Hydrodechlorination of chlorophenols over Pd catalysts supported on zeolite Y,MCM-41 and graphene

Hydrodechlorination (HDC) reaction of chlorophenols was carried out using Pd catalysts supported over zeolite Y, MCM-41 or graphene. Pd-MCM-41 and Pd-Y zeolite were prepared by impregnation and ion-exchange method, respectively. Pd-graphene (Pd-G) was prepared by hydrazine hydrate reduction of palladium ion dispersed on graphene oxide. The catalysts were characterized by several analytical tools such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). These catalysts were subjected to HDC reaction of chlorophenols, such as 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) and 3,4-dichlorophenol (3,4-DCP). The reaction rate of HDC of chlorophenols catalyzed by Pd catalysts with various solid bases, such as KF/Al₂O₃ (alumina), sodium acetate (NaOAc) and K₂CO₃ was compared. First, Pd-MCM-41 and Pd-Y catalysts were compared. 2,4- and 3,4-DCPs were completely decomposed within 6 h, in the case of Pd-MCM-41 with NaOAc. Using Pd-Y instead of Pd-MCM-41 with NaOAc, much faster decomposition was observed. Faster decomposition of 4-CP and DCPs was observed with NaOAc base than K₂CO₃ or KF/Al₂O₃ under the same condition. In the case of Pd-Y with KF/Al₂O₃, slower decomposition of 4-CP and DCPs was observed. These base effects were interpreted using the solubility of NaCl and KCl in alcohol and the basic sites of KF/Al₂O₃. Because the solubility of NaCl is known to be larger than KCl solubility in alcohol, byproduct NaCl could be easily dissolved and ionized in solvents. For Pd-Y with KF/Al₂O₃, the small pore size of Y zeolite can interfere with the diffusion of HCl to KF/Al₂O₃ basic site. Second, three catalysts, including Pd-graphene, were compared. 2,4-DCP was decomposed within 2 h using Pd-G with either K₂CO₃, NaOAc or KF/Al₂O₃. Pd-G catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity among Pd-G, Pd-MCM-41 and Pd-Y catalysts. The high activity and stability of the Pd-G could be attributed to the strong metal–support interaction with an electron-deficient site and a critical Pd particle size (ca. 3.5 nm) of Pd-G nanocatalyst with a stronger resistance to the deactivation and good affinity toward aromatic organic molecules, especially phenols. The progress of HDC reaction was monitored by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID), and a feasible degradation process could be explained by analyzing the degradation products such as phenol, cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol from resulting GC chromatograms. The effect of reaction temperature on HDC in Pd-G catalyst was also discussed. In conclusion, Pd-G is an efficient catalyst for decomposition of chlorophenols and can be applied to remediation of chlorophenol-contaminated water under mild conditions.     

Pd nanoparticles on defective polymer carbon nitride: Enhanced activity and origin for electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination reaction

Here we report a facile defect-engineering strategy on the support to optimize the metal-support interaction and enhance the metal’s electrocatalytic hydrodechlo rination perfo rmance in converting 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP) to phenol.The specific activity of the Pd nanoparticles(Pd NPs) on defective polymer carbon nitride(Pd/PCN-x) reaches 0.09 min^-1 m^-2_Pd,which is 1.5 times that of the Pd NPs supported on the perfect PCN(Pd/PCN-0).The combined experimental and...     

负载型双金属铁钯纳米催化降解微囊藻毒素-LR

探讨膨润土负载双金属铁钯(B-Fe/Pd)纳米材料催化降解微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的效果和机理.结果表明,在5mgL-1的MC-LR溶液中加入0.1g的纳米B-Fe/Pd,初始pH为6.86,振荡速度为250rmin-1,温度为298K的条件下,经过180min后对MC-LR的降解效率达96.86%.降解溶液的UV-vis和HPLC结果表明,MC-LR在238nm的特征峰消失.通过SEM-EDS、XRD、FTIR和XPS技术对B-Fe/Pd降解前后的样品进行表征,结果显示,降解后纳米B-Fe/Pd中的Fe形成了Fe的氧化物与氢氧化物.降解过程的动力学拟合结果显示,B-Fe/Pd降解MC-LR符合伪一级动力学,活化能为12.77kJmol-1.根据降解、表征和动力学结果分析其反应机理,推断是MC-LR首先吸附在B-Fe/Pd颗粒表面,接着纳米铁与水反应产生的氢气在Pd的催化作用下产生大量的氢自由基,并与MC-LR发生链式还原反应,使得MC-LR中最具毒性的共轭双键断开而降解.     

