Oxidation of Organic Compounds by Sulfonated Porous Carbon and Hydrogen Peroxide

 The oxidation of organic compounds by sulfonated porous carbon and H2O2 was studied at room temperature. Alkyl and aryl sulfides were oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides or sulfones in excellent yields. Secondary alcohols were also converted to the corresponding esters/lactones and aldehydes to methyl esters in good yields. Moreover, aliphatic tertiary amines and substituted pyridines were oxidized to N-oxides.     

Selective Oxidation of Toluene with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by V-Mo-based Catalyst

The selective catalytic oxidation of toluene with hydrogen peroxide over V-Mo-based catalysts under mild conditions was studied.The promotion effect of Mo on the catalysts was studied with V/Al2O3 and Mo/Al2O3 as reference samples.The catalysts were characterized by XRD,TPR,and XPS techniques.The results show that the addition of Mo to V/Al2O3 may change the distribution of V species on Al2O3 surface.Over V-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst,highly dispersed amorphous V species facilitates benzaldehyde formation,and crystalline V2O5 species increases the conversion of toluene but decreases the selectivity to benzaldehyde,while AlVMoO7 species favors both the conversion of toluene and the formation of cresols.The yield of benzaldehyde depends remarkably on the surface O/Al and Mo/V atomic ratios,and gets to a maximum value of 13.2% with a selectivity of 79.5% at an O/Al atomic ratio of 3.0 and Mo/V atomic ratio of 0.7.     

Production of Hydrogen Peroxide by Photocatalytic Processes

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) has received increasing attention because it is not only a mild and environmentally friendly oxidant for organic synthesis and environmental remediation but also a promising new liquid fuel. The production of H₂O₂ by photocatalysis is a sustainable process, since it uses water and oxygen as the source materials and solar light as the energy. Encouraging processes have been developed in the last decade for the photocatalytic production of H₂O₂. In this Review we summarize research progress in the development of processes for the photocatalytic production of H₂O₂. After a brief introduction emphasizing the superiorities of the photocatalytic generation of H₂O₂, the basic principles of establishing an efficient photocatalytic system for generating H₂O₂ are discussed, highlighting the advanced photocatalysts used. This Review is concluded by a brief summary and outlook for future advances in this emerging research field.     

过氧化氢在液固相绿色氧化反应中的应用

介绍了由各种金属Ti, Mn, Cu, Al, Os, Ru, W, V, Fe, Mo, Re制备的固相催化剂体系,以过氧化氢为氧化剂,实现了温和条件下绿色氧化反应.     

H2O2氧化法修复柴油污染土壤

用20 mL H2O2氧化处理柴油重度污染土壤,研究了土壤含水量过饱和状态下pH值对反应的影响。结果表明,24 h之内,5%初始含油量污土,pH值为5~8时,去油率在96%以上,即pH值近中性的土壤介质,在含水量过饱和情况下,处理条件相同时,其氧化去除效果差别不大;反应后溶液pH值由7.34、6.74、5.78降至7.02、6.58、5.49,这主要是由于一些酸性基团如CO2、H 、羧基、β-酮酸等的产生所致;反应溶液中H2O2量下降明显,1 h时由初始浓度0.05 mol/L降至0.000 3 mol/L左右,测出值趋近于0;表层油含量变化不稳定,但总趋势下降,下层油含量变化则呈明显下降趋势,说明整个氧化过程中柴油组分经历了分解、挥发和自下而上的迁移。     

血红蛋白作为催化剂高灵敏测定过氧化氢

用血红蛋白作为过氧化物酶的替代物,用于催化H2O2氧化对甲基酚的反应体系.研究发现,血红蛋白作为过氧化物酶的替代物,其催化活性比Hemin、β-CD-Hemin等过氧化物模拟酶要高.建立了高灵敏测定痕量H2O2的荧光分析法.该法的线性范围为3.19×10-8～3.19×10-6 mol/L,检出限为8.85×10-10 mol/L.用于雨水中H2O2的测定,结果满意.     

