂或溶剂的方法，在熔融盐体系中制备了铂银纳米合金颗粒，考察了合金中元素银对碱性电解质中甲醇电氧化反应（MOR）的催化作用。透射电子显微镜表征结果显示，当前躯体铂银物质的量比为1时，可以得到组成为Pt₅₂Ag₄₈的合金纳米管。甲醇电氧化反应测试结果表明，具有干净表面的Pt₅₂Ag₄₈纳米管比常规的Pt黑具有更好的催化性能。Pt₅₂Ag₄₈合金纳米管的催化活性与其最大正扫电位密切相关，正扫电位从-1.0到0.5 V（vs.SCE），MOR峰值电流达到1.61 mA/μg_Pt，是从-1.0到0.1 V（vs.SCE）正扫电位的1.92倍。铂银合金表面层中的Ag元素主要通过在电化学循环中发生氧化还原反应来促进合金的MOR活性。研究结果可以为铂银合金在直接甲醇燃料电池（DMFC）中的应用提供理论支持。     

热处理对HZSM-5结构、酸性及催化乙醇脱水反应性能的影响

对商用HZSM-5分子筛进行高温热处理,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、核磁共振波谱法(²⁷Al-MAS NMR)低温氮吸附、电感耦和等离子体放射光谱(ICP-AES)、氨-程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)和吡啶吸附傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱等技术对高温热处理改性前后样品进行了表征,并考察了高温热处理对分子筛的结构、酸性及催化乙醇脱水制乙烯反应性能的影响。结果表明,热处理改性后的HZSM-5分子筛发生骨架脱铝,B酸减少,L酸增多,孔容增大,出现新的介孔;适中的酸性位和复合型的介-微双孔道结构使其减少了反应中的副反应,乙烯的选择性得到提高,催化剂寿命显著提高。     

A highly sensitive and selective dimethyl ether sensor based on cataluminescence

A sensor for detecting dimethyl ether was designed based on the cataluminescence phenomenon when dimethyl ether vapors were passing through the surface of the ceramic heater. The proposed sensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity to dimethyl ether at an optimal temperature of 279 °C. Quantitative analysis were performed at a wavelength of 425 nm, the flow rate of carrier air is around 300 mL/min. The linear range of the cataluminescence intensity versus concentration of dimethyl ether is 100-6.0 × 10³ ppm with a detection limit of 80 ppm. The sensor response time is 2.5 s. Under the optimized conditions, none or only very low levels of interference were observed while the foreign substances such as benzene, formaldehyde, ammonia, methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acrolein, isopropyl ether, ethyl acetate, glycol ether and 2-methoxyethanol were passing through the sensor. Since the sensor does not need to prepare and fix up the granular catalyst, the simple technology reduces cost, improves stability and extends life span. The method can be applied to facilitate detection of dimethyl ether in the air. The possible mechanism of cataluminescence from the oxidation of dimethyl ether on the surface of ceramic heater was discussed based on the reaction products.     

双功能催化剂中不同组分对一步法合成二甲醚的影响

采用干磨法,选用不同种类甲醇合成组分和不同种类的甲醇脱水组分制备双功能催化剂,并在高压固定床反应器评价其催化性能.研究表明,催化剂JC207是一种较优的甲醇合成催化剂,其最佳配比为80％.分子筛是一种较好的甲醇脱水催化剂,其最佳配比为20％.通过寿命试验和催化剂的XRD表征发现催化剂晶相没有改变,催化剂结构保持稳定.     

不同助剂对CuO-ZnO/SBA-15催化CO_2加氢制甲醇性能影响的研究

以硅质骨架结构介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体,采用浸渍法合成CuO-ZnO/SBA-15(CZ/SBA-15)、CuO-ZnO-MnO_2/SBA-15(CZM/SBA-15)、CuO-ZnO-ZrO_2/SBA-15(CZZ/SBA-15)三组多孔催化剂,在固定床反应器上评价了各组催化剂催化CO_2加氢合成甲醇的性能,同时结合N_2吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、程序升温脱附(H_2-TPD、CO_2-TPD)、N_2O滴定、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征研究了不同助剂对CO_2催化加氢制甲醇的影响。结果表明,催化剂中的金属氧化物改变了SBA-15分子筛载体的孔径大小和比表面积;催化剂CuO-ZnO-MnO_2/SBA-15、CuO-Zn O-ZrO_2/SBA-15中铜的分散度(D_(Cu))和比表面积(A_(Cu))更大,表面CuO粒径更小,更易被还原;相比Mn-O簇,Zr-O簇为增强了碱性位点,提高了甲醇选择性。此外,CuO-ZnO-ZrO_2/SBA-15具有更高的氧空位浓度,催化活性更好,其甲醇选择性为25.02%,与CuO-ZnO/SBA-15、CuO-ZnO-Mn O_2/SBA-15相比分别提高了28%和136.9%,催化效果最好。     

Effect of ZSM-5 zeolite morphology on the catalytic performance of the alkylation of toluene with methanol

A series of ZSM-5 zeolites, with the morphologies of sphere, sphere with cubic particles on the surface, and cubic particles, were synthesized by hydrothermal method using n-butylamine as the template, assisted by the addition of NaCl and crystal seed. X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM), X-ray fluorescence(XRF) and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia(NH3-TPD) were used to characterize these samples. The samples were tested with toluene methylation reaction. The modified sample composed of spherical particles with 3 μm crystal particles on the surface had a para-xylene selectivity of 95% and maintained 79% of the initial conversion after running the reaction for 50 h. This modified sample showed the best stability among the tested three modified samples.     

