环境因子和变性剂作用下B-藻红蛋白的光谱与荧光特性

文章系统研究了B-藻红蛋白在环境因子和变性剂作用下的特征吸收光谱和荧光发射强度的变化规律,结果表明:B-藻红蛋白分别在pH 4.5~9.5、温度在25~60℃和日光灯照射下(光强2 800 lx)24 h以内相对稳定,其荧光发射强度和特征吸收光谱变化不大;分别在0.5%~3%SDS和0.25%~1%β-巯基乙醇作用下B-藻红蛋白的光谱特性发生了显著变化,荧光发射强度严重衰减,特征吸收峰消失;在10%~70%乙腈或2~8 mol.L-1脲作用下,荧光发射强度有所衰减,但特征吸收光谱峰形未变化,只是峰强度略有减小。简要分析了环境因子和变性剂引起B-藻红蛋白的构象变化的可能原因。     

异型双功能交联剂SPDP对C-藻蓝蛋白的光谱影响

一步阴离子交换层析法由钝顶螺旋藻中高效制备高纯度的C-藻蓝蛋白,纯化的C-藻蓝蛋白最大吸收峰位于620 nm,室温最大荧光发射峰位于640 nm。用异型双功能交联剂SPDP对C-藻蓝蛋白进行蛋白质交联,不同摩尔比的SPDP对C-藻蓝蛋白溶液的吸收光谱和室温荧光发射光谱有显著影响。随着SPDP/C-藻蓝蛋白摩尔比的增加,C-藻蓝蛋白的吸光度和相对荧光强度均不同程度降低,且室温荧光发射峰由640 nm蓝移至630 nm。光谱研究结果表明用SPDP对C-藻蓝蛋白进行蛋白质交联时SPDP/C-藻蓝蛋白的摩尔比应小于100,否则荧光强度和荧光特性将发生显著改变。     

Te(Ⅳ)胁迫下螺旋藻鲜活细胞与冻融细胞的谱学性质

研究了Te(Ⅳ)胁迫下螺旋藻鲜活细胞与冻融破壁后细胞的光谱性质,吸收光谱表明Te(Ⅳ)胁迫下藻细胞的特征吸收峰明显降低,对于冻融后的藻细胞,藻蓝蛋白的吸收峰成为主峰,且随着Te(Ⅳ)浓度的增大其强度显著降低,说明高浓度Te(Ⅳ)胁迫对藻蓝蛋白的损伤最为明显;荧光光谱显示,荧光峰的位置较对照组没有发生移动,但强度明显降低,表明在高浓度的Te(Ⅳ)胁迫下螺旋藻中主要的光合色素遭到明显的损伤;冻融细胞残渣的荧光未观察到发射峰.     

钝顶螺旋藻藻胆体低速离心制备过程的光谱表征

采用低速离心的简易方法制备钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)藻胆体,对每次离心所得藻胆体粗提液进行吸收光谱测定.光谱分析表明藻胆体粗提液经3～4次低速离心(13 000 rpm)后,紫外吸收峰位于263 nm,且在400～450 nm有叶绿素的特征吸收,表明藻胆体溶液纯度不高,含微量的Triton X-100及叶绿素.藻胆体溶液经高浓度钾盐沉淀后,其紫外吸收峰由263nm红移至277 nm,吸收光谱中也未出现叶绿素的特征吸收峰,说明藻胆蛋白溶液中已不含Triton X-100及叶绿素.所得藻胆体进一步经层析纯化,纯化的藻胆体的室温荧光发射峰为680 nm,表明已获得均一性高的完整的藻胆体.     

脱水螺旋藻细胞复水后在不同光强下的谱学性质

将冷冻干燥处理后的极大螺旋藻干粉(脱水细胞)悬浮于NaCl等渗盐水中并添加葡萄糖和尿素,分别置于暗室、自然光照环境和培养箱中,在2,14,26 h后分别测定其吸收光谱、荧光发射和激发光谱的变化。结果表明：在相同时间下,藻细胞复水后的光谱特征峰随光强的不同呈现有规律的下降,暗室下的复水藻细胞特征峰强度最高,而放置在光照培养箱的则最低。说明在水分胁迫和光抑制的双重作用下,经过冷冻脱水的藻细胞复水后无法恢复其正常的光合作用。     

