Second harmonic generation by femtosecond Yb-doped fiber laser source based on PPKTP waveguide fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing

The frequency doubling of femtosecond pulses from an Yb-doped fiber laser source was demonstrated in a PPKTP waveguide fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing. The PPKTP waveguide contains a fixed period of 8.9 μm and the feomtosecond fundamental pulses have a central wavelength of 1044 nm. A maximum SHG power of 406 mW was produced, yielding a conversion efficiency of 5.6%. Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the property of frequency doubling for femtosecond pulses. The results show that the SHG process proceeds even the quasi-phase-matching (QPM) condition is not well satisfied, which is significantly different from that of “long” pulses or CW light and is accorded with the experimental results.     

铌酸锂质子交换波导中切伦科夫倍频实验研究

报道了质子交换铌酸锂平板波导中切伦科夫倍频蓝绿光输出研究。理论上计算了质子交换波导参数对不同基波波长倍频转换效率的影响。制备出适合于蓝绿光输出的铌酸锂质子交换波导并观测到较高转换效率的倍频光产生,实验中我们测量了倍频转换效率与抽运动率以及抽运波长的关系,实验结果与理论预测吻合。     

半导体激光直接倍频的488nm蓝光激光器

利用波导型准相位匹配周期极化反转铌酸锂(PPLN)晶体直接倍频波长为976 nm的连续半导体激光二极管,在最佳晶体工作温度(28℃)下,获得了波长为488 nm的连续蓝光输出,最大输出功率大于20 mW。所用的晶体尺寸为8 mm×1.4 mm×1 mm,波导截面为4.5μm×3.5μm,极化周期为5.2μm。研究了波导型周期极化反转铌酸锂晶体的倍频效率与温度的关系,与普通的周期极化反转铌酸锂相比,倍频效率与温度关系的敏感度较低。同时,由于晶体可以在室温下工作,简化了加温与温控部件,提高了整机的工作效率。在此实验的基础上,制成了一台小型的全固态488 nm连续蓝光激光器。     

Photonic band-gap enhanced second-harmonic generation in a planar lithium niobate waveguide

Enhanced second-harmonic generation (SHG) conversion efficiency was theoretically predicted in waveguide geometry with coupling to a one-dimensional grating photonic band gap (PBG). We report a series of experiments using samples made with lithium niobate. A waveguide was fabricated near the surface by applying the proton-exchange technique. The characteristics of waveguide modes were determined by several techniques: prism coupling, diffraction, and Cherenkov radiation. The WKB method was used to analyze the results. Ultraviolet laser lithography was applied to make PBG gratings on the sample. We further investigated Cherenkov second-harmonic generation (CSHG), i.e., SHG radiated into the substrate, under the condition of a band-edge PBG resonance in the waveguides. The SHG inside planar waveguides was also experimentally investigated. We fabricated waveguides with multiple pump modes and found that the second mode was more efficient in enhancing the second harmonic signal. This result is explained by our model. Several samples were investigated in detail; the highest conversion efficiency of CSHG with a PBG was enhanced around 50 times above the CSHG signal without a PBG. A numerical model was constructed with parameters calculated from our sample characterization data to interpret the experimental results.     

准相位匹配扇形光栅铌酸锂光波导倍频绿光输出

采用外加电场极化方式对具有扇形光栅的 0 .5mm厚Z切铌酸锂晶体进行极化反转 ,制成了退火质子交换光波导。极化反转周期为 5 .8μm～ 6 .2 μm ,采用Nd∶YAG激光器输出的 1.0 6 4 μm连续激光为基频光波 ,实现了0 .5 32 μm倍频绿光输出 ,相互作用长度为 4mm ,耦入波导的基频光波功率为 10mW ,获得了 2 0 μW的绿色倍频光输出 ,归一化转换效率为 12 5 % (W·cm2 )。     

Theoretical Study on Intra-Cavity Distributed-Bragg-Reflection Quasi-Phase-Matched Second-Harmonic Lasers

The characteristics of intra-cavity distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) quasi-phase-matched (IDQPM) second-harmonic-generation (SHG) lasers are theoretically studied. In the IDQPM-SHG laser, a QPM device and a DBR for feedback are separately fabricated on the same substrate with the QPM device placed between the DBR and a semiconductor laser. The threshold current of the IDQPM-SHG laser depends on the coupling efficiency between the laser diode and the QPM waveguide and the reflectivity of the DBR. The SH output of the IDQPM-SHG laser is strongly dependent on the generalized SHG conversion efficiency, x. This laser has the potential to attain an SH output over a 30-mW using a currently available 50-mW semiconductor laser for the fundamental light source, when highly efficient QPM device (x=2.2 W⁻¹) is used. Its tolerance for various deviations from the initial design and the problems to develop a commercially available IDQPM-SHG laser are also discussed.     

