Effects of electrode and filter element shapes on characteristics of charge injection type of electrostatic oil filter

This paper reports on an improvement of the filtration speed of charge injection type of electrostatic oil filter. Numerical simulations of the ion drag flow field and electric field are performed to compare the charge density distribution, ion drag flow pattern, and electric field strength distribution for different electrode and filter element shapes. Filtration experiments are conducted and the experimental results are discussed in relation to the simulation results. It is shown that the numerical simulations used in this study can contribute in predicting a better structure for electrostatic oil filters.     

Flow characteristics of a single stage EHD gas pump in circular tube

Characteristics of flow induced by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) gas pumps in circular pipe have been experimentally evaluated. Two tube diameters (61.8 mm and 127.8 mm) and two electrode gap distances (25 mm and 50 mm) have been considered. The gas pumps use eight evenly spaced emitting electrodes which are flush mounted on the tube wall. As such, flows induced by the pumps have a profile with a higher velocity near the wall and a lower velocity at the tube center. Experiments are conducted using positive corona discharge with voltage varying from 17.5 kV to 30 kV. The results show that the volume flow rate increases with the applied voltage but approaches an asymptotic value before sparkover takes place. From the present results, several important implications for the practical engineering applications are presented.     

Numerical study of the hydrodynamic drag force in atomic force microscopy measurements undertaken in fluids

When atomic force microscopy (AFM) is employed for in vivo study of immersed biological samples, the fluid medium presents additional complexities, not least of which is the hydrodynamic drag force due to viscous friction of the cantilever with the liquid. This force should be considered when interpreting experimental results and any calculated material properties. In this paper, a numerical model is presented to study the influence of the drag force on experimental data obtained from AFM measurements using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The model provides quantification of the drag force in AFM measurements of soft specimens in fluids.The numerical predictions were compared with experimental data obtained using AFM with a V-shaped cantilever fitted with a pyramidal tip. Tip velocities ranging from 1.05 to 105 μm/s were employed in water, polyethylene glycol and glycerol with the platform approaching from a distance of 6000 nm. The model was also compared with an existing analytical model. Good agreement was observed between numerical results, experiments and analytical predictions. Accurate predictions were obtained without the need for extrapolation of experimental data. In addition, the model can be employed over the range of tip geometries and velocities typically utilized in AFM measurements.     

等离子体离子源发射面的理论计算与数值模拟

 等离子体离子源发射面的位置和形状决定了离子束的传输特性,而发射面的位置与形状又取决于等离子体参数、引出电压、电极结构等,并自动地调节到某个平衡状态。介绍了一种2维情况下等离子体离子源发射面的位置与形状的理论计算方法,即非磁化等离子体不能扩散进入外加电场中大于一定临界值的区域,等离子体离子源发射面的位置及形状可以通过直接求解引出系统的Laplace方程而得到。利用基于PIC的OOPIC程序对不同引出结构的发射面位置及形状和引出束流进行了数值模拟,结果与理论计算的结果十分接近。     

Numerical study on transient response of droplet deformation in a steady electric field

The transient response of droplet deformation in a steady electric field is investigated by the numerical simulation and the motion of interface is captured by level-set method. The numerical scheme is validated and found to be in good agreement with classic analytical solutions. The effects of electric field intensity, interfacial tension, oil viscosity and droplet size on the transient deformation process are systematically discussed. The numerical results show that electric field intensity can accelerate the deformation of the droplet, while interfacial tension and oil viscosity damp it. Furthermore, the relation between electric capillary number and dimensionless deformation time is obtained.     

Flashback and perspectives for the production of intense ion beams with ECR ion sources

There is a clear evidence that the combination of ability to produce intense beams of highly charged heavy ions and of reliability, stability and low emittance can be guaranteed only by an adequate design of electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRIS). Following the roadmap defined by Geller's scaling laws (1987) and the high B-mode concept (1990), the evolution of ECRIS has been steady and it amounted to about one order of magnitude per decade, as for high charge state currents. A further increase is possible according to the standard model of ECR sources unless technological problems may limit it in the future. Some sources are in the commissioning or construction phase to get the milliampere level for highly charged heavy ions, and some limitations have been already found but the possibility to get a further step forward remains unchanged. This paper presents the flashbacks of previous relevant experiences, along with the perspectives for higher current production in the years after 2010.     