新的植物毒素蒜头果蛋白的荧光光谱研究

蒜头果蛋白(Malanin)是从我国稀有植物蒜头果中分离纯化出的一种具有高细胞毒性的蛋白质。用荧光光谱法研究在温度、酸度、有机溶剂、表面活性剂、变性剂及荧光猝灭剂等不同条件对蒜头果蛋白溶液构象的变化。实验表明,Malanin在天然状态下荧光发射峰位于340 nm处,色氨酸(Trp)残基较大程度位于Malanin分子的疏水区。十二烷基硫酸钠、异硫氰酸胍、丙烯酰胺和碘化钾的加入均可使Malanin的分子构象发生变化,导致分子内Trp残基的荧光猝灭。异硫氰酸胍的加入使Trp残基的荧光发射峰位明显红移,表明位于Malanin分子较疏水环境内的Trp残基相对外露。     

大型丝状绿藻生长过程中有色溶解有机质光谱特征的变化

通过室外模拟实验研究崇明岛北湖滩涂大型丝状绿藻常见种-刚毛藻在生长过程中有色溶解有机质(CDOM)的光谱特征变化。利用三维荧光光谱(EEMS)检出的类蛋白和类腐殖酸荧光峰在对照实验中变化不大,而在培养实验中明显增加。采用平行因子模型(PARAFAC)结合三维荧光激发-发射矩阵数据分析得到的CDOM的4个组分: C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄,分别与类腐殖酸荧光峰A(C),M和类蛋白荧光峰B和T有关。培养实验中,4组分分别增加了211.5%,255.8%,75.3%和129.3%;对照实验中除C₁降低34.3%外,其他组分无明显变化。吸收系数a(355)在培养实验中增加了92.9%,并且与4组分显著正相关(P<0.01);对照实验中a(355)降低了59.8%,仅与C₁显著相关(P<0.05)。此外对表征分子量和组成的M值和S值进行比较发现,培养实验中M值和S值均低于对照实验。这说明在刚毛藻生长过程中可能有大分子和较强芳香性的CDOM产生。所有结果表明,刚毛藻的生长过程能够引起CDOM含量和组成结构的变化。     

荧光材料[Cu2（μ-Ⅰ2）（phen）2]·CH3CN的合成、表征及光谱研究

采用溶剂热法合成出一例具有双核结构的铜(Ⅰ)配合物[Cu2(μ-Ⅰ)2(phen)2].CH3CN(1)(phen=1,10-邻菲咯啉)。采用元素分析、IR和单晶X-射线衍射表征其结构,同时分别测试了配合物1在DMSO溶液中和固态时的荧光光谱及荧光寿命。在室温条件下,配合物1的DMSO溶液在369和380nm有最大发射峰,在460nm处有一个肩峰,呈现蓝紫色荧光;在室温固体状态下,配合物1在650～678nm处有一宽谱带的强发射峰,呈现强的红色荧光,这均是基于配体中心激发单重态到基态单重态(π*→π)的跃迁发射。配合物1荧光衰减过程包含双组分,在DMSO溶液中的荧光寿命τ1和τ2分别为1.36和5.98μs,对应的衰减因子分别为50.21%和49.79%;固态时的荧光寿命τ1和τ2分别是1.42和8.85μs,对应的衰减因子分别为51.15%和48.85%。     

有机染料TMQ掺杂的SiO2薄膜的光谱特性

采用溶胶 -凝胶法合成了紫外波段有机染料 TMQ掺杂的 Si O2 薄膜和块体材料。薄膜中掺杂的染料浓度高达 1.2 4× 10 -2 mol/ L,块体材料中染料浓度可掺至 1.5× 10 -3 mol/ L。由于Si O2 “笼”的束缚作用 ,在吸收光谱中未观察到二聚体的特征谱带 ,在荧光光谱中未观察到荧光猝灭现象 ;同时由于 Si O2 “笼”的极化作用 ,其吸收峰和发射峰的位置相对于其在环己烷溶液中的吸收峰和发射峰位置发生了 10 nm左右的红移。     