Second-harmonic generation in He+-implanted gadolinium calcium oxoborate planar waveguides

What is believed to be the first investigation of second-harmonic generation (SHG) in Ca(4)GdO (BO(3))(3) waveguides is reported. A planar waveguide was formed by 2-MeV-helium implantation. We cut the sample to achieve type I noncritical phase matching of an 823-nm fundamental wave for fundamental light propagating along the y axis and polarized along the z crystallophysic axis of the crystal. SHG was achieved with a relatively low pumping power of a cw Ti:sapphire laser. The results indicate that the nonlinearity of the material remains in the guiding region after ion implantation.     

Thermally induced dephasing of high power second harmonic generation in MgO:LiNbO3 waveguides

High power second harmonic generation(SHG) in MgO-doped LiNbO3 waveguides is investigated using a three-dimensional(3D) coupled thermo-optical model.Simulations performed for a 1111.6-nm fundamental laser show the in?uence of the absorptions and the thermally induced dephasing on the conversion efficiencies of the different waveguides.The onset of the thermally induced dephasing effect for each waveguide is also indicated.As a result of high light intensity in the waveguide,nonlinear absorptions are identified as the possible main factors in efficiency losses in specific cases.     

Waveguide second-harmonic generation device with broadened flat quasi-phase-matching response by use of a grating structure with located phase shifts

We report on a theoretical analysis and experiments for bandwidth broadening in quasi-phase-matched (QPM) second-harmonic generation (SHG).We used phase-shifted segments of a periodic grating to obtain a spectrally broadened, nearly flat response simultaneously with high conversion efficiency. We used an x-cut MgO:LiNbO(3) QPM waveguide in our analysis and experiments. The spectral range of the 850-nm fundamental for which SHG conversion exceeded 0.95 of the maximum value broadened from 0.02 to 0.12 nm when a 1-cm-long grating was divided into three segments with optimum phase shift. SHG conversion efficiency was 300%/W for this waveguide. The SHG efficiency and phase-matching characteristics showed good agreement with theoretical results.     

Milliwatt-peak-power pulse characterization at 1.55 microm by wavelength-conversion frequency-resolved optical gating

A novel wavelength-conversion configuration based on four-wave mixing in an optical fiber has been used to generate a frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) trace identical to that obtained from second-harmonic generation (SHG). The use of an optical fiber waveguide permits enhanced measurement sensitivity compared with that of conventional SHG-FROG and has been used for complete characterization of 1-mW peak-power picosecond pulses at 1.55 microm from an unamplified semiconductor laser diode gain switched at 10 GHz.     

Abnormal reflecting mirror structures for intra-cavity Čerenkov second-harmonic generation

Abnormal reflecting mirror (ARM) structures, consisting of a corrugated optical waveguiding structure, can serve as a wavelength-selective end mirror in a laser cavity. The ARM structure shows, for each wavelength in a certain region, 100% reflection at a certain angle of incidence. In the vicinity of this angle the waveguide is resonantly excited, leading to strong enhancement of the optical field in the layer structure, which is interesting for efficient second-harmonic generation (SHG). In this paper, experimental results of a first prototype, exhibiting Čerenkov SHG, are reported. Received: 16 May 2001 / Revised version: 28 August 2001 / Published online: 30 October 2001     

LiNbO3波导中切伦科夫辐射型的倍频

对条波导中切伦科夫辐射型的倍频作了简要分析，着重分析了产生切伦科夫辐射倍频的，工从实验上实现了条波导中１．０６μｍ红外光到０．５３１ｍ绿光的倍频辐射，转换效率为的０．９％，对应的输入光功率为１０ｍＷ。     

Second-harmonic generation in periodically poled nonlinear polymer waveguides

We demonstrate quasi-phase-matched (QPM) second-harmonic generation (SHG) at the optical communication wavelengths with side-chain polymer waveguides. A ridge waveguide structure is designed to support fundamental mode guiding at both the pump and the second harmonics, leading to a high field overlap integral of the guided modes. The nonlinearity contrast in the +/0 type QPM waveguide is maximized under a QPM poling electrode width of nearly half the coherence length. Using these configurations, we record a normalized SHG efficiency of 2.2% W(-1) cm(-2) in the polymer waveguide.     

