大学化学教学中创新素养培养途径的探索

针对创新实验班学生的特点,在“大学化学”教学中,以学生为主体,以教师为主导,开展课前演讲、课中主题讨论、课后研究等多个环节的创新活动,探索了启迪学生创新思想、培养学生创新素养、提升学生创新能力的有效途径,有利于创新人才的培养。     

医学化学与医学院校本科生创新能力的培养

培养本科学生的创新能力是培养优秀创新型人才的一个重要环节。医学化学对培养医学院校本科学生的创新能力具有重要作用。通过数个成功申请了国家"大学生创新创业训练计划"的案例,从天然药物结构修饰、生物材料制备、纳米材料制备及药物载体合成等方面探讨了如何将化学知识与医学进行有机结合,指导学生选取合适研究方向进行创新型实验,从而培养学生的创新能力、科研兴趣和团队精神,为培养创新型复合型医学人才打下重要基础。     

以培养问题解决能力为核心的PMPR实验教学方法

基于"发现、分析、解决问题"的思维模式,本文提出了以培养学生问题解决能力为核心的"问题→方法→过程→结果"(PMPR)实验教学方法。该方法以"问题"为出发点,引导学生进行问题分析,寻找解决问题的方法,实施解决问题的过程,最终得到解决问题的结果。PMPR实验教学方法的实施激发了学生的学习兴趣,拓宽了学生的知识面,实现了对学生发现、分析、解决问题能力的培养。     

兴趣培养是综合素质和创新意识教育的前提

如何培养学生的综合素质和创新能力是目前大学化学教改中倍受关注的课题之一。综合素质和创新能力的培养应以兴趣的培养和专业自豪感的形成为前提。本文就培养学生学习化学兴趣的重要性进行了论述,并就兴趣培养的途径和方法进行了探讨,介绍了山东大学在化学课程体系改革中强调兴趣、注重综合素质和创新能力培养的一些作法。     

有机化学实验“四位一体”教学模式的实践与探讨

以苯甲酸正丁酯的合成为例,介绍了有机化学实验"学、教、做、评"四位一体的教学模式。以导学、助学、促学、先学后教等方式促进学生自主学习的积极性;采用以问题为中心的教学方法,确立了以教师为主导、学生为主体的师生关系,充分发挥了学生的主观能动性;以开放性实验代替传统实验,充分培养了学生的实验技能和科学素养;对实验成绩进行综合立体评价,体现了评价的客观性和真实性。实践表明"四位一体"的教学模式不仅能够充分调动学生的主观能动性,培养学生的实验技能和兴趣,而且能有效地提高实验教学质量。     

基于泛在学习的SPOC翻转实验教学探讨——以极化曲线的测定为例

以物理化学实验“碳钢在碳酸氢铵溶液中极化曲线的测定”实验为例,探索构建了基于泛在学习的SPOC的线上线下的翻转实验教学模式,其教学设计基本思路为：课前实验与理论相联系,培养学生基本技能;课中实验与专业相衔接,培养学生创新思维;课后实验与生产相融合,培养学生应用能力。实践表明,该教学模式不仅拓展了实验内容,而且极大地激发了学生的探究热情和创新思维,培养了学生的实际应用能力。     

农科基础化学实验研究性教学模式的构建与实践

针对农林高校化学实验教学中存在的问题, 提出以培养学生自主学习和创新能力为教学目标, 通过优化教学内容、改革教学方法, 提高学生学习兴趣, 形成了基础实验、综合设计性实验、研究性实验和创新实验等多层次实验教学体系, 构建了农科基础化学实验研究性教学模式。这对于提高学生的学习效率, 培养学生的自主学习能力与创新能力具有重要意义。     

医学院校化学实验课程的教学改革

根据医学院校学生的特点,探索化学实验教学改革的途径和方式。构建了整合式化学实验课程体系,强调以学生为中心、能力培养为核心的教学模式。优化实验教学内容,突出化学与医学、生命科学的关系,采用多种实验教学手段,研发数字化虚拟实验,建立多元化的综合考核体系。化学实验教学的改革,激发了学生的学习兴趣,提高了实验课程的教学质量,为培养卓越医学人才奠定基础。     

再论科学素养培养的关键、路径及意义

基于高中化学教学实践, 探讨、反思学生科学素养培养的关键、路径及意义, 以期为高中化学教学提供参考。认为教师科学素养的提升是学生科学素养培养的关键, 可以通过改变课堂教学模式、形式和内容来落实科学素养培养的目标, 科学素养培养的意义在于让学生成为具有科学理性的人。     

新课程理念下研究性学习一例——从一道常见习题看有机还原反应

新课程标准的出台为教育改革指明了方向, 也为我们提供了崭新的教育理念。新课程标准理念要求教师从片面注重知识的传授到注重学生学习能力的培养, 教师不仅要关注学生的学习结果, 更要关注学生的学习过程, 促进学生学会自主学习、合作学习、探究学习, 让学生感受和理解知识产生和发展的过程, 培养学生的科学素养和创新精神。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。