FTIR结构中光子隧穿的位相时间和横向位移

计算了TE光子穿越受阻全内反射（Frustrated total internal reflection--FTIR)结构的隧穿时间（位相时间）以及光子透射过势垒后产生的横向位移。利用金属膜理论中阐述的复数折射角的定义得到了这种典型势垒结构中单层均匀媒质的特性矩阵M，通过计算入射波电场和透射波电场的复数振幅比，得到了光子隧穿势垒的复透射系数及产生的横向位移。最后，对所得的计算结果进行了分析和讨论。     

分子电子器件简化模型的电子透射谱的计算

基于分子线耦合到电极的构成特点,采用简化的非对称多势垒连续隧穿模型模拟复合分子器件偏压下的电子隧穿过程,推导电子透射谱的解析表达式,同时计算垒宽、垒距、垒高、电子有效质量和所加偏压等参数与透射系数的关系,结果发现：当电子的能量为某些值时,出现明显的共振隧穿,且透射系数对这些参数的变化非常敏感,这表明可以通过适当的控制方式（如改变复合分子组成、构型等）来修改分子电子器件的输运性质. 关键词： 分子器件 非对称势垒模型 电子透射谱 共振隧穿     

含单负介质层受阻全内反射结构的光子隧穿现象研究

利用稳定相位理论得到了光子穿越含单负介质层受阻全内反射结构的隧穿时间以及光子穿透光学势垒后产生的横向位移.分析结果表明，当势垒为单负介质时，光子隧穿可能表现出负的隧穿时间和负的横向位移.隧穿时间和横向位移存在Hartman效应，使得光子隧穿过程具有超光速性质.此外，基于TM波和TE波通过负介电常数介质和负磁导率介质势垒产生的横向位移的方向正好相反，得到了一种有效的区分两类单负介质的方法. 关键词： 光子隧穿 负折射 单负介质 超光速     

冷原子穿越激光束的量子隧穿时间

原子通过激光冷却技术能够被制备在低温状态，这时冷原子云会展现出量子力学的波动性.研究了一束冷原子入射到一个蓝失谐的激光束上所表现出的量子力学隧穿效应.蓝失谐的激光束相对于冷原子而言等效于一个量子力学势垒.根据二能级模型，在理论上分析了具有内部结构的原子矢量物质波穿过激光束的量子力学反射与透射，特别是对原子穿越激光束所需的时间——量子隧穿时间进行了详细的研究.量子力学波动性使得冷原子穿越一个激光束时明显地展现出与经典粒子(热原子)不同的结果. 关键词： 冷原子 原子光学 量子隧穿     

电子双势垒量子隧穿的散射矩阵方法及其数值模拟

采用散射矩阵的方法研究了电子在由两个方势垒组成的双势垒结构中的隧穿特性.将电子在双势垒中的隧穿过程分为相干输运和非相干输运两部分来研究,相干输运导致了隧穿透射系数随中间层厚度变化产生量子振荡,而非相干输运导致了振荡振幅的衰减.双势垒总的透射系数与势垒高度、入射和出射波矢的匹配性有关,数值计算的结果证实了相关结论.     

成型压力对CrO2低温输运性质的影响

本文研究了压力对CrO₂样品低温磁输运性质的影响.样品的X射线衍射结果表明(110)峰的相对强度随压力的增加而增大，说明压力对CrO₂针状纳米颗粒有取向的作用.低温时CrO₂样品的电阻和磁阻均随压力的增加而减少.实验结果表明，低温下样品的电导呈现出典型的晶粒间隧穿特征，其Δ值随着压力和磁场的增加而减小，并且Δ随磁场的变化幅度与成型压力有关，成型压力越高，Δ随磁场的变化越小.这些变化可以归因为压力对晶粒间隧穿势垒的调制. 关键词： 磁阻 压力 隧穿 势垒厚度     

超薄栅氧化层n-MOSFET软击穿后的导电机制

研究了恒压应力下超薄栅氧化层n型金属-氧化物-半导体场效应晶体管（n-MOSFET）软击穿 后的导电机制.发现在一定的栅电压V_g范围内，软击穿后的栅电流I_g符合Fowl er-Nordheim隧穿公式，但室温下隧穿势垒_b的平均值仅为0936eV，远小于S i/Si O₂界面的势垒高度315eV.研究表明，软击穿后，处于Si/SiO₂界 面量子化能级上的 电子不隧穿到氧化层的导带，而是隧穿到氧化层内的缺陷带上._b与缺陷带能 级和电 子所处的量子能级相关；高温下，激发态电子对隧穿电流贡献的增大导致_b逐 渐降低. 关键词： 软击穿 栅电流 类Fowler-Nordheim隧穿 超薄栅氧化层     

