深度探究浓度对化学平衡的影响

就Fe3++SCN-Fe(SCN)2+平衡而言,向该平衡体系中加入一定浓度的FeCl3溶液,通过改进浓度对化学平衡影响的实验和对实验的深入探究,借助实验的功能解决了平衡移动的方向、Fe(SCN)2+的浓度和溶液的颜色是如何变化的等问题,进而使学生对“外界条件对化学平衡的影响”有了更全面的认识.     

NaHCO3溶液与FeCl3溶液反应的实验探究

1　研究起因理论上,Fe3+与HCO3-的水解因相互促进而彻底进行:3HCO3- +Fe3+ =Fe(OH)3↓ +3CO2↑。Fe(OH)3在强酸性或强碱性溶液中才可以溶解:pH<4. 1 [1]时开始溶解,反应为Fe(OH)3 +3H+ =Fe3+ +3H2O;pH>14 [1]时开始溶解,反应为:Fe(OH)3 +6OH- =Fe(OH)63-或Fe(OH)3 +OH - =Fe(OH)44 -。[1~3]然而在一次探究性学生实验中,却出现如下现象:将NaHCO3溶液逐滴加入到FeCl3溶液中,生成无色气泡和絮状沉淀,而沉淀又逐渐溶解于溶液中,直至NaHCO3溶液达到一定量后,生成的沉淀才不再溶解;将FeCl3溶液逐滴加入到NaHCO3溶液中,溶液…     

对氯化钾影响平衡问题的商讨

在医用化学教材“化学反应速度和化学平衡”一章中,讨论浓度对化学平衡影响时采用化学反应: FeCl3+3KCNS⇋Fe（CNS）3+3KCl 然后分别加入三氯化铁、硫氰化钾、氯化钾,利用溶液颜色的变化来判断浓度对化学平衡移动的影响（不少大中专实验教材都采用了这个实验）。笔者认为其中加入氯化钾使溶液颜色变浅,是“由于增加生成物浓度使平衡向左移动”这一解释欠妥。     

Fe3 (aq)是浅紫色

取少量Fe2(SO4)3·xH2O晶体溶于蒸馏水,得浅紫色溶液,这就是Fe(H2O)63+的颜色.若加入浓HCl,生成FeCl4-(β4=14)使溶液显黄色.     

Fe~(2+)与KSCN溶液反应的实验改进

Fe2+极易被空气中的氧气氧化,通常情况下很难实现"Fe2+遇KSCN溶液不显红色".通过实验改进,使反应在封闭无氧的环境中进行,从而实现了Fe2+遇KSCN溶液不显红色.     

鉴别Fe~(2+)离子与Fe~(3+)离子方法14种

鉴别Fe~(2+)离子和Fe~(3+)离子的方法很多,下面列出14种。 1.可溶性硫氰化物法用2支试管分取两种溶液各少量,分别滴入可溶性硫氰化物(如KSCN、NaSCN、NH_4SCN)等溶液,变血红色的是Fe~(3+)的溶液:Fe~(3+)+SCN~-=Fe(SCN)~(2+)     

配制铜盐、铁盐和铝盐水溶液是因水解而显浑浊吗

正1问题的提出文献[1]:硫酸铜的水溶液由于Cu2+水解而显酸性,其水解度随浓度降低而增加,288K时,0.1mol/L CuSO4溶液的pH=4.2,所以配制铜盐时,常加入少量同名的酸。文献[2][3]:在实验室配制FeCl3溶液时,由于FeCl3是强酸弱碱生成的盐,容易水解生成难溶于水的Fe(OH)3:FeCl3+3H2O=Fe(OH)3+3HCl致使溶液浑浊,得不到澄清的FeCl3溶液。所     

Fe3+(aq)是浅紫色

取少量Fe2(SO4)3·xH2O晶体溶于蒸馏水,得浅紫色溶液,这就是Fe(H2O)63 的颜色.若加入浓HCl,生成FeCl4-(β4=14)使溶液显黄色.     

碱性介质中S~(2-)与Fe~(3+)反应的实验探究

在Na2S或(NH4)2S溶液中滴加FeCl3 溶液的实验表明,Fe3+与 S2-在碱性溶液中的反应是一个比较复杂的反应:在Na2S溶液中滴加少量FeCl3溶液反应得到的黑色沉淀和墨绿色溶液可能分别是Fe2S3固体和胶体,在(NH4)2S溶液中滴加少量FeCl3 溶液反应生成的黑色沉淀主要是FeS和单质硫,潮湿的FeS在空气中放置能与空气中的氧气发生氧化还原反应生成Fe(OH)3和单质硫.     

硫氰酸钾-氯化十六烷基吡啶-水体系浮选分离钛

研究了氯化十六烷基吡啶和KSCN分离钛的行为及与一些金属离子分离的条件。结果表明,在水溶液中,Ti4+与氯化十六烷基吡啶和KSCN形成不溶于水的三元缔合物[Ti(SCN)62-][CPC+]2,此三元缔合物沉淀浮于水相上层形成界面清晰的液-固两相。当溶液中氯化十六烷基吡啶和KSCN的浓度分别为8.0×10-4mol/L和6.0×10-2 mol/L时,Ti4+可与V5+、Mg2+、Al3+、Cd2+、Mn2+、Ga3+、Fe2+、Ni2+和Cr3+进行分离,该方法在微量Ti的分离和富集分析中有一定的实用价值。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。