柱层析法纯化藻胆蛋白的紫外-可见光谱特征研究与机理分析

紫外-可见吸收光谱法不仅可以应用于分析藻胆蛋白种类以及纯度,还可以用于分析并指导其提取纯化过程。以巢湖新鲜蓝藻为实验原料,以CellufineA-500与羟基磷灰石为填料,运用柱层析法精致纯化藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白;根据两种填料对应的洗脱峰在洗脱曲线上的特点,充分利用藻红蛋白、藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白与核酸、类胡萝卜素、一般蛋白质的紫外-可见光谱特性的差别,研判洗脱峰组分与含量的动态变化。通过紫外-可见吸收光谱法分段研究两种填料柱层析法精致纯化藻胆蛋白洗脱峰的光谱学特征及其变化规律,能够定性定量地判断出各洗脱峰的组分和含量变化;结合两种填料的特性,能够分析出藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白、藻红蛋白等的电荷特性与配位能力强弱,从而揭示两种柱层析填料分段洗脱的内在机理和本质。在CellufineA-500纯化藻胆蛋白过程中,随着洗脱液的更换,洗脱曲线上会出现4个洗脱峰,经扫描取样点的紫外-可见吸收光谱分析后发现:Ⅰ峰主要成分为带正电荷或电中性的杂蛋白与类胡萝卜素;Ⅱ峰主要成分为带少量负电荷的藻红蛋白、杂蛋白与核酸;Ⅲ峰主要成分为带有较多负电荷的高纯度藻蓝蛋白及少量别藻蓝蛋白,且由于藻蓝蛋白与别藻蓝蛋白未能完全分离,制约了藻蓝蛋白纯度的进一步提高;Ⅳ峰主要成分为带有大量负电荷的杂蛋白与低纯度藻蓝蛋白。在羟基磷灰石纯化藻胆蛋白过程中,随着洗脱液的更换,洗脱曲线上出现3个洗脱峰,经扫描取样点的紫外-可见吸收光谱后发现:Ⅰ峰主要表征为阳离子或碱性蛋白质的杂蛋白、核酸与类胡萝卜素成分等;Ⅱ峰主要表征为与钙离子结合生成较弱配位键的高纯度藻蓝蛋白成分,且由于藻蓝蛋白与别藻蓝蛋白能完全分离,有利于藻蓝蛋白纯度的进一步提升;Ⅲ峰主要表征为与钙离子结合生成较强配位键的高纯度别藻蓝蛋白成分。     

Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Electronic States and Spectra of TeH and TeLi

Gas-phase emission spectra of the hitherto unknown free radical TeLi have been measured in the NIR range with a Fourier-transform spectrometer. The emissions were observed from a fast flow system in which tellurium vapor in argon carrier gas was passed through a microwave discharge and mixed with lithium vapor in an observation tube. Two systems of blue-degraded bands were measured at high spectral resolution in the ranges 8000-9000 and 5700-6700 cm(-1) and vibrational and rotational analyses were performed. In order to aid in the analysis of the experimental data, a series of relativistic configuration interaction calculations has been carried out to obtain potential curves for the low-lying states of TeLi and the isovalent TeH and also electric dipole transition moments connecting them. As in the TeH system, the ground state of TeLi is found to be X(2)Pi(i), but with a remarkably smaller spin-orbit splitting. The TeLi calculations indicate a strongly bound A(2)Sigma(+) state, while in TeH the analogous state is computed to lie significantly higher at approximately 32 000 cm(-1), and it is strongly predissociated. Based on the theoretical analysis, the observed TeLi band systems are assigned to the transitions A(2)Sigma(+)(A1/2)-->X(1)(2)Pi(3/2)(X(1)3/2) and A(2)Sigma(+)(A1/2)-->X(2)(2)Pi(1/2)(X(2)1/2). Analysis of the spectra has yielded the molecular constants (in cm(-1)) X(1)(2)Pi(3/2):omega(e)=457.49(3), omega(e)x(e)=2.482(9), B(0)=0.408908(8); X(2)(2)Pi(1/2): T(e)=2353.44(3), omega(e)=456.28(4), omega(e)x(e)=2.635(8), B(0)=0.414954(8), p(0)=1.00637(4); A(2)Sigma(+): T(e)=8574.64(2), omega(e)=437.81(3), omega(e)x(e)=2.581(8), B(0)=0.423903(8), p(0)=-0.19915(2), where the numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations of the parameters. Comparison of the isovalent TeLi and TeH systems emphasizes that the difference in bonding character (ionic in TeLi vs covalent in TeH) is responsible for qualitative differences in the electronic spectra of these two molecules. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

NOx formation and flame velocity profiles of iso- and n-isomers of butane and butanol