基于Hemin/多壁碳纳米管纳米复合物构建的过氧化氢生物传感器的研究

利用卟啉(Hemin)具有模拟酶的功能,与多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)构建了一种新型的过氧化氢(H2O2)生物传感器。首先,利用Hemin与MWCNTs之间的π-π键作用,在超声分散下制备Hemin/MWCNTs纳米复合物;采用滴涂技术并在nafion的作用下将其固载在电极表面,制得该H2O2生物传感器(nafion/Hemin/MWCNTs/GCE)。采用紫外-可见分光光度法(UV-Vis)对合成的纳米复合物进行了分析;采用扫描电镜(SEM)对电极的表面形貌进行了表征;采用循环伏安法和计时电流法考察了该修饰电极的电化学行为;并对传感器的行为进行了详细的研究。在最优条件下,此修饰电极对H2O2具有明显的催化作用,电流与H2O2的浓度在6.0×10-7~1.8×10-3 mol/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,检出限达2.0×10-7 mol/L。此传感器制作简单,具有较高的灵敏度和良好的稳定性及重现性。     

含钛分子筛催化氧化噻吩反应的研究

 以TS-1为催化剂,水为溶剂研究了正辛烷中噻吩的选择氧化反应. 结果表明,在TS-1/水/正辛烷三相体系中,在常压和333 K下噻吩硫完全转化成硫酸并转移到水相. 以叔丁醇作溶剂时,噻吩同样能被氧化,只是反应速率较低. 采用甲醇和乙腈作溶剂时,噻吩的氧化反应被抑制. 可以认为,TS-1的骨架钛能够活化噻吩,并使其发生氧化反应. 由于TS-1骨架的憎水性,水分子不影响噻吩与骨架钛的作用. 分子较大的叔丁醇因空间位阻效应而不能与活性中心作用,因此也不影响噻吩的活化. 但是,小分子溶剂如甲醇和乙腈,由于可与骨架钛作用,因而抑制了噻吩的活化,导致噻吩不发生氧化反应.     

双氧水氧化苯乙烯制苯甲酸的机理研究

在苯乙烯100 mmol,n(钨酸钠)∶n(草酸)∶n(苯乙烯)∶n(30%H2O2)=2.0∶3.2∶100.0∶440.0,92℃的反应条件下,用GC-MS和GC-IR跟踪分析了反应物和反应产物。根据其含量随反应时间的变化关系,提出了苯乙烯氧化为苯甲酸可能经过两条途径的反应机理。     

Amorphous and Crystalline 2D Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Photocatalytic Hydrogen/Oxygen Evolution and Hydrogen Peroxide Production

Photocatalytic reactions, including hydrogen/oxygen generation, water splitting and hydrogen peroxide production, are regarded as a renewable and promising method to harvest and use solar energy. The key to achieving this goal is to explore efficient photocatalysts with high productivity. Recently, two‐dimensional (2D) polymeric carbon nitride nanosheets were reported as efficient photocatalysts toward various products because of their outstanding properties, such as high specific surface area, more reactive sites, the quantum effect in thickness and unique electronic properties. This minireview attempts to overview recent advances in the preparation, structure and properties of crystalline and amorphous carbon nitride nanosheets, and their applications in photocatalytic hydrogen/oxygen evolution, water splitting and hydrogen peroxide production. We also thoroughly discuss the effect of defects, dopants and composites on the photocatalytic efficiency of these carbon nitride nanosheets. Finally, we outlook the ongoing opportunities and future challenges for 2D carbon nitride nanosheets in the field of photocatalysis.     

Selective and Efficient Oxidation of Aldehydes to Their Corresponding Carboxylic Acids Using H2O2/HCl in the Presence of Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride

A wide variety of aldehydes were efficiently converted to their corresponding carboxylic acids in high yields using H₂O₂/HCl in the presence of hydroxylamine hydrochloride. In addition, selective oxidation of aldehydes in the presence of other functional groups such as hydroxyl group, carbon‐carbon double bond and other heteroatoms can be considered a noteworthy advantage of this method.     