Numerical investigation of EHD effects on heat transfer enhancement and flow pattern of R-134a two phase flow

In this paper the effects of electrohydrodynamics (EHD) on heat transfer enhancement and flow pattern of R134a two-phase mixture, flowing in a horizontal tube, were numerically investigated. A uniform DC electric field was applied through a circular stainless steel rod along the centerline of tube, while the tube was considered as a grounded electrode. The simulations, in order to investigate the EHD mechanism, were performed for a constant heat flux 2000 W/m², voltages between 0 and 5 kV, inlet volume fractions 65% and 85%, mass fluxes from 30 kg/m²s to 50 kg/m²s and electrode diameters between 1.57 mm and 2.4 mm. These flow conditions correspond to stratified flow. The flow regime redistributions under the applied electric field was obtained. The results show that the steady state condition was occurred at the time about 900 ms. According to the results, enhancement ratio is directly proportional to voltage, and it is reversely proportional to electrode diameter, mass flux and inlet volume fraction.     

Numerical investigation of relationship between water contact angle and drag reduction ratio of superhydrophobic surfaces

This paper proposes a novel bubble model to analyze drag reduction. The relationship between the slip length and air bubble height is discussed. The numerical relationship between the surface contact angle and slip length is obtained using the solid-liquid contact ratio in the Cassie equation. The surface drag reduction ratio increases by 40% at low velocities when the solid liquid contact ratio decreases from 90% to 10%. An experimental setup to study liquid/solid friction drag is reported. The drag reduction ratio for the superhydrophobic surface tested experimentally is 30%–35% at low velocities. These results are similar to the simulation results obtained at low velocities.     

高重复频率激光能量沉积减小超声速波阻的数值研究

采用数值模拟的方法研究了激光重复频率、点火位置及来流马赫数等参数对激光能量沉积减小超声速钝头体波阻的影响。数值模拟结果表明,由于激光能量的沉积产生的低密度区与弓形激波相互作用,在钝头体前形成了类似虚拟尖锥的回流区,使原弓形激波逐渐向阻力较小的斜激波转变。阻力随着频率的增加而减小,当频率增加到200 kHz时,阻力减小到约为原来的17%,能量效率的最大值出现在频率为50 kHz处。说明控制参数的选择对减阻性能起着关键的作用。     

高重复频率激光能量沉积减小超声速波阻的数值研究

 采用数值模拟的方法研究了激光重复频率、点火位置及来流马赫数等参数对激光能量沉积减小超声速钝头体波阻的影响。数值模拟结果表明,由于激光能量的沉积产生的低密度区与弓形激波相互作用,在钝头体前形成了类似虚拟尖锥的回流区,使原弓形激波逐渐向阻力较小的斜激波转变。阻力随着频率的增加而减小,当频率增加到200 kHz时,阻力减小到约为原来的17%,能量效率的最大值出现在频率为50 kHz处。说明控制参数的选择对减阻性能起着关键的作用。     

结霜工况下R410A热泵空调器动态特性的数值模拟

将选用R410A工质的热泵室外换热器表面的结霜视为准稳态过程,建立了热泵系统的分布参数模型,用有限差分法对其在结霜工况下的动态特性进行了数值计算。换热器采用分相流模型,并考虑了室外换热器表面结霜引起风量下降及换热器管排布置的影响,毛细管模型中考虑了闪点延迟和壅塞流现象。计算结果表明,在霜开始形成阶段,室外换热器表面结霜有助于改善空气源热泵性能,而在结霜循环的后期,霜层厚度快速增长,热泵的制热量、性能系数等迅速下降。     

Numerical study of the heat transfer and electro-thermo-convective flow patterns in dielectric liquid layer subjected to unipolar injection

In this article we study the electro-thermal convection in a dielectric liquid layer placed between two electrodes and subjected to the simultaneous action of an electric field and a thermal gradient. The full set of equations describing the electro-thermo-convective phenomena is directly solved using a finite volume method. We first heat the liquid from below at time t = 0, wait for the thermal steady state and then inject the electric charges by applying the electric potential. The development of the electro-convective motion is analysed in detail in two cases: 1) strong injection from the lower electrode, 2) strong injection from the upper one. We also study the heat transfer enhancement due to electro-convection. The evolution in time of the Nusselt number Nu for different combinations of the two usual non-dimensional parameters associated to the electro-thermo-convection phenomena (Rayleigh number Ra and the electrical parameter T) is also given and analysed.     

仿生射流孔形状减阻性能数值模拟及实验研究

针对横流中的侧向射流能够减小仿生射流表面摩擦阻力问题, 建立仿生射流表面模型, 利用SST k-ω湍模型对不同射流孔形状的仿生射流表面模型进行数值模拟, 并对数值模拟结果进行了实验验证. 结果表明: 当射流孔的流向长度和展向长度不变时, 3号模型的折线形射流孔减阻效果最好; 将折线形射流孔简化为圆弧形, 当r=3–5 mm时, 减阻率随着射流速度的增大而增大, 当r=4 mm时减阻效果最好, 最大减阻率为9.51%. 减阻原因: 通过射流孔向横向主流场中注入射流流体, 改变了射流表面附近边界层的流场结构, 使得边界层黏性底层厚度增加, 垂直于射流表面的法向速度梯度减小, 从而减小了壁面剪应力; 低速的射流流体被封锁在边界层内, 降低了高速流体对壁面的扫掠, 达到了减阻目的.     

