圆柱形弹性贮液容器的自振特性分析

贮液容器,无论是由钢材制成的或是由钢筋混凝土建造的。在工业或工程上都有着广泛的应用,如石油化工工业中的储油罐,给水工程中的水即为典型例子。在核动力工程中的压水堆或快增残堆,所用的主容器都可看成为一种特殊的贮液容器。它与一般容器很大的区别在于除贮液外,在堆内还设置一些构件。这对结构分析计算速写为不小的困难。本文根据剪切悬壁梁理论且考虑液动压力效应,建立了弹性圆柱形贮液容器的自振方程及相关特征值矩阵,     

圆柱形弹性贮液容器基频近似计算法

在工业和工程领域中,广泛地应用圆柱形弹性薄壁贮液容器。在冲击或地震地面运动激励下,此种容器的变形,严格地说就遵循薄壳结构动力学规律。考虑到在水平地震作用下短圆柱形容器的变形,剪切效应起主导作用,因而可用剪切梁变形理论来近似地代替。对于盛有液体的贮液容器,因为激励引起的振动是耦联的,即液体中产生的液动压力与结构的变形有关,而结构的变形又受到液动压力的很大影响。欲寻求此种耦联体系的动力响应,必须对其动力特性进行分析。为此,本文根据Fischer“冲击质量”理论,提出了对圆柱形弹性贮液容器基频的近似计算方法。此方法概念清晰,计算简便,很便于工程上应用。     

Development of circular function‐based gas‐kinetic scheme (CGKS) on moving grids for unsteady flows through oscillating cascades

In this paper, the circular function‐based gas‐kinetic scheme (CGKS), which was originally developed for simulation of flows on stationary grids, is extended to solve moving boundary problems on moving grids. Particularly, the unsteady flows through oscillating cascades are our major interests. The main idea of the CGKS is to discretize the macroscopic equations by the finite volume method while the fluxes at the cell interface are evaluated by locally reconstructing the solution of the continuous Boltzmann Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook equation. The present solver is based on the fact that the modified Boltzmann equation, which is expressed in a moving frame of reference, can recover the corresponding macroscopic equations with Chapman–Enskog expansion analysis. Different from the original Maxwellian function‐based gas‐kinetic scheme, in improving the computational efficiency, a simple circular function is used to describe the equilibrium state of distribution function. Considering that the concerned cascade oscillating problems belong to cases that the motion of surface boundary is known a priori, the dynamic mesh method is suitable and is adopted in the present work. In achieving the mesh deformation with high quality and efficiency, a hybrid dynamic mesh method named radial basic functions‐transfinite interpolation is presented and applied for cascade geometries. For validation, several numerical test cases involving a wide range are investigated. Numerical results show that the developed CGKS on moving grids is well applied for cascade oscillating flows. And for some cases where nonlinear effects are strong, the solution accuracy could be effectively improved by using the present method. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于流形切空间插值的折叠翼参数化气动弹性建模

变体飞行器的气动弹性力学建模是当前先进飞行器设计的研究热点和难点.然而传统的气动弹性动力学建模方法对于具有结构参变特性的变体飞行器气动弹性力学研究存在建模效率低、计算复杂等问题.本研究提出了一种基于流形切空间插值的可折叠式变体机翼参数化气动弹性建模方法.首先,该方法建立若干个典型折叠角下的折叠翼结构有限元模型,通过流形...     

A coupled boundary element–finite difference model of surface wave motion over a wall turbulent flow

An effective numerical technique is presented to model turbulent motion of a standing surface wave in a tank. The equations of motion for turbulent boundary layers at the solid surfaces are coupled with the potential flow in the bulk of the fluid, and a mixed BEM–finite difference technique is used to model the wave motion and the corresponding boundary layer flow. A mixing‐length theory is used for turbulence modelling. The model results are in good agreement with previous physical and numerical experiments. Although the technique is presented for a standing surface wave, it can be easily applied to other free surface problems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浮顶式储油罐的爆炸冲击失效

通过模型实验与数值模拟结果对比,探讨了浮顶油罐在可燃蒸气云爆炸冲击作用下的变形过程和破坏机理。研究发现,罐体失稳破坏的主要原因与爆炸冲击波和油罐内液体的复合冲量作用有关,在爆炸冲击作用下浮顶油罐模型产生剧烈振动,迎爆面上部罐壁形成动应力集中现象,最终导致罐体失稳并产生内凹动力屈曲破坏。     

带环形隔板的圆柱储箱内液体晃动阻尼分析

根据现有的阻尼理论,在线性势流的假设下,分别对带刚性和弹性隔板的圆柱形储液箱内液体晃动做了 有限元仿真计算. 计算结果与实验测定结果相比较发现,在晃动频率上符合得很好,但阻尼 比相差较大. 同时, 通过ALE有限元数值仿真,对储箱内无隔板和有隔板情况下的 黏性流体晃动做了比较,初步推定隔板对液体晃动的``滞阻'的一个重要表现形式为涡耗散.     