磷钨酸催化过氧化氢氧化环己烯合成己二酸

报道了以苄基三乙基氯化铵为相转移催化剂，用磷钨酸催化地氢氧化环己烯合 成己二酸，在优化反应条件下：即反应物摩尔比为环己烯：H2O2：苄基三乙基氯化 铵：磷钨酸＝1：4.5:0.036:0.0015时，在60－65℃反应6h，再将温度升至80℃反 应5h，收率可达87％，探讨了不同反应条件对产率的影响。该方法避免了目前所常 采用的对环境有污染的硝酸氧化方法所产生的氮氧化物及废酸。     

二氧化硅包覆的杂多酸在双氧水存在条件下催化氧化甘油

催化剂的酸性和氧化还原性在催化生物质平台分子转化过程中起着非常重要的作用,杂多酸具有较强的酸性以及优良的氧化还原性,因而杂多酸在生物质催化转化领域备受关注。本文利用溶胶-凝胶法和硅烷化方法将杂多酸催化剂封装在二氧化硅载体内部,随后以傅立叶红外光谱、X-射线衍射仪、热重分析仪、透射电子显微镜、扫描电镜等手段对合成的材料进行了表征。红外光谱表明杂多酸在催化剂中保持了其完整结构,X-射线衍射表明杂多酸高度分散在二氧化硅载体上,电镜表征显示催化剂呈球形纳米颗粒形貌。基于以上表征结果,我们将包覆的杂多酸催化剂应用于甘油氧化,在以过氧化氢为氧化剂,温和反应条件下,合成的材料对甘油氧化具有良好的催化活性,其中对甲酸的选择性大约为70%,对乙醇酸的选择性大约为27%。硅烷化过程对于催化剂循环起着重要的作用,单纯二氧化硅的比表面积为287 m²·g^-1,二氧化硅包覆杂多酸经过硅烷化后,其比表面积降为245 m²·g^-1,而且孔径也有所降低。单纯二氧化硅与水的接触角为0°,而二氧化硅包覆的杂多酸在硅烷化之后的催化剂具有很强的疏水性,与水的接触角为137°。根据这些催化剂表征数据说明硅烷化过程不仅可以显著提高催化剂的疏水性,而且同时限制了载体孔径,阻止杂多酸流失到反应体系中,与传统的浸渍法将杂多酸负载在二氧化硅载体上得到的催化剂相比,催化剂的循环利用性显著提高。反应后的催化剂结构与新鲜催化剂相比,并没有发生明显变化。催化剂经过一次循环后,表面暴露了更多的活性中心,活性稍有提高。催化剂在反应体系中加入强质子酸可以显著提高反应的催化性能,揭示了Bronsted酸在甘油氧化过程中对甘油分子的活化起着重要的作用。     

无溶剂条件下锰 (Ⅲ)-席夫碱配合物催化过氧化氢氧化醇

 Aliphatic and aromatic alcohols are efficiently oxidized to ketones or carboxylic acids using aqueous hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in the presence of a Mn(III) Schiff-base complex as a catalyst under solvent-free conditions. The oxidation of alcohols occurred at 50 °C to give the corresponding ketones or carboxylic acids with a yield higher than 60%.     

基于杂多酸的负载离子液相催化在醇氧化中的应用

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备的离子液体功能化的二氧化硅对于杂多酸是一种可行的载体,三种商用杂多酸成功的负载在离子液体功能化的二氧化硅上作为醇氧化的催化剂.利用FTIR、XRD、XPS对该种负载离子液相催化剂进行了表征.基于磷钨酸的负载离子液相催化剂活性最好,高产率(大部分＞93%)的得到了相应的羰基化合物.且该催化剂经过简单的...     

Oxidation of Hydrolyzed Lignin from Cotton-Seed Husks by Hydrogen Peroxide

The functional composition and structural porosity of hydrolyzed lignin from cotton-seed husks was altered by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide.__________Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 69–70, January–February, 2005.     