Efficient 340-nm light generation by a ridge-type waveguide in a first-order periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3

Quasi-phase-matched (QPM) UV second-harmonic generation (SHG) in a periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3 waveguide is presented. A ridge-type waveguide with high nonlinearity and strong resistance to photorefractive damage was achieved by use of an ultraprecision machining technique. By use of this waveguide in 1.4-microm periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3, a first-order QPM SHG device for 340-nm UV radiation was demonstrated. In a single-pass configuration, continuous-wave 22.4-mW UV light was generated for a fundamental power of 81 mW, corresponding to a normalized conversion efficiency of 340%/W.     

Second-harmonic generation with a high-index-clad waveguide

Theoretical and experimental analyses of second-harmonic generation (SHG) with a high-index-clad waveguide are reported. It was found that confinement of the propagation modes and the overlap between the fields of fundamental and second-harmonic waves could be increased in this waveguide. This structure was achieved in an x-cut MgO:LiNbO (3) quasi-phase-matched (QPM) waveguide by use of Nb(2)O(5) as a cladding layer. With the QPM SHG device, harmonic blue light of 5.5 mW at the 434-nm wavelength was generated with a normalized conversion efficiency of 1200%/W cm(2).     

Efficient second-harmonic generation in nonlinear plasmonic waveguide

We theoretically studied a nonlinear optical process in a hybrid plasmonic waveguide composed of a nonlinear dielectric waveguide and a metal film with a separation of a thin air gap. Owing to the hybridization effect of guided mode and surface plasmon polariton mode, this particular waveguide is able to confine the optical-field in a deep subwavelength scale together with low propagation loss. Based on this, efficient second-harmonic generations (SHG) were revealed at the fundamental wavelength of λ=1.55?μm with good field confinement. The SHG efficiency, as well as the coupling coefficient and mode area, were analyzed and discussed in detail with respect to the structural parameters.     

Second harmonic generation from precise diamond blade diced ridge waveguides

Carbon ion irradiation and precise diamond blade dicing are applied to fabricate Nd:GdCOB ridge waveguides. The propagation properties of the fabricated Nd:GdCOB waveguides are investigated through experiments and theoretical analysis. Micro-Raman analysis reveals that the Nd:GdCOB crystal lattice expands during the irradiation process. Micro-second harmonic spectroscopic analysis suggests that the original nonlinear properties of the Nd:GdCOB crystal are greatly enhanced within the waveguide volume. Under pulsed 1064 nm laser pumping, second harmonic generation (SHG) at 532 nm has been achieved in the fabricated waveguides. The maximum SHG conversion efficiencies are determined to be ～ 8.32 %·W^-1 and ～ 22.36 %·W^-1 for planar and ridge waveguides, respectively.     

Fabrication of LiNbO3 thin films by pulsed laser deposition and investigation of nonlinear properties

Thin films of LiNbO₃ were deposited by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD). Crystalline and transparent films were deposited on a sapphire substrate at 400 °C, in 100 mTorr of oxygen, with a fluence lower than 1.2 J/cm². Droplet free films were deposited with low ablation laser fluence by the eclipse method, and waveguide losses were 15.9 dB/cm and 3.1 dB/cm. Subsequently, second-harmonic generation (SHG) was achieved by waveguide mode phase matching. The center wavelength of the matching spectrum was 853 nm, and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) was 19 nm. PACS 42.70.Mp; 52.38.Mf; 68.55.Jk; 77.84.Dy; 81.15.-z     

Theoretical analysis of the TE mode Cerenkov type second harmonic generation in ion-implanted X-cut lithium niobate channel waveguides

Optical second harmonic generation (SHG) in the form of Cerenkov radiation from ion-implanted lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) channel waveguides is analyzed by directly resolving the wave equations. Useful formula of the SHG efficiency is derived and expressed in terms of waveguide parameters. Numerical examples are plotted for LiNbO₃ crystals. The results enable the optimization of waveguide design for efficient second harmonic generation in the Cerenkov configuration.     

各向异性晶体波导的倍频理论和实验研究

在波导耦合理论基础上，根据平面波导和通道波导的具体结构，分别推导了二种波导的倍频转换效率表达式，讨论了各种因素对倍频效率的影响，并采用离子法制备掺氧化镁铌酸锂和钽酸锂波导，测试和分析了它们的倍频性能，讨论了比较了平面和通道波道的特点。