带状电子束的空间电荷场

利用理论分析和数值计算的方法研究了矩形波导内均匀电流密度的带状电子束模型的空间电荷场,给出了该带状电子束模型的空间电荷场的解析表达式,并研究了空间电荷场随带状电子束的几何参数和物理参数的变化规律。研究表明：在不改变电流密度的前提下,更宽的电子束可以传输更强的束流,而空间电荷场并不随束宽度的增大而增大,但是增加电子束厚度会使空间电荷场显著增强,从而不利于高流强电子束的传输;对于相同电流的带状电子束,保持电子束厚度不变,增大电子束宽度,相应地降低电流密度是降低空间电荷场的一个很好的途径,而保持电子束的宽度不变,增大束厚度,相应地降低电流密度只会使沿着电子束截面宽度方向的电场减小,而沿着电子束截面厚度方向的电场基本不变;对于相同电流和电流密度的带状电子束,更宽、更薄的电子束横截面尺寸能使沿着电子束截面宽度方向的电场降到更低,而沿着电子束截面厚度方向的电场只是略有减小。     

带状电子束的空间电荷场

 利用理论分析和数值计算的方法研究了矩形波导内均匀电流密度的带状电子束模型的空间电荷场,给出了该带状电子束模型的空间电荷场的解析表达式,并研究了空间电荷场随带状电子束的几何参数和物理参数的变化规律。研究表明：在不改变电流密度的前提下,更宽的电子束可以传输更强的束流,而空间电荷场并不随束宽度的增大而增大,但是增加电子束厚度会使空间电荷场显著增强,从而不利于高流强电子束的传输;对于相同电流的带状电子束,保持电子束厚度不变,增大电子束宽度,相应地降低电流密度是降低空间电荷场的一个很好的途径,而保持电子束的宽度不变,增大束厚度,相应地降低电流密度只会使沿着电子束截面宽度方向的电场减小,而沿着电子束截面厚度方向的电场基本不变;对于相同电流和电流密度的带状电子束,更宽、更薄的电子束横截面尺寸能使沿着电子束截面宽度方向的电场降到更低,而沿着电子束截面厚度方向的电场只是略有减小。     

层流平衡相对论电子束束流特性的数值计算

通过对层流平衡相对论电子的运动微分方程组进行数值求解,得到正则角动量在pθ=0,pθ=const.和pθ∝r2三种情况下,束流的传输特性.针对pθ=0的相对论实心电子束,利用数值求解得到了与解析方法一致的结果,从而验证了数值方法的合理性;针对无法用解析方法求解的pθ=0环行电子束、pθ=const.和pθ∝r2的情况,利用数值方法得到了束流和空间极限电流关于波导、电子束结构和二极管电压等参数的变化规律及对轴向导引磁场的要求.计算结果表明:当相对论电子束以层流平衡态传输时,环行束较实心束具有更高的空间极限电流和更低的轴向导引磁场,且当阴极发射面与导引磁场的磁场线垂直时,维持电子束层流平衡所需的轴向导引磁场最低;电子束在有限磁场导引下以层流平衡态传输时,空间极限电流明显大于无限大磁场导引下一维近似的情况.利用数值方法对层流平衡相对论电子束进行理论研究,更全面地揭示了电子束在正则角动量满足不同条件时的束流特性,为设计新型结构的高功率微波器件提供理论参考.     

Field theory of a traveling wave tube amplifier with a tape helix

A self-consistent relativistic field theory for a helix traveling wave tube (TWT) is presented for a configuration in which a magnetized pencil beam propagates through a tape helix enclosed with a loss-free well. A linear analysis of the interaction is solved subject to the boundary conditions imposed by the beam, helix, and wall. The wave equation for the fields within the electron beam corresponds to the Appleton-Hartree magnetoionic wave modes that are of mixed electrostatic/electromagnetic polarization. Hence, the determinantal dispersion equation that is obtained implicitly includes beam space-charge effects without recourse to a heuristic model of the space-charge field. This dispersion equation includes azimuthal variations and all spatial harmonics of the tape helix. Solutions that correspond to both the extraordinary (X) and ordinary (O ) solutions for the Appleton-Hartree modes are found numerically     

Self-consistent field theory of a helix traveling wave tubeamplifier

A self-consistent relativistic field theory of a helix traveling wave tube (TWT) is presented for a configuration in which a thin annular beam propagates through a sheath helix enclosed within a loss-free wall. A linear analysis of the interaction is carried out, subject to the boundary conditions imposed by the beam, helix, and wall. A detrimental dispersion equation is obtained which implicitly includes beam space-charge effects without recourse to a heuristic model of the space-charge field. The equation is valid for arbitrary azimuthal mode number and is solved numerically for the azimuthally symmetric case. The coupled-wave Pierce theory is recovered in the near-resonant limit. Numerical comparisons between the complete dispersion equation and the Pierce model are described. A discrepancy is found between the Pierce and the field theory even for low currents in the nominally ballistic regime, owing to the dielectric effect of the beam on the helix modes     

Space-charge limiting currents for magnetically focused intense relativistic electron beams

The self-consistent differential equations, which describe a laminar-flow equilibrium state in a magnetically focused intense relativistic electron beam propagating inside a conducting waveguide, are presented. The canonical angular momentum, $p_{\theta }$, defined under the conditions at the source, uniquely determines the possible solutions of these equations. By numerically solving these equations, the space-charge limited current and the externally applied magnetic field are obtained in a solid beam and a hollow beam in two cases of $p_{\theta }=0$ (magnetically shielded source) and $p_{\theta }=$~const. (immersed source) separately. It is shown that the hollow beam is more beneficial to the propagation of the intense relativistic beam through a drift tube than the solid beam.     

