甲烷重整制合成气镍催化剂积炭研究

本文综述了甲烷转化制合成气镍催化剂积炭的研究进展,论述了积炭热力学和动力学、积炭类型、积炭机理和影响积炭的因素,详细分析了催化剂的镍粒子尺寸、镍-载体相互作用、载体碱性强度、载体氧化-还原性质和添加助剂对镍催化剂的积炭速率和积炭量的影响,并总结了重整反应工艺参数和反应器形式对镍催化剂积炭的影响。最后指出,采用现代表征手段阐明镍催化剂的积炭机理、种类和数量,明确积炭的规律,可为设计开发抗积炭性能强的镍催化剂提供理论依据;可通过增强金属与载体的相互作用、减小镍粒子的尺寸(镍粒子尺寸小于20 nm)和选择适宜的载体来制备抗积炭性能强的催化剂;可通过采用流化床反应器且优化工艺参数来减少重整过程积炭量;可通过寻求行之有效的积炭催化剂再生方法来解决镍催化剂积炭问题。     

甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气的镍基催化剂性能Ⅱ.碱性助剂的作用

考察了碱性助剂Ｋ２Ｏ，Ｌｉ２Ｏ，ＭｇＯ，Ｌａ２Ｏ３与ＣｅＯ２对Ｎｉ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上ＣＨ４－ＣＯ２重整反应活性和抗积炭能力等方面的影响，结果表明，这些助剂对催化剂的抗积炭能力都有明显的改善作用，ＣＨ４－ＣＯ２重整活性不同温度范围内也有不同程度的提高，其中，ＭｇＯ，Ｌａ２Ｏ３和ＣｅＯ２助剂的作用明显，但与添加顺序有关，先浸Ｎｉ后浸Ｍｇ制备的催化剂有较高的ＣＨ４转化率，但抗积炭能力远不如先浸Ｍｇ     

碳纳米管负载镍基催化剂对甘油水蒸气重整的性能研究

以硝酸盐为前驱体，CNTs为载体，采用简单浸渍法制备了一系列不同NiO含量的催化剂3Ni-CNTs、 5Ni-CNTs、 10Ni-CNTs和15Ni-CNTs（NiO含量分别为3.0%、 5.0%、 10.0%和15.0%），通过X-射线衍射（XRD）、氢气程序升温还原（H₂TPR）、氢气程序升温脱附（H₂TPD）、 X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）和透射电镜（TEM）对其物理化学性质进行了分析，并考察其对甘油水蒸气重整反应的影响。结果表明：15Ni-CNTs的催化性能最好，在375 ℃条件下，甘油转化率和氢气选择性分别为100%和72.9%。     

载体对镍基催化剂CH4／CO2重整制合成气性能的影响

在Ｎｉ／ＭｇＯ、Ｎｉ／ＣａＯ和Ｎｉ／ＣｅＯ催化剂上,ＣＨ４／ＣＯ２重整制事成的活性测试表明ＭｇＯ是一种较好的载体,ＴＰＲ实验显示,Ｎｉ－ＭｇＯ之间的相互作用比Ｎｉ－ＣａＯ和Ｎｉ－ＣｅＯ２强,现场ＣＯ岐化和ＣＨ４解离实验表明, 经剂表面吸附的氢会促进ＣＯ歧化和ＣＨ４解离积炭。     

镍基催化剂上乙醇水蒸气重整反应的研究

考察了载体对Ni催化剂乙醇水蒸气重整制氢反应性能的影响。结果表明,Ni/CeO2催化剂具有较好的低温活性和氢气选择性。对Ni担载量和焙烧温度考察发现,400℃焙烧的15%NiCeO2催化剂具有较好的催化性能;继续升高焙烧温度引起NiO和CeO2粒子的显著增大,导致对氢气选择性的降低。较小的Ni和CeO2粒子有利于乙醇水汽重整反应的进行,而大的粒子倾向于乙醇的分解反应。 350℃时,在反应过程中分别添加CO、CO2和CH4的结果表明没有发生CO和CO2甲烷化反应,而发生了一定程度的CH4水汽重整反应。     

甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气镍-钴双金属催化剂

积炭;甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气镍-钴双金属催化剂     

镍基催化剂用于合成气甲烷化的实验研究

实验基于工业用镍基甲烷化催化剂,分别考察了操作温度、原料气CO浓度、操作压力、空速等对合成气(CO浓度5%~25%)甲烷化反应的影响,并分析了造成催化剂失活的因素。结果表明,在300~500 ℃ CH₄的生成速率随着温度的升高、压力的增大、CO浓度的增加而增大。但CO的浓度不能过高,当H₂/CO≤3时催化剂的催化活性会逐步下降。通过XRD、EDS等分析结果得知,催化剂表面存在积炭,催化剂的失活跟积炭有关,通过进一步的对照实验和BET分析表明,积炭的速率与反应温度有关,温度越高积炭速率越快。     