Effect of ZSM-5 zeolite morphology on the catalytic performance of the alkylation of toluene with methanol

A series of ZSM-5 zeolites, with the morphologies of sphere, sphere with cubic particles on the surface, and cubic particles, were synthesized by hydrothermal method using n-butylamine as the template, assisted by the addition of NaCl and crystal seed. X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM), X-ray fluorescence(XRF) and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia(NH3-TPD) were used to characterize these samples. The samples were tested with toluene methylation reaction. The modified sample composed of spherical particles with 3 μm crystal particles on the surface had a para-xylene selectivity of 95% and maintained 79% of the initial conversion after running the reaction for 50 h. This modified sample showed the best stability among the tested three modified samples.     

The direct synthesis of dimethyl ether from syngas over hybrid catalysts with sulfate-modified γ-alumina as methanol dehydration components

A series of γ-Al₂O₃ samples modified with various contents of sulfate (0–15 wt.%) and calcined at different temperatures (350–750 °C) were prepared by an impregnation method and physically admixed with CuO–ZnO–Al₂O₃ methanol synthesis catalyst to form hybrid catalysts. The direct synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) from syngas was carried out over the prepared hybrid catalysts under pressurized fixed-bed continuous flow conditions. The results revealed that the catalytic activity of SO₄²⁻/γ-Al₂O₃ for methanol dehydration increased significantly when the content of sulfate increased to 10 wt.%, resulting in the increase in both DME selectivity and CO conversion. However, when the content of sulfate of SO₄²⁻/γ-Al₂O₃ was further increased to 15 wt.%, the activity for methanol dehydration was increased, and the selectivity for DME decreased slightly as reflected in the increased formation of byproducts like hydrocarbons and CO₂. On the other hand, when the calcination temperature of SO₄²⁻/γ-Al₂O₃ increased from 350 °C to 550 °C, both the CO conversion and the DME selectivity increased gradually, accompanied with the decreased formation of CO₂. Nevertheless, a further increase in calcination temperature to 750 °C remarkably decreased the catalytic activity of SO₄²⁻/γ-Al₂O₃ for methanol dehydration, resulting in the significant decline in both DME selectivity and CO conversion. The hybrid catalyst containing the SO₄²⁻/γ-Al₂O₃ with 10 wt.% sulfate and calcined at 550 °C exhibited the highest selectivity and yield for the synthesis of DME.     

Hydration of dimethyl ether to methanol over solid acids

The hydration of dimethyl ether (DME) to methanol over various solid acids was studied. The acidity of the catalysts is determined by FTIR spectroscopy. The hydration is found to occur predominantly on the Br?nsted acid sites. Among the catalysts studied, WO_x/ZrO₂ and H-ZSM-5 appeared to be most active and selective.     

Dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether over modified vermiculites

Vermiculite materials pillared with alumina and modified with titanium were tested as catalysts for methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether. The different samples were characterized by powder XRD, TG, nitrogen adsorption, and pyridine adsorption followed by FTIR. Catalytic activity was evaluated in the temperature range 250–450 °C using different hourly space velocities, in the absence and in the presence of water in the feed. Modified vermiculites were shown to be active and selective in methanol dehydration. Al pillaring was found to result in more active catalysts than in the case of the modification with TiO₂. The influence of methanol hourly space velocity did not have a significant effect on methanol conversion, but it changed drastically selectivity to dimethyl ether at the beginning of the reaction. The addition of water had a negative effect on the catalysts’ activity and led to a faster catalyst deactivation.     

晶粒大小对ZSM-5分子筛甲醇制低碳烯烃催化性能的影响

对三种HZSM-5分子筛进行Ca改性,获得两组酸性接近的催化剂,考察了晶粒大小对甲醇制低碳烯烃(MTO)反应的影响。通过进一步与Na改性的比较,探讨了Ca在催化反应中的作用。采用扫描电镜(SEM)测定晶粒大小及形貌,氨气程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)及吡啶红外吸附(Py-IR)表征催化剂的酸性。MTO催化性能测定结果表明,HZSM-5的低碳烯烃选择性较低且下降较快,催化活性降低也快;Ca改性降低酸性,提高了低碳烯烃选择性和催化稳定性;晶粒大小主要影响催化稳定性,小晶粒分子筛催化剂稳定性更好。高Ca含量改性效果更好;钠改性也提高了低碳烯烃选择性,但其稳定性较差。对于HZSM-5和Ca/HZSM-5,小晶粒的催化剂具有较好的催化稳定性。提出Ca参与了催化反应,MTO是一个酸碱协同作用的催化过程。