还原态氧化石墨烯载Pd纳米催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能

采用改进的Hummers法氧化石墨后,对其超声剥离成氧化石墨烯水溶液,继之通过乙二醇还原Pd金属离子和氧化石墨烯,得到了还原态氧化石墨烯（RGO）负载Pd纳米催化剂,并用于甲酸的电催化氧化.透射电子显微镜和X射线衍射结果显示：负载于RGO上的Pd粒子平均粒径为3.8nm,其优先在RGO的褶皱和边缘处生长.电化学测试表明：RGO上残存的含氧基团降低了Pd催化剂受CO毒化的程度,Pd/RGO催化剂表现出了较商业化Pd/C更高的电催化活性和更好的稳定性.     

Pd nanoparticles supported on amphiphilic porous organic polymer as an efficient catalyst for aqueous hydrodechlorination and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions

Developing efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalysts for organic reactions in water is important for the sustainable development of chemical industry. In this work, Pd nanoparticles supported on DABCO-functionalized porous organic polymer was successfully prepared through an easy copolymerization and successive immobilization method. Characterization results indicated that the prepared catalyst featured big surface area, hierarchical porous structure, and excellent surface amphiphilicity. We demonstrated the use of this amphiphilic catalyst in two case reactions, i.e. the aqueous hydrodechlorination and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. Under mild reaction conditions, the catalyst showed high catalytic activities for the two reactions. In addition, the catalyst could be easily recovered and reused for several times. Also, no obvious Pd leaching and aggregation of Pd nanoparticles occurred up during the consecutive reactions.     

The use of palladium nanoparticles supported on graphene oxide in the Mizoroki-Heck reaction

We have developed a convenient single-step method for producing palladium nanoparticles on the surface of graphene oxide by reducing palladium chloride with NaBH₄. According to transmission electron microscopy data, palladium nanoparticles have a spheroidal shape; their sizes are 6–8 nm. The tests of immobilized palladium nanoparticles have shown that they exhibit high activity in the Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reaction.     

Synthesis of star-shaped CuO nanoparticles supported on magnetic functionalized graphene: Catalytic and antibacterial activity

In this study, graphene oxide was modified during consecutive functionalization steps with 1,4-diphenylamine, cyanuric chloride, and ethylenediamine. Then, star-shaped CuO nanoparticles were synthesized on modified graphene oxide using the seed-mediated growth method in which nucleation, growth stages, and reduction of graphene oxide to graphene occurred simultaneously. After ensuring successful synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and to facilitate recycling, a magnetization process was utilized by adding iron oxide nanoparticles. This nanocomposite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The prepared heterogeneous catalyst was investigated for the reduction of organic dyes in the presence of NaBH₄ as a reducing reagent. The kinetic data obtained for the reduction of methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) were fitted to first-order rate equations, and the calculated rate constants for the reduction of MO, MB, 4-NP and Rh6G were as follows: −0.091, −0.071, −0.045, and 0.040, respectively. As star-shaped CuO nanoparticles showed a higher antibacterial effect compared to spherical-shaped CuO nanoparticles, the antibacterial activity of star-shaped CuO nanoparticles immobilized on magnetic functionalized graphene was evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria through an agar well diffusion assay and demonstrated more antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria.     

Catalytic hydrodechlorination on palladium-containing catalysts

The catalytic liquid-phase hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzene on supported palladium-containing catalysts has been investigated. The following processes capable of deactivating the catalyst occur during the liquid-phase hydrodechlorination: the coarsening of supported metal particles, the washoff of the active component with the reaction medium, and potassium chloride deposition on the catalyst surface. The effects of the active component composition and of the preparation method on the hydrodechlorination activity and deactivation stability of the catalysts have been studied. The catalysts have been characterized by several physical methods.     