相对论性粒子穿越势垒的渡越时间

粒子穿过势垒所需多少时间?这个问题一直以来倍受关注.人们提出了几种隧穿时间的定义,对这个问题进行了大量的理论和实验研究,但仍存在争议和分歧.近年来,Büttiker等人为寻找符合因果律的速度概念,分别研究了在非相对论和相对论色散介质中消逝波的传播问题.最近,李春芳等人从能流的角度定义了一个新的隧穿时间.这个隧穿时间无论在非相对论量子力学中还是在相应的光学类比中都不存在超光速问题.在本文中,我们把这个隧穿时间从非相对论量子力学推广到相对论量子力学.由于存在Klein隧穿,粒子可以以行波的方式穿过高势垒.所以,我们分别在消逝波和行波两不同情况下,利用Dirac方程计算了这个隧穿时间以及不同的极限,证明它同样不具有超光速性.通过比较不同极限下的群时延和居留时间,证明了在特定的条件下它们是具有超光速性的.     

高场下界面势垒对双层有机器件复合发光的影响

以高场作用下载流子对三角势垒的Fowler-Nordheim隧穿理论为基础,建立了双层有机电致发光器件中载流子的输运和复合发光模型.计算并讨论了所加电压与界面势垒对器件的复合电流及其复合效率的影响.该理论模型很好地解释了实验现象,并进一步证实了电场对复合区域的调制作用. 关键词： 有机电致发光 双层器件 界面势垒     

一种纳米硅薄膜的传导机制

基于对实验和理论的分析，提出一种异质结量子点隧穿（HQD）模型，并导出了纳米硅薄膜电导率完整的表达式．其主要思想是，纳米硅薄膜中的微晶粒（几个纳米大小）具有量子点特征，在微晶粒与界面之间由于两者能隙的差异构成晶间势垒，这类似于多晶硅中经常使用的晶间势垒模型（GBT）．考虑到量子点中的单电子隧穿特征，认为纳米硅薄膜中的电传导是由微晶粒中电子弹道式输运与单电子越过势垒的隧穿构成的．这就是HQD模型的主要内容，理论结果与实验相符 关键词：     

Crossing electric and magnetic field dependence of non-metallic conduction in a two-dimensional random system

We present a calculation of the non-metallic conductivity σ′ under crossing electric and magnetic fields of finite strengths. It is expressed by a universal function of three parameters ηθτ/τ(T), εθE/E₀ and hθH/H₀, where E₀=ρ6n?evFτ², H₀=cn?ev_F²τ², and τ and τ_ε (T) are relaxation times. The logarithmic dependence of σ' on ε or h is weakened slightly in the crossing field geometry.     

Auditory detection of paired pulses by a dolphin in the presence of a pulse jam

From behavioral studies of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), the audibility thresholds were measured for a single pair of equal-amplitude pulses, i.e., clicks, presented to the dolphin in combination with a pulse jam. The pulse jam consisted of pairs of identical pulses with a pulse spacing τ_j within the pairs and a pair repetition rate f _j. Series of pulses were interrupted by a pause R>1/f _j, within which the pulse jam was absent while a pair of test pulses was supplied to one of the two channels at random. Each series had a duration T, and the total stimulation cycle was J=T+R. The dependence of the test pair detection threshold on the pulse spacing τ_j was studied at different fixed values of the pulse spacing in the test pair: τ_t=50, 100, 200, and 500 µs. Preliminary measurements performed with τ_j=τ_t=100 µs were used to adjust the parameters of the pulse jam. The threshold shift at τ_j=τ_t=100 µs reached 35 dB above the audibility threshold of the test pair in the absence of the pulse jam. On both sides of the point τ_j=τ_t=100 µs the thresholds decreased with varying τ_j to approximately 20 dB above the detection threshold of the test pair in the absence of the jam. However, in the course of training, the threshold curves gradually shifted downwards approaching the detection level of the test pair in the absence of the jam and becoming progressively flatter (the selectivity with respect to the pulse jam vanished). A decrease in the pause duration R restored the dependence of the test pair detection threshold on τ_j. In this case, a statistically significant maximum was obtained at τ_j=τ_t for τ_j within the critical interval (for τ_t<500 µs). Beyond the critical interval (for τ_t>500 µs), even with the smallest pause duration (R=15 ms), no dependence of the test pair detection thresholds on τ_j could be observed.     