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE BODY WITH DEFINITE MOVING ATTITUTE

The nonlinear dynamic control equation of a flexible multi-body system with definite moving attitude is discussed.The motion of the aircraft in space is regarded as known and the influence of the flexible structural members in the aircraft on the motion and attitude of the aircraft is analyzed.By means of a hypothetical mode,the defor- mation of flexible members is regarded as composed of the line element vibration in the axial direction of rectangular coordinates in space.According to Kane’s method in dy- namics,a dynamic equation is established,which contains the structural stiffness matrix that represents the elastic deformation and the geometric stiffness matrix that represents the nonlinear deformation of the deformed body.Through simplification the dynamic equation of the influence of the planar flexible body with a windsurfboard structure on the spacecraft motion is obtained.The numerical solution for this kind of equation can be realized by a computer.     

A coupled BE–FE study for evaluation of seismically isolated cylindrical liquid storage tanks considering fluid–structure interaction

The effects of base-isolation on the seismic response of cylindrical vertical flexible liquid storage tanks subjected to horizontal seismic ground motion are presented in this paper. The whole system consists of two main parts: the base-isolation component, and the fluid–structure interaction subsystem. Dynamic analysis of liquid storage tank is achieved through the use of finite shell elements for the structure and internal boundary elements for the liquid region. The boundary element equations are employed to obtain an equivalent liquid mass matrix which is then coupled with the shell structure mass matrix, resulting in the coupled equations of motion. Finally, the coupled equations of motion are connected with the base-isolation system to observe the whole system behavior. A bilinear hysteretic element is used to illustrate the base-isolation system. The analysis is performed in the time domain in which, hydrodynamic interaction is taken into account. It is shown that the seismic response of the isolated tank could be significantly reduced compared with the fixed-foundation tanks. Parametric studies are carried out to study the effects of different system parameters on the effectiveness of the base-isolation system. These parameters are the tank geometry aspect ratio (height to radius), the flexibility of the isolation system, the liquid surface displacement variations, and the tank wall flexibility. It is observed that the seismic isolation is more effective in slender tanks in comparison with broad tanks. Furthermore, it is shown that the isolation efficiency is partially more significant in rigid tanks. It is also noticeable that flexible isolators considerably reduce the seismic response in comparison with stiff isolators. Despite the foregoing advantages, liquid surface displacement increases due to seismic isolation, especially in slender tanks.     

Estimating zero‐g flow rates in open channels having capillary pumping vanes

In vane‐type surface tension propellant management devices (PMD) commonly used in satellite fuel tanks, the propellant is transported along guiding vanes from a reservoir at the inlet of the device to a sump at the outlet from where it is pumped to the satellite engine. The pressure gradient driving this free‐surface flow under zero‐gravity (zero‐g) conditions is generated by surface tension and is related to the differential curvatures of the propellant‐gas interface at the inlet and outlet of the PMD. A new semi‐analytical procedure is prescribed for accurately calculating the extremely small fuel flow rates under reasonably idealized conditions. Convergence of the algorithm is demonstrated by detailed numerical calculations. Owing to the substantial cost and the technical hurdles involved in accurately estimating these minuscule flow rates by either direct numerical simulation or by experimental methods which simulate zero‐g conditions in the lab, it is expected that the proposed method will be an indispensable tool in the design and operation of satellite fuel tanks. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