Ligand‐free Mizoroki–heck reaction using reusable modified graphene oxide‐supported Pd(0) nanoparticles

Palladium nanoparticles supported on graphene oxide surfaces modified with metformin was found to be an effective and recyclable nanocatalyst in Mizoroki–Heck coupling reactions under aerobic conditions without requiring any phosphine or ligand coordination. Excellent product yields were achieved with a wide variety of substrates and the catalyst could be recycled seven times without any noticeable loss of its catalytic activity.     

石墨烯的制备及石墨烯载Pd催化剂对甲酸的电催化氧化

以纳米石墨为原料,用两种方法分别制得石墨烯GN-1和GN-2。结果表明,用两种方法制备的石墨烯比表面积比纳米石墨都有显著增加。两种方法制备的石墨烯GN-1和GN-2形貌不同,孔径分布也有很大的差异。分别以两种方法制备的石墨烯为载体制备了Pd催化剂Pd/GN-1和Pd/GN-2。Pd/GN-1和Pd/GN-2催化剂的电化学比表面积分别为34.66和71.25 m2/g。这两种催化剂对甲酸的电催化氧化活性都较纳米石墨作载体制备的催化剂Pd/G有显著的提高,甲酸在Pd/GN-1和Pd/GN-2催化剂上的氧化峰电流密度分别为66.0和95.8 mA/cm2。两种催化剂对甲酸的氧化都有很好的稳定性。     

Catalytic effect of Pd nanoparticles on electroless copper deposition

This study elucidates the application of Pd nanoparticles as catalysts of electroless copper deposition and their catalytic effect on the deposition kinetics and microstructure in an electroless copper bath. Quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) and high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) demonstrated that the kinetic changes associated with electroless copper deposition (ECD) comprised two stages—the incubation period and the acceleration period. In the incubation period, small copper particles were deposited. In the acceleration period, the ECD rate increased rapidly and continuously conducting films with large grains were formed. Leaner sweep voltammetry (LSV) and mixed potential theory (MPT) were applied to examine the catalytic powers of the prepared Pd nanoparticles and the related electrochemical kinetics in the ECD bath.     

Polysugar-stabilized Pd nanoparticles exhibiting high catalytic activities for hydrodechlorination of environmentally deleterious trichloroethylene

In this paper, we present a straightforward and environmentally friendly aqueous-phase synthesis of small Pd nanoparticles (approximately 2.4 nm under the best stabilization) by employing a "green", inexpensive, and biodegradable/biocompatible polysugar, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), as a capping agent. The Pd nanoparticles exhibited rather high catalytic activity (observed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetic rate constant, k(obs), is up to 828 L g(-1) min(-1)) for the hydrodechlorination of environmentally deleterious trichloroethene (TCE) in water. Fourier transform IR (FT-IR) spectra indicate that CMC molecules interact with the Pd nanoparticles via both carboxyl (-COO-) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups, thereby functioning to passivate the surface and suppress the growth of the Pd nanoparticles. Hydrodechlorination of TCE using differently sized CMC-capped Pd nanoparticles as catalyst was systematically investigated in this work. Both the catalytic activity (k(obs)) and the surface catalytic activity (turnover frequency, TOF) of these CMC-capped Pd nanoparticles for TCE degradation are highly size-dependent. This point was further verified by a comparison of the catalytic activities and surface catalytic activities of CMC-capped Pd nanoparticles with those of beta-D-glucose-capped Pd and neat Pd nanoparticles for TCE degradation.     

Catalytic properties of silver nanoparticles supported on silica spheres

In this work, we investigate the catalytic properties of silver nanoparticles supported on silica spheres. The technique to support silver particles on silica spheres effectively avoids flocculation of nanosized colloidal metal particles during a catalytic process in the solution, which allows one to carry out the successful catalytic reduction of dyes. The effects of electrolytes and surfactants on the catalytic properties of silver particles on silica have been investigated. It is found that the presence of surfactants depresses the catalytic activity of the silver particles to some extent by inhibiting the adsorption of reactants onto the surface of the particles. Electrolytes either increase the migration rate of reactants in the solution resulting in an increase in the catalytic reaction rate or inhibit the adsorption of reactants onto the surface of the silver particles leading to a loss in the activity of the metal particles.     