碳黑预处理对Pt/C催化剂对甲醇氧化电催化活性的影响

直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)由于具有较多的优点而受到广泛的关注. 但是碳载Pt (Pt/C)阳极催化剂电催化活性低是限制其应用的一个主要问题. 为了提高Pt/C催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能, 分别用CO₂, 空气, H₂O₂或HNO₃对常用作为载体的Vulcan XC-72碳黑进行预处理. 结果表明, 在用CO₂, 空气, HNO₃, H₂O₂处理的及未处理的碳黑作载体制得的Pt/C催化剂电极上, 甲醇氧化峰的峰电流密度顺序为39, 33, 32, 20和18 mA•cm^－2, 表明用CO₂处理的碳载体制备的Pt/C催化剂对甲醇氧化有最好的电催化活性和稳定性. 其主要原因是用CO₂处理能减少碳黑表面的含氧基团和增加石墨化程度, 而使碳黑的电阻降低及Pt粒子在碳黑上的分散性变好.     

用于富氢气体中一氧化碳选择性氧化的新型Co-Ni/AC催化剂

 研究了Ni/AC, Co/AC和Co-Ni/AC催化剂用于富氢气体中一氧化碳的选择性氧化脱除. 结果表明,在反应温度为140 ℃和空速为 5000 h-1时,Ni/AC几乎没有催化活性,Co/AC具有较低的催化活性,而Co-Ni/AC具有较高的催化活性,后者可将富氢气体中的CO浓度由1.0%降低到 0.0027%. XRD和XPS分析表明,Co3O4是Co-Ni/AC催化剂的活性中心,Ni的加入提高了Co3O4在Co-Ni/AC中的分散度,同时使Co 2p3/2电子结合能降低了0.41 eV. Co-Ni/AC催化剂中的Ni作为促进剂能很好地改善Co3O4对富氢气体中CO选择性氧化的催化活性.     

Direct Electrochemistry of Hemoglobin in Cerium Dioxide/Carbon Nanotubes/Chitosan for Amperometric Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract

A novel hemoglobin (Hb) biosensor based on the remarkable synergistic effects of cerium dioxide (CeO₂) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) for detection of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is presented. The Hb/CeO₂/MWNTs/CHIT nanocomposite was nanoengineered by selected matched material components and optimized composition ratio to produce a superior H₂O₂ sensor. The preparation method is quite simple and practical. This composite matrix combined the advantages of MWNTs, CeO₂ nanoparticles, and chitosan (CHIT), with good electron-transfer ability, attractive biocompatibility, and fine film-forming ability, which could increase Hb attachment quantity and H₂O₂ detection sensitivity. In the optimum pH 7.0 phosphate buffer, the electrocatalytic response exhibited a linear dependence on H₂O₂ concentration in a wide range from 5.0 × 10^?6 to 4.6 × 10^?4 mol L^?1 with a detection limit of 6.5 × 10^?7 mol/L (3σ).     

Kinetics of the Oxidation of Methyl Phenyl Sulfide by Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of Hydrocarbonate Anion

The oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide in water and water-alcohol mixtures takes place both by a noncatalytic mechanism and with the participation of hydrogen peroxide as catalyst; in the presence of ammonium hydrocarbonate it takes place by a mechanism involving HCO ₄ ⁻ as a more active oxidant than hydrogen peroxide (>100 times). In water-alcohol media (ethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, tert-butanol) the rate decreases in the order H₂O > EG > IPA > TBA. The reactivity of organic sulfides varies in the following way: MeSPh ≈ EtSPh << Et₂S. The results were interpreted from the standpoint of a molecular mechanism of oxidation of the sulfide with H₂O₂ and HCO ₄ ⁻ through a polar transition state, containing the HOX molecule (X = H, OH, OR) as acid-base catalyst.__________Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Eksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 94–99, March–April, 2005.