CO2／CH4重整镍基催化剂制备与性能的关系

一般浸渍法与真空浸渍法的比较说明,真空浸渍制备的催化剂,其表面具有较多的Ｎｉ原子,催化活性较高,现场ＴＰＯ实验表明,ＣＯ岐化的积炭量大于ＣＨ４解离的积炭量。从而提出镍基催化剂的积炭主要来自反应生成气ＣＯ的岐化。     

载体对合成气制甲烷镍基催化剂性能的影响

考察了A12O3-1,Al2O3-2和SiO2负载的Ni基催化剂上合成气制甲烷的反应活性和稳定性.结果表明,Ni/Al2O3-2和Ni/SiO2催化剂表现出较高的催化活性和稳定性,而Ni/Al2O3-1催化剂稳定性极差.采用X射线衍射、透射电镜、程序升温还原、N2吸附-脱附和热重分析等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果显示,...     

Catalytic steam reforming of biomass over Ni-based catalysts: Conversion from poplar leaves to hydrogen-rich syngas

A series of Ni/SBA-15 catalysts with Ni contents from 5 wt%–20 wt%and CaO-12.5%Ni/SBA-15 catalysts with CaO contents from 1.4 wt%–9.8 wt%have been prepared.The structure of the catalysts was characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD),N2 adsorption-desorption,transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The performance of catalytic steam reforming of the poplar leaves to the hydrogen-rich syngas was tested in a fixed-bed reactor.The results indicate that the 7.0wt%CaO-12.5wt%Ni/SBA-15 catalyst exhibits the best performance for the catalytic steam reforming of poplar leaves to hydrogen-rich syngas.The ratio of H2:CO can reach ca 5:1 in the hydrogen-rich syngas.The yield of H2 can reach 273.30 mL/g(poplar leaves).In the CaO-Ni/SBA-15 catalyst,Ni active component mainly fills the role of catalytic steam reforming of the poplar leaves,and CaO active component mainly plays the role as water-gas shift and CO2 sorbent.     

Ni-based catalysts obtained from perovskites oxides for ethanol steam reforming

Perovskites as host structures of cations were used in order to generate in situ active and stable catalysts for ethanol steam reforming. For this purpose, La_1-xMg_xAl_1-yNi_yO₃ (x = 0.1; y= 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) perovskites were synthetized by the citrate method. Ni segregation is evident for a substitution level higher than 0.2. The segregation of Ni as NiO generated species interacts with different metal-support after the reduction step. The y= 0.1 catalyst presents the highest H₂ yield value about 85% during reaction time, with low mean values of CH₄ and CO selectivities of 3.4% and 11%, respectively and a low carbon formation. The better performance of y= 0.1 catalyst could be attributed to the minor proportion of segregated phases, thus a controlled expulsion of Ni is successfully reached.     

Influence of potassium on the properties of steam reforming catalysts

The influence of K₂O on the amounts of chemisorbed hydrogen on a Ni catalyst, the catalyst activity and its resistance to coking were measured. Introducing potassium into the commercial catalyst (not into the support) appeared to enhance its resistance to coking. The best catalytic characteristics was noticed for a system containing ~0.5 wt. % K₂O. The investigations show a good agreement between the resistance to coking obtained by the temperature-programmed reaction (TPReaction) method and by the traditional thermogravimetric method. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

制备条件对用于甘油蒸汽重整反应Ni基催化剂性能的影响

研究了制备参数对用于甘油蒸汽重整反应的Ni基催化剂性能的影响。采用过量浸渍法、等体积浸渍法和改进的平衡沉积过滤(EDF)法制备了一系列Al2O3负载的8 wt%Ni催化剂,运用X射线衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子体光谱仪、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜和H2程序升温还原(TPR)表征了催化剂的表面和体相性质;采用CHN分析仪和SEM表征了使用后催化剂以测定其表面沉积的碳及其形貌。结果表明,制备方法对所制催化剂的织构、结构和表面性质影响很大,导致氧化铝表面Ni物种的分散和种类的不同。即使XRD和TPR结果证实形成了铝酸镍晶相,但Ni/Al-edf催化剂中β峰的贡献大于其它两个催化剂的,表明在这种情况下铝酸镍更容易还原。在550 oC以上CO2选择性增加和CO选择性不变,表明Ni/Al-wet和Ni/Al-edf催化剂可成功催化水汽变换反应。另外,650oC时Ni/Al-edf催化剂上甘油生成气相产物的转化率、氢气产率以及烯丙醇、乙醛和乙酸选择性最高,且它在所有催化剂中的积炭量也最低。将催化剂结构性质、分散度和还原性与其催化性能相关联,发现EDF法制得的催化剂比表面积和活性相分散度更高,更易被还原,因而其活性和生成H2的选择性更高,也更抗积碳。     

Toluene steam reforming as tar model molecule produced during biomass gasification with an iron/olivine catalyst

Tar produced during biomass steam reforming is a complex mixture of single to multiple ring aromatic compounds and it is necessary to eliminate them in order to prevent any condensation-polymerisation problem. Tar steam reforming leads to additional hydrogen that improves gas production. Previous works have shown that olivine was active in tar removal during biomass gasification and the iron distribution into the mineral different phases has a real influence on its efficiency. A Fe/olivine catalytic system has been designed to study tar steam reforming. This work presents the Fe/olivine catalyst characterizations (XRD, Mössbauer, TPR) and compares the Fe/olivine and olivine reactivity in toluene steam reforming, a tar model molecule. At 850 °C, an important conversion (95%) was observed for Fe/olivine during 7 h. The strong interaction between iron and olivine, and the equilibrium between Fe⁰/Fe^II/Fe^III seem to be responsible of the catalyst activity and stability in toluene steam reforming.     