离子检测仪器中离子运动轨迹模拟研究

结合Simon 7.0程序编程,将最新而又最经典的离子与分子碰撞模型即Monte Carlo算法应用于离子运动轨迹模拟.本文以离子检测分析技术中的代表质子转移反应质谱(PTR-MS)检测技术为例,结合PTR-MS实验条件,实现了在1.0 Torr和298.15 K条件下对处于均匀电场漂移管中反应离子H3O+的运动轨迹模拟.根据离子运动轨迹模拟和统计分析,为离子检测分析技术性能优化进而提高离子的透过率提供理论支撑和参考,该理论模拟方法在提高离子检测分析技术及其同类检测仪器灵敏度方面显示出一定的应用优势和潜力.     

中间补气的双级压缩热泵系统性能的实验研究

以滚动活塞压缩机为例,搭建了带中间补气的单机双级压缩热泵系统,对中间补气参数对系统制热性能的影响进行实验研究。实验结果表明:中间补气与不补气相比,制热量增加5～8%,制热COP提高3～7%。能降低排气温度8～14℃,压缩机效率提高5～12%,高压级容积效率提高4～9%。为今后压缩机设计和热泵系统运行提供了实验数据和经验参考。     

Physical field simulation of the ultrasonic radiation method: An investigation of the vessel,probe position and power

In this paper, the effects of ultrasonic probe position, vessel shape, and ultrasonic input power on the sound pressure distribution in the reactor were investigated by solving the Helmholtz equation using COMSOL Multiphysis^@ software. Three different types of glass containers were used in the study, which are beaker, Erlenmeyer flask, and round bottom flask. The maximum value of sound pressure in the three containers will gradually increase when the distance between the probe and the bottom of the container decreases. When the distance decreases, the area of the high acoustic pressure region in the round bottom flask does not change significantly, while the area of the high acoustic pressure region in the beaker and Erlenmeyer flask increases sharply, which means that the use of the round bottom flask can reduce the influence of the dead zone on the preparation of nanomaterials. In addition, the change in power increases the value of the peak negative acoustic pressure in the vessel, enhancing the response efficiency of ultrasonic cavitation.     

通断微通道流动特性的数值模拟研究

微通道换热器以其良好换热能力已被广泛地应用于当前的实验研究中,通过数值模拟的方法对通断微通道内的流动特性进行了研究。重点分析了通道结构对微通道内速度分布、压力分布的影响。结果显示,通断通道的整体压降比连续通道增加了17%,当微通道内的雷诺数>1 500时,微通道内单相流动达到了旺盛湍流,宽高比对压降的影响消失。通断通道结构下的流动转捩雷诺数600～800之间,比常规尺度下的转捩雷诺数低得多(2 300左右)。通过通道数对流动性能的研究发现,增加通道数,有利于降低整体压降并增加流动稳定性。     

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采用两相流的流动换热理论,建立二维几何模型,运用FLUENT对稳定入口流速下注入气体的铅铋流动段作了模拟。模拟研究注入气体的体积份额或速度改变对压力和铅铋与注入气体之间换热与影响,得到了不同条件下的温度与压力分布。分析结果发现,体积份额减小,铅铋流体的径向温度分布更加均匀,中心温度更低;随着体积份额的减小,铅铋的总压呈现出一种下降的趋势。注入气体速度不同对铅铋整体的换热影响不大;中心处的动压有较大增加,总压改变甚微。     

螺旋管内超临界氮的对流换热研究

在内径为2mm曲率为0.057的螺旋管内进行了超临界氮的对流换热实验,研究探讨了螺旋管入口温度、壁面热流密度对沿程壁面温度分布以及平均换热系数的影响,与前人关于螺旋管内常规流体流动换热的平均Nu的经验关系式进行了比较。并基于FLUENT软件进行了数值计算,并与实验结果进行了比较。分析表明,数值计算对壁面温度的预测有一定的适用性。     

离子检测仪器中新型直流—射频聚焦电场电极结构性能研究

基于直流—射频电极结构对离子的径向和轴向聚焦理论,以离子检测仪器中质子转移反应质谱检测技术为例,对该新型电极结构展开理论和实验研究,相比于静电场电极结构,直流—射频聚焦电场电极结构的性能更好,丙酮产物离子强度提高了近10倍,初步的实验结果表明该结构对于提高离子相对透过率具有较大潜力,同时,该新型直流—射频聚焦电场电极结构对于提高其他类型的离子检测仪器性能将具有一定的应用潜力和参考价值.