高中生化学问题解决中认知结构的个案研究

学生的化学认知结构是內隐的,通过某种方法切实了解学生头脑中的认知结构,将对化学教学具有重要意义。使用出声思维法将化学问题解决过程中的思维过程外化,通过对受试问题解决过程的录音材料的文字化、概念图化和问题解决行为图化,综合分析了化学认知结构中陈述性知识、程序性知识、策略性知识及各部分知识间的结构与逻辑关系,为实施有效教学提供案例。     

以物质的量为核心的化学计量系统构建及其产生式教学策略

从认知心理学知识学习角度分析以物质的量为核心的化学计量系统,从教学策略角度,可以将其划分为知识系统和操作系统2大部分,其知识系统主要属于陈述性知识,而操作系统则主要属于程序性知识。按照陈述性知识的认知特点设计体现物质的量相关知识系统网络结构功能的探究教学;按程序性知识的认知规律设计产生式自展过程等较高层次的思维运作。从而形成了以物质的量为核心的化学计量系统知识建构的探究教学方法与实际问题解决的小步子产生式策略。其意义在于以结构化系统替代零散知识,用逻辑性思维替代常识比喻,以智能化产生替代机械运算,为以物质的量为核心的化学计量系统教学探索更加有效的策略与方法。     

谈认知结构理论对化学教学的启示

现代认知结构理论认为,学生的认知结构是影响其认识世界、进行高效学习的决定性因素,主要表现在学生的策略性知识、知识的表征和知识的组织3个方面。化学教学要帮助学生建立良好的认知结构,使其完备化、条件化,使化学知识结构化。     

电极反应式书写的知识分析及其教学策略

对电极反应式书写中运用的化学知识进行分析,明确需要运用到的陈述性知识和程序性知识。任一类知识缺失都会导致书写的失败,教师可以通过说题、解题样例等教学活动改变这一结果,教学中应注重知识建构和书写训练方式的拓展与优化。     

化学学习中"宏观-微观-符号"三重表征的研究

“宏观-微观-符号”三重表征是体现化学学科特征的思维方式,能增进学生对化学知识的理解。本研究在对三重表征思维方式进行分析的基础上,采用问卷调查的方法,对不同群体学生化学学习三重表征水平进行了探查和分析,为化学教学提供了一个新的视角。     

微观陈述工作单:化学概念学习的工具及应用

微观陈述工作单从微观层面直观地表达对概念的理解。微观图示的阅读与构建,能够有效地表征学生对化学概念的理解及存在的问题。将微观陈述工作单应用于化学教学中,不仅能够促进学生对概念的理解,还能提升学生解决问题的能力。     

国外关于化学概念的多元外在表征的研究述评

对国外近15年以来关于学生学习化学概念的多元外在表征做一综述,阐明多元外在表征与化学概念的定义,总结了学生关于化学概念的多元外在表征的特点:这些多元外在表征以计算机为基础,特别是计算机模型比较多;在计算机动画或者模型中,侧重分子水平上的表征即微观表征。进而得到化学概念的多元外在表征的教学启示:教师应该注重化学概念的多元表征教学;各种多元外在表征呈现给学生时要结合学生的实际情况;教师和课程的设计者可以考虑早期引入一些基本的微观表征,以配合探索物质的宏观性质。     

基于培养学科观念的“依据化学方程式的计算”教学

立足2011年版课程标准,对"依据化学方程式的计算"一课的教学要求、教学目标和教学内容进行认真分析,深入挖掘蕴含在化学方程式计算这一技能性知识及其学习过程中的观念和方法。通过创设教学情境、加强多重表征的联系和大胆突破传统化学方程式计算教学的模式,引导学生感受化学方程式计算的意义和价值,感悟化学方程式计算的依据和本质,学习化学方程式简单计算的过程和方法,在帮助学生进一步从定量的角度认识化学变化规律的同时,促进学生"物质的变化观"和"化学的价值观"等基本学科观念的形成。     

学案导学对改善高中学生化学学习方式的初步调查与研究

从教学策略和学生认知能力出发,结合教学实践,在奉贤中学高一年级中展开了有关化学学案导学的问卷调查,研究学案导学的现状及化学学案对学生学习方式的影响,为高中化学的有效教学、教学改革作一些有价值的探索。     

化学教学中认知策略的教学训练

认知策略是学习者内部组织起来的调控学习、思维等活动的内部定向技能。化学教学中认知策略的教学训练要经历认知策略价值认同、认知策略尝试、认知策略反思、认知策略迁移和应用、认知策略巩固等阶段。教师要在认知策略教学训练中结合化学教学内容,渗透元认知知识,丰富学生的元认知体验,引导学生进行元认知监控,坚持群体教学与个别指导相结合,引导学生进行合作学习。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。