Conductivity of Wigner liquid

The conductivity of two-dimensional electron systems with low carrier concentration is considered on the basis of the previously suggested model (Fermi liquid with a soft mode) under the assumption that the equilibrium in each of the (fermion and boson) subsystems is established faster than the impurity relaxation and the relaxation between the subsystems (hydrodynamic approximation). The conductivity of the system depends on three characteristic times: τ₁(τ₂) is determined by the fermion (boson) impurity scattering and τ₁₂ is determined by the friction between the subsystems; the respective temperature dependences are obtained. The conductivity is related to the relaxation time τ in the usual way, and τ obeys the relationship τ^?1=τ ₁ ^?1 +(τ₂+τ₁₂)^?1. It follows from the results obtained that the resistivity of pure samples should increase with temperature and tend towards saturation.     

Molecular dynamics of liquids modelled by ‘2-Lennard-Jones centres’ pair potentials

The molecular dynamics study based on two-Lennard-Jones (12-6) centres pair potentials, with reduced bond lengths in the range 0·5 ?l/σ?0[sbreve]d8, and with ε, σ-parameters simulating liquid F₂, Cl₂, Br₂ and CO₂ (14) is extended to time correlation functions. The calculated properties include: translational velocity and force self correlation functions; orientational self-correlation functions <P _1,2(Î . Î(t))>, a cross correlation function for P ₂, angular momentum (J), and torque self-correlation functions. Diffusion constants (D) and rotational relaxation times (τ₁, τ₂, τ _J ) have been evaluated and where possible compared with experimental data (D and τ _J for F₂, τ₂ for Cl₂). Calculations with 108 or 256 molecules are reported for several densities and temperatures for four model liquids. The nature of the one-particle motion is analysed qualitatively in terms of quasi-oscillations and -librations. It is difficult to fit the observed features into the framework of physical models proposed in the literature. The parametrization in terms of memory functions will be reported in a subsequent paper.     

Proton spin-lattice relaxation in liquid water and liquid ammonia

The proton spin-lattice relaxation time has been measured at 20·8 Mc/s for a series of solutions of water in heavy water and solutions of ammonia in heavy ammonia for the temperature range from the melting point to the liquid-vapour critical temperature. Measurements have also been made for water over limited temperature ranges at several fixed densities.

The contributions to the spin-lattice relaxation time from direct dipolar and spin-rotation interactions have been separated. The spin-rotation interaction contribution appears to be the same for H₂O as for HDO and also as between NH₃, NH₂D and NHD₂ and this result is justified. The correlation times for molecular re-orientation, τ_d, and for molecular angular velocity, τ_sr, are derived from the results and in so doing some support for the Hubbard [12] relation betweent τ_sr and τ_d is adduced. It is found that at the critical temperature τ_sr?τ_d which contrasts with other liquids for which it is usually found that τ_sr??τ_d. The spin-rotation interaction constants in the water and ammonia molecules are found to be approximately 120 kc/s and 80 kc/s, respectively.

An attempt to separate the inter- and intra-molecular contributions to the dipolar spin-lattice relaxation time is possible in principle, in spite of the rapid proton exchange, but is frustrated by the fact that the equilibrium constants are little different from their statistical values. Nevertheless there is evidence that the two interactions vary in much the same way with temperature.

The correlation times deduced from the dipolar relaxation time show close relationship with dielectric, self diffusion and deuteron relaxation time data.

It is suggested that the re-orientation of both water and ammonia molecules may be by a small angle Brownian diffusion even near the critical temperature.     

Al65Cu20Co15合金中的新τ相

利用电子衍射在正常凝固Al₆₅Cu₂₀Co₁₅合金中观察到不属于Fibonacci序列的新的空位有序超结构相τ₂₃,τ₂₇和τ₃₅。衍射强度计算表明其堆垛方式分别为332323232,3323323323和3323323323323。 关键词：     

Relaxationsphänomene in Mössbauerspektren von Magnetisierten paramagnetischen Substanzen. I [(Fe x,Al1-x )NH4(SO4)2· 12H2O]