时变张力作用下轴向运动梁的分岔与混沌

轴向运动结构的横向参激振动一直是非线性动力学领域的研究热点之一. 目前研究较多的是轴向速度摄动的动力学模型,参数激励由速度的简谐波动产生. 但在工程应用中,存在轴向张力波动的运动结构较为广泛,而针对轴向张力摄动的模型研究较少. 本文研究了时变张力作用下轴向变速运动黏弹性梁的分岔与混沌. 考虑随着时间周期性变化的轴向张力,计入线性黏性阻尼,采用Kelvin模型的黏弹性本构关系,给出了梁横向非线性 振动的积分--偏微分控制方程. 首先应用四阶Galerkin截断方法将控制方程离散化,然后采用四阶Runge-Kutta方法计算系统的数值解,进而确定其动力学行为. 基于梁中点的横向位移和速度的数值结果,仿真了梁沿平均轴速、张力摄动幅值、张力摄动频率以及黏弹性系数变化的倍周期分岔与混 沌运动,并且通过计算系统的最大李雅普诺夫指数来识别其混沌行为. 结果表明:较小的平均轴速有助于梁的周期运动,梁在临界速度附近容易发生倍周期分岔与混沌行为. 随着张力摄动幅值的增大,梁的振动幅值的混沌区间不断增大. 较小的黏弹性系数和张力摄动频率更容易使梁发生混沌运动. 最后,给出时程图、频谱图、相图以及Poincaré 映射图来确定梁的混沌运动.      

Structural failures precipitated by weld discontinuities

A literature review was conducted to assess the effects of weld defects upon the failure of welded structures. This effort was focussed on storage tank failures with emphasis on those fabricated for cryogenic liquid containment in order to assess the significance of past storage tank failures relative to the 9% nickel steel storage tanks currently in service. Consideration of past failures can be instructive for insuring the integrity of these vessels.Along with other documented failures, three cryogenic storage tank failures are documented herein. One of these was a liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank, the other two were designed to store liquid ethylene. Although details of design differed slightly, the overall design was the ‘tank within a tank’ concept. In each of the three failures detailed in this review, a breach of the outer tank integrity resulted when cryogenic liquid came in contact with the outer tank wall. This can be attributed to the fact that the outer steel wall was brittle at service temperatures.In addition to the above failures, this review has revealed a pattern of failures in pressure vessels resulting from faulty welds (usually fillet welds) associated with nozzle attachments and branch connections. These are undoubtedly areas of concern in cryogenic storage tanks along with the ones delineated more fully in this review.     

Dynamic response of liquid-filled rectangular tank with elastic appendages under pitching excitation

Nonlinear dynamics of liquid-filled rectangular tank with elastic appendages are studied. Based on the assumption of ideal fluid, the coupling dynamic equations of rigid tank, elastic appendages and liquid fuel are derived using H-O principle. In the case of pitch excitation, the modified potential function and wave height function are introduced to describe the moving boundary of fluid, then Galerkin's method is used to discretize the dynamic equations into ordinary differential equations. The natural frequencies of the coupling system are formulated in liquid depth, the length of the tank, etc. The formulae are confirmed by numerical simulations, which also show that the effects of liquid and elastic appendages on the attitude angular of rigid.     

An ISPH simulation of coupled structure interaction with free surface flows

An incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ISPH) model is developed for the simulation of fluid–structure coupling problems, especially for moving structures. The mirror particle method is employed in the model for a moving boundary. The surface force integration and force-motion algorithms are presented to solve the body translation and rotation. An additional free surface criterion is introduced with the consideration of both the particle number density and the local particle symmetry. A series of numerical experiments are conducted to verify the applicability of the model for simulations of fluid interaction with various types of moving structures. These problems include the fluid motion by a moving body with a prescribed trajectory, such as liquid sloshing in a moving tank. Water entry problems in which the body motions are coupled with the fluid forces are also studied. In all of the cases, there is good agreement when the numerical results are compared with the available analytical, experimental and other numerical data found in the literature.     

爆破开挖振动下既有大型储油罐的动力响应

针对既有大型储油罐近区基础爆破开挖中的安全问题,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA的隐式-显式顺序求解方法,结合流固耦合算法,研究了爆破振动下大型储油罐的动力响应规律。分析了罐壁不同位置的质点振速,由于质点振速分布情况较为复杂,不宜用局部质点振速判断罐壁危险点;总结了罐壁上应力的分布规律,结果显示爆破振动对储油罐的影响主要集中在迎爆侧下部,且在罐壁迎爆侧高度为3 m左右的位置最易发生象足屈曲;分析了不同频率爆破振动作用下满载储罐罐壁的质点振速,结果表明在爆破振动主频范围内,载荷频率远大于储罐固有频率条件下,罐壁上质点振速随着爆破振动频率的降低呈减小趋势;建立了储油罐罐壁质点振速与罐内液面高度的关系,结果表明降低液面高度可以有效提高储油罐的爆破振动安全阈值,爆破施工中邻近储罐储液高度不宜高于10 m。     