Platinum nanoparticles supported on nitrobenzene-functionalised graphene nanosheets as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media

A systematic study on the electrocatalytic properties of Pt nanoparticles supported on nitrobenzene-modified graphene (Pt-NB/G) as catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline solution was performed. Graphene nanosheets were spontaneously grafted with nitrophenyl groups using 4-nitrobenzenediazonium salt. The electrocatalytic activity towards the ORR and stability of the prepared catalysts in 0.1 M KOH solution have been studied and compared with that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst. The results obtained show that the NB-modified graphene nanosheets can be good Pt catalyst support with high stability and excellent electrocatalytic properties. The specific activity of Pt-NB/G for O₂ reduction was 0.184 mA cm⁻², which is very close to that obtained for commercial 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst (0.214 mA cm⁻²) at 0.9 V vs. RHE. The Pt-NB/G hybrid material promotes a four-electron reduction of oxygen and can be used as a promising cathode catalyst in alkaline fuel cells.     

Catalytic hydrogenation by recyclable supported Pd(II)-amino acid complex

L-phenyl alanine was anchored to P(S-DVB) resin and its complex with PdCl₂ was prepared. The newly synthesized catalyst was found to be a versatile and recyclable catalyst for the hydrogenation of 1-octene and acetophenone. This chiral catalyst induced moderate enantioselectivity during the asymmetric reduction of acetophenone. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Investigation of Pd leaching from supported Pd catalysts during the Heck reaction

Palladium supported on amorphous silica, mercapto-functionalized silica, amine functionalized silica, and zeolite Y has been studied as a catalyst in the Heck reaction of iodobenzene with butyl acrylate in the presence of triethylamine base and dimethylformamide solvent. Trapping of soluble Pd with poly(4-vinylpyridine), hot filtration tests during the batchwise Heck reaction, and reaction tests of effluents from a fixed bed continuous reactor support the conclusion that leached Pd is the active phase in the Heck reaction for all of the catalysts tested. Two different paths of Pd leaching that depend on the chemical state of the Pd were elucidated in this study. Oxidative addition of aryl halide to reduced Pd caused leaching of samples containing metallic particles. However, for a zeolite Y sample containing unreduced cationic Pd, the presence of triethylamine base was required to leach Pd into solution. These two paths of Pd leaching are consistent with the generally accepted mechanism of the Heck reaction.     

Toluene total oxidation over Pd and Au nanoparticles supported on hydroxyapatite

The total oxidation of toluene was carried out in a series of catalytic systems composed of either palladium or gold, as active phase, with hydroxyapatite as supports. The influence of different parameters on the catalytic reactivity was investigated: the type of support, the active phase content, the preparation method, and the nature of the active phase. Hydroxyapatite supports, impregnated by the active phase, showed better reactivities than that of the classical alumina one. Moreover, low palladium content (0.25 wt%) is enough to get high toluene conversions at low temperatures. Two preparation methods were used to introduce the active phase on the support: the conventional wet impregnation and the nanoparticle deposition achieved by impregnation of a colloidal suspension of the noble metal using the surfactant HEA16Cl. Introducing palladium by either of these methods leads to similar catalytic efficiencies. In addition to this, palladium is much more active than gold, gold was not probably present under the form of highly dispersed nanoparticles. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) evidenced PdO presence on the surface of all our catalysts. Palladium impregnated on apatite by conventional method showed an improvement of catalytic reactivity after 13 h under reacting mixture, probably because of Pd(0) formation besides PdO. As a result and after a literature survey, our catalysts could be classified among the most reactive systems towards total oxidation of toluene.     

Catalytic properties of supported gold nanoparticles in organic syntheses

Gold nanoparticles exhibit unique properties due to their ability to form aggregates of atoms of diverse morphology shapes and sizes of which depend, to a considerable extent, on specific features of the nearest environment. The nature of gold nanoparticles varies in a wide range: from the particles with pronounced Lewis acidic properties to the negatively charged particles bearing a formal zero-valence charge. The most examples of new reactions catalyzed by gold nanoparticles include unsaturated compounds and strong nucleophiles (such as amines) as substrates. This short review provides a digest of the catalytic properties of gold nanoparticles. The main attention is paid to the possible role of certain forms of the metal in catalytic reactions. Of special interest are reactions in which effects of synergism of gold and other active species or second metals present in the catalyst are revealed or a size effect is established.