负载Ni催化剂用于乙二醇蒸汽重整制氢催化性能研究

采用等体积浸渍法和共沉淀法制备了Ni催化剂,在固定床反应器上考察了Ni负载量、焙烧温度、反应温度等因素对乙二醇低温重整制氢反应活性和选择性的影响。应用X射线衍射、氮物理吸附、H₂程序升温还原等技术对负载型Ni催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,共沉淀法制备的Ni/CeO₂催化剂具有较小的NiO颗粒与CeO₂载体颗粒粒径,催化活性较高。添加少量氧化钴到Ni/CeO₂催化剂中可使H₂收率达72.6%,EG转化率达93.1%。在CeO₂中添加Al₂O₃能提高负载Ni催化剂的活性,乙二醇转化率达94.0%,H₂收率达67.0%;但添加SiO₂则使其活性明显变差。     

负载Ni催化剂上低温甘油蒸汽重整制氢

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Al₂O₃、CeO₂、TiO₂及MgO负载Ni催化剂,考察了它们对甘油蒸汽重整制氢反应的催化性能。采用X射线衍射、N₂吸附、透射电镜及H₂程序升温还原等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,载体对Ni催化剂的活性有显著影响。在400 ℃下Ni/CeO₂的催化活性明显好于其他催化剂,活性次序为Ni/CeO₂> Ni/Al₂O₃ > Ni/TiO₂ ~ Ni/MgO。Ni/CeO₂也具有好的稳定性,反应20 h未见活性下降,甘油转化率70%,氢气收率69.2%。这与CeO₂的本性及其与活性组分的相互作用有关。Al₂O₃具有较大的比表面积与孔体积,有利于CO吸附及甲烷化反应的进行,使得Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂在较高温度下具有很高的甘油转化率85.7%,但H₂选择性较差。由于MgO载体与活性组分强的相互作用而生成NiMgO₂固溶体,导致Ni/MgO低温活性差。     

Sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming over Ni/Al2O3/KNaTiO3 bifunctional material

The performance of a new lab-made bifunctional material Ni/Al₂O₃/KNaTiO₃ for producing high purity H₂ via sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming (SESMR) was investigated. A series of bifunctional materials with 10 wt% Ni loading but different wt% ratios of KNaTiO₃ and Al₂O₃ was prepared by wetness impregnation method. All the materials were calcined at 700 °C for 3 hours and screened for their catalytic activity in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor. The material containing 50 wt% each of KNaTiO₃ and Al₂O₃ (designated as HM) was found to be the best choice. The optimum process parameters for the production of high purity H₂ were determined: temperature = 700 °C, steam to carbon (S/C) molar ratio = 6 and gas-hourly space velocity (GHSV) = 2000 cm³ g^-1 h^-1. The values of CH₄ conversion, H₂ yield and H₂ purity were 87, 87 and 90%, respectively, at the optimum reaction conditions. The adsorption capacity of HM was found to be 14.7 wt%. With a breakthrough time of 10 min, the material was stable for 8 adsorption-desorption cycles. The regeneration of HM was achieved with N₂ gas at the same reaction temperature. Overall, the activity of this material for SESMR was very promising.     

The oxidative stream reforming of methane to syngas in a thin tubular mixed-conducting membrane reactor

The oxidative stream reforming of methane (OSRM) to syngas, involving coupling of exothermic partial oxidation of methane (POM) and endothermic steam reforming of methane (SRM) processes, was studied in a thin tubular Al₂O₃-doped SrCo_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ membrane reactor packed with a Ni/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst. The influences of the temperature and feed concentration on the membrane reaction performances were investigated in detail. The methane and steam conversions increased with increasing the temperature and high conversions were obtained in 850–900 °C. Different from the POM reaction, in the OSRM reaction the temperature and H₂O/CH₄ profoundly influenced the CO selectivity, H₂/CO and heat of the reaction. The CO selectivity increased with increasing the temperature or decreasing the H₂O/CH₄ ratio in the feed owing to the water gas shift reaction (H₂O + CO → CO₂ + H₂). And the H₂ selectivity based on methane conversion was always 100% because the net steam conversion was greater than zero. The H₂/CO in product could be tuned from 1.9 to 2.8 by adjusting the reaction temperature or H₂O/CH₄. Depending on the temperature or H₂O/CH₄, furthermore, the OSRM process could be performed auto-thermally with idealized reaction condition.