A computationally efficient 3D finite‐volume scheme for violent liquid–gas sloshing

We describe a semi‐implicit volume‐of‐fluid free‐surface‐modelling methodology for flow problems involving violent free‐surface motion. For efficient computation, a hybrid‐unstructured edge‐based vertex‐centred finite volume discretisation is employed, while the solution methodology is entirely matrix free. Pressures are solved using a matrix‐free preconditioned generalised minimum residual algorithm and explicit time‐stepping is employed for the momentum and interface‐tracking equations. The high resolution artificial compressive (HiRAC) volume‐of‐fluid method is used for accurate capturing of the free surface in violent flow regimes while allowing natural applicability to hybrid‐unstructured meshes. The code is parallelised for solution on distributed‐memory architectures and evaluated against 2D and 3D benchmark problems. Good parallel scaling is demonstrated, with almost linear speed‐up down to 6000 cells per core. Finally, the code is applied to an industrial‐type problem involving resonant excitation of a fuel tank, and a comparison with experimental results is made in this violent sloshing regime. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann simulations of incompressible flows with freely moving objects

For simulating freely moving problems, conventional immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann methods encounter two major difficulties of an extremely large flow domain and the incompressible limit. To remove these two difficulties, this work proposes an immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann flux solver (IB‐LBFS) in the arbitrary Lagragian–Eulerian (ALE) coordinates and establishes a dynamic similarity theory. In the ALE‐based IB‐LBFS, the flow filed is obtained by using the LBFS on a moving Cartesian mesh, and the no‐slip boundary condition is implemented by using the boundary condition‐enforced immersed boundary method. The velocity of the Cartesian mesh is set the same as the translational velocity of the freely moving object so that there is no relative motion between the plate center and the mesh. This enables the ALE‐based IB‐LBFS to study flows with a freely moving object in a large open flow domain. By normalizing the governing equations for the flow domain and the motion of rigid body, six non‐dimensional parameters are derived and maintained to be the same in both physical systems and the lattice Boltzmann framework. This similarity algorithm enables the lattice Boltzmann equation‐based solver to study a general freely moving problem within the incompressible limit. The proposed solver and dynamic similarity theory have been successfully validated by simulating the flow around an in‐line oscillating cylinder, single particle sedimentation, and flows with a freely falling plate. The obtained results agree well with both numerical and experimental data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

油箱明火烤燃燃爆特性实验研究

车辆在遭遇事故或高温天气时容易起火自燃,车辆油箱可能发生爆燃,威胁人员的生命安全。为研究装有油料的油箱在明火烤燃下的燃爆特性,采用摄像机、红外热成像仪和热电偶对油箱在烤燃过程中喷射火焰的表面温度和尺寸以及油箱内部温度进行测试,以76L油箱为研究对象,对比不同密闭条件和填充情况下油箱的燃爆特性。实验结果表明:油箱在出油口关闭、未填充抑爆材料时,易发生爆炸,烤燃产生的爆燃火球表面最高温度在1800K以上,火球体积约为油箱体积的1600多倍;油箱内填充抑爆球可使喷射火焰的最高表面温度和尺寸显著降低;在相同条件下,油箱内柴油蒸气的平均升温速率比汽油蒸气低36.0%,最高温度低16.2%。     

Constrained moving least‐squares immersed boundary method for fluid‐structure interaction analysis

A numerical method is presented for the analysis of interactions of inviscid and compressible flows with arbitrarily shaped stationary or moving rigid solids. The fluid equations are solved on a fixed rectangular Cartesian grid by using a higher‐order finite difference method based on the fifth‐order WENO scheme. A constrained moving least‐squares sharp interface method is proposed to enforce the Neumann‐type boundary conditions on the fluid‐solid interface by using a penalty term, while the Dirichlet boundary conditions are directly enforced. The solution of the fluid flow and the solid motion equations is advanced in time by staggerly using, respectively, the third‐order Runge‐Kutta and the implicit Newmark integration schemes. The stability and the robustness of the proposed method have been demonstrated by analyzing 5 challenging problems. For these problems, the numerical results have been found to agree well with their analytical and numerical solutions available in the literature. Effects of the support domain size and values assigned to the penalty parameter on the stability and the accuracy of the present method are also discussed.