The Fe³⁺-spin in alums of type (Fe _x , A1_1-x )NH₄(SO₄)₂ · 12 H₂O interacts (i) with the crystal lattice viaLS-coupling, and (ii) with the spins of the adjacent Fe³⁺-ions via magnetic dipole-dipole interaction. These interactions lead to a time fluctuation of the spin direction, characterized by correlation times τ _c and τ′ _c of increasing order. The times may be deduced from the⁵⁷Fe-Mössbauer spectra of the alums, τ _c from the width, and τ′ _c ≈τ _c from the position of the hyperfine structure lines. The theoretical interpretation of the Mössbauer spectra is relatively simple, when (i) the spin-lattice interaction gets frozen in, and (ii) a strong applied magnetic fieldH _a decouples the spins of the Fe³⁺-ion and the⁵⁷Fe-nucleus. The spectra were taken, therefore, at 4.2 °K and 8 kOe≦H _a ≦ 54 kOe. According to the 1/r ³-dependence of the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction τ _c should be related tox, the Fe-concentration, τ _c ·x≈τ₀=const. Forx≧0.5 our experimental results are in agreement with this rule when τ₀=(1.5±0.5) · 10^?9 s. For an alum withx=0.26, however, the observed spectra cannot be explained in terms of temporal spin fluctuations, at least not in the framework of the models which are available now. Here, presumedly, the electron spins of adjacent Fe³⁺-ions are coupled to more or less isolated and, consequently, relatively stationary spin clusters of various sizes, leading to many time independent internal magnetic fields. A treatment of this proposal is in preparation.     

Dynamical study of triplet-triplet energy transfer in rigid solution

Triplet-triplet (T-T) energy transfer from acetophenone to naphthalene-d₈ has been studied in EPA rigid-glass solution at 77 K by masuring the decay of donor phosphorescence and the rise of acceptor T-T absorption over a wide range of time. The results were analyzed in terms of the theory proposed by Inokuti and Hirayama on the basis of a point molecular model. Two parameters, R_O and γ, were determined which are involved in their expression for the rate constant of T-T energy transfer, i.e. n(R) = (1/τ_D) exp[γ(1?R/R_O)], where R and τ_D denote the donor-acceptor distance and the lifetime of donor triplet in the absence of acceptor, respectively. It was found that, in contrast to the Inokuti-Hirayama theory in which γ is assumed to have a constant value, γ increases significantly as the time (t) after flash excitation of the donor becomes smaller: γ ≈ 25 for t/τ_D=10^-2?1, ≈ 35 for t/τ_D = 10^-3? 10^-2, and ≈ 45 for t/τ_D = 10^-4?10^-3. This finding suggests that the true rate constant increases with decreasing R value to a greater extent than the n(R) employed by Inokuti and Hirayama.     

Zur Definition von Relaxationszeit und Korrelationszeit in magnetischen Resonanzexperimenten

Kubo's general definition of relaxation and correlation times in magnetic spin systems, applicable to non-exponential processes, is evaluated for several non-exponential relaxation and correlation functions known from nmr experiments. The new definition eliminates the arbitrary factors usually encountered in the time constants of nonexponential irreversible processes. For the correlation time of the well-known “translational two-spin model”, three different values are used in the literature; our definition leads toτ _t =1/5 d²/D (d=distance of closest approach between the two spins,D=diffusion coefficient of the related molecules), which is an intermediate value to the conventional abbreviationsτ _t =1/5d ²/D andτ _t =1/6d ²/D.     

Dislocation dynamics in pulse-loaded NaCl crystals

The mean path l of freshly introduced dislocations in NaCl crystals under the effect of triangular loading pulses τ(t) is shown to depend only on the pulse amplitude τ_m and be insensitive to the rate of stress growth. The replacement of triangular pulses with trapezoidal ones with a constant-load plateau (τ=const) extension of up to 60 min only insignificantly changes the l(τ_m) dependence. The data obtained are interpreted on the basis of the concept of quasi-static relaxation in a nonequilibrium system of dislocations subject to a combined effect of time-dependent applied stresses τ(t), coordinate-dependent internal stresses τ_i(x), and “dry friction” τ_p due to the pinning of dislocations by point defects. In such a model, the l(τ_m) dependence should saturate at τ_m<2τ_p; this is in fact observed in the range of 0.2τ_m<τ_m<0.3τ_y (here, τ_y is the yield stress), which gives an estimate for the pinning stress τ_p≈0.1τ_y. Based on the model suggested, a series of experimentally confirmed predictions were obtained, e.g., a recipe of “switching-off” of anomalies. Thus, a preliminary treatment of the samples by a series of stress pulses or holding in a magnetic field, which transforms the system of fresh dislocations into a more equilibrium state, sharply decreases the density of mobile dislocations quasi-statically responding to a pulsed load. It is shown that the discussed anomalies of dislocation mobility should be observed only in sufficiently pure crystals, where , and should be absent in contaminated crystals, where τ_p ～ τ_y.