NO formation and flame propagation are studied in premixed flames of iso- and n-isomers of butane and butanol through experimental measurements and direct simulation of experimental profiles. The stabilized flame is realized through the impingement of a premixed combustible jet from a contraction nozzle against a temperature-controlled plate. The velocity field is obtained by means of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and nitric oxide concentration profiles are measured using Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), calibrated using known NO seeding levels. It is found that NO formation in n- and iso-isomers is comparable under the conditions considered, except for rich butanol mixtures, whereby NO formation is higher for iso-butanol. Generally, less NO is formed in butanol flames than in the butane flames. The experiment is simulated by a 1D chemically reacting stagnation flow model, using literature models of C1–C4 hydrocarbons [Wang et al., 2010] and butanol combustion chemistry [Sarathy et al., 2009, 2012]. NO prediction is tested using two of these mechanisms with a previously-published NO_x submechanism added into the butane and butanol models. While a good level of agreement is observed in the velocity field prediction under lean and stoichiometric conditions, discrepancies exist under rich conditions. Greater discrepancies are observed in NO prediction, except for the C1–C4 mechanism which shows good agreement with the experiment under lean and stoichiometric conditions. The current study provides data for further development of mechanisms with NO_x prediction capabilities for the fuels considered here.     

Quantum and surface properties of free films and nanoshells of molecular and atomic thicknesses

An original technology and the properties of new thin film nanoobjects, free films and shells of molecular and atomic thicknesses, are presented. Special attention is paid to shells of monoatomic or monomoleculer thickness with unique surface properties that have not been found in bulk materials.     

MCNP-FISPACT耦合燃耗计算程序开发与测试

反应堆堆芯的燃耗计算关系到堆芯的燃料管理,并直接影响堆芯的经济性评估,因此如何快速且准确地对堆芯进行燃耗计算一直是反应堆物理设计的研究重点之一。随着反应堆的发展,其几何结构和物理特性日渐复杂,现有的一维、二维耦合燃耗程序因其在几何处理上的限制,难以满足先进反应堆精细设计分析的要求。为对复杂反应堆堆芯的燃耗情况进行计算,结合粒子输运程序MCNP 处理复杂几何和燃耗程序FISPACT处理核素全面的特点,开发了接口程序耦合MCNP 和FISPACT来进行燃耗计算,并对耦合程序进行了计算验证。采用了IAEA 基准校核例题和CFETR中国聚变工程实验堆例题进行程序验证,经计算得出的有效倍增因子随燃耗的变化曲线和TBR等数据与标准例题的结果符合良好,其误差在可接受范围内。     

Some problems of analysis and optimization of plates and shells

The classical optimization problems of plates and shells to satisfy a priori given geometry and dynamical characteristics are considered. Orthotropic plates and shells with variable thickness and low transverse stiffness are analyzed. First, some useful theorems and their proofs are given. Then the finite approximation of the problem related to optimization of free vibrations of shells with transverse deformation and rotary inertia is discussed. The varational iteration (MVI) and Bubnov-Galerkin (MB) methods are applied, and their convergence and suitability for application to plates and shells analysis are discussed and numerically evaluated.     

Topological dislocation-type defects and mechanisms of plasticity and failure of nanostructured and amorphous materials

Possible mechanisms of plastic deformation and failure of nanostructured and cluster amorphous materials have been considered. It is shown that the most probable carriers of plastic deformation in these materials are macrodislocations—linear topological defects of the regular nanocrystallite packing in the nanostructure or cluster packing in amorphous materials. Continuum models are proposed to describe the processes of plastic deformation and failure of nanostructured and cluster amorphous materials. Original Russian Text ? L.S. Vasil’ev, S.F. Lomaeva, 2009, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, 2009, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 128–131.     

Geometry and Elasticity of Strips and Flowers

We solve several problems that involve imposing metrics on surfaces. The problem of a strip with a linear metric gradient is formulated in terms of a Lagrangian similar to those used for spin systems. We are able to show that the low energy state of long strips is a twisted helical state like a telephone cord. We then extend the techniques used in this solution to two–dimensional sheets with more general metrics. We find evolution equations and show that when they are not singular, a surface is determined by knowledge of its metric, and the shape of the surface along one line. Finally, we provide numerical evidence by minimizing a suitable energy functional that once these evolution equations become singular, either the surface is not differentiable, or else the metric deviates from the target metric.