强流束在二极磁场中传输的模拟计算

为了研究空间电荷力对束流在二极磁场中传输的影响,从理论上用矩阵法分析非强流脉冲束流与强流脉冲束流在二极磁场中的传输矩阵,编写了束流在二极磁场等元件中传输的计算程序。用Powell优化方法计算非强流束传输实现给定的光学条件,用迭代方法计算强流束传输获得自洽解。在不同束流流强条件下,运用该程序与其他程序进行了模拟计算,并对模拟结果进行了比较分析。模拟结果表明:束流流强越大,束流包络曲线横向发散越显著,空间电荷效应越强。     

Space-charge limiting current in spherical cathode diodes

The results of the investigation on the space-charge limiting current for a spherical-cathode diode in the nonrelativistic situation are presented in this paper,The results show that the current enhancement factor equals the square of E-field enhancement factor on the cathode surface,The generated space-charge limiting current is deduced.In the case of a pin-shaped-cathode diode,the space-charge limiting current is also obtained.Indicating that the current is independent of the geometric paramters of the diode.Analyses of the shielding effects and the conditions for generation of the uniform space-charge limiting beam show that ,for pin-arrayed cathodes,the distance between pins should be in the range from 1.2D to 1.5D.where D is the distance between the two electrodes.     

静电加速管中强流空间电荷效应的研究

对一种工业用大功率电子加速器(450kW)的加速管中的空间电荷效应作了5点假设,建立了物理模型。对模型的束内外径向电位分布、空间电荷对轴上电位的影响,以及空间电荷力对束流传输的影响等进行了理论分析,得到了束内径向电位分布。结果表明：束流内部径向电位沿径向均呈抛物线变化,并在轴上达到最小值;而空间电荷产生的束内电场与半径呈线性变化;空间电荷不仅会引起轴上电位的跌落,而且对束流有发散作用,特别是在电子速度较低时更为明显。在考虑了空间电荷效应后,强流静电加速管的电场设计关键在加速管的前端,与弱流加速管相比,强流加速管的电场变化要大得多。     

静电加速管中强流空间电荷效应的研究

 对一种工业用大功率电子加速器(450kW)的加速管中的空间电荷效应作了5点假设，建立了物理模型。对模型的束内外径向电位分布、空间电荷对轴上电位的影响，以及空间电荷力对束流传输的影响等进行了理论分析，得到了束内径向电位分布。结果表明：束流内部径向电位沿径向均呈抛物线变化，并在轴上达到最小值；而空间电荷产生的束内电场与半径呈线性变化；空间电荷不仅会引起轴上电位的跌落，而且对束流有发散作用，特别是在电子速度较低时更为明显。在考虑了空间电荷效应后，强流静电加速管的电场设计关键在加速管的前端，与弱流加速管相比，强流加速管的电场变化要大得多。     

电子束收集极对大间隙速调管输出腔效率的影响

 利用高频电磁软件对带电子束收集极的S波段大间隙输出腔进行了高频特性分析,采用3维PIC程序模拟了电子束收集极对大间隙速调管输出效率的影响。研究结果表明：收集极的存在会改变输出腔的本征谐振频率和电子束路径上的特性阻抗等高频特性,但收集极可以短路间隙附近的径向电场,减小电子束的空间电荷压力,同时对群聚电子进行再加速,从而提高大间隙速调管的输出效率;在束电压700 kV,直流电流6 kA时,优化后的带收集极的大间隙输出腔可稳定提取大于1.68 GW的微波功率,提取效率约40.1%,比无收集极时提高约5%。     

电子束收集极对大间隙速调管输出腔效率的影响

利用高频电磁软件对带电子束收集极的S波段大间隙输出腔进行了高频特性分析,采用3维PIC程序模拟了电子束收集极对大间隙速调管输出效率的影响。研究结果表明：收集极的存在会改变输出腔的本征谐振频率和电子束路径上的特性阻抗等高频特性,但收集极可以短路间隙附近的径向电场,减小电子束的空间电荷压力,同时对群聚电子进行再加速,从而提高大间隙速调管的输出效率;在束电压700 kV,直流电流6 kA时,优化后的带收集极的大间隙输出腔可稳定提取大于1.68 GW的微波功率,提取效率约40.1%,比无收集极时提高约5%。     

Steady-State Spatial Solitons in Low-Amplitude Regime in Biased Photorefractive-Photovoltaic Crystals

A theory of the space-charge field is improved in biased photorefractive-phorovoltaic crystals. Steady-state spatial solitons are obtained in the low-amplitude regime in biased photorefractive-photovoltaic crystals. When photovoltaic effect is neglected, these solitons are screening solitons, and their space-charge field is the space-charge field of screening solitons. When the external field is absent, these solitons are photovoltaic solitons for the closed or the open circuit and we also predict that gray solitons exist in photorefractive-photovoltaic crystals, and their space-charge field is the space-charge field of photovoltaic solitons.     

Self-Bending of the Light Beam Trajectory in Photorefractive Crystals in an External Alternating-Sign Electric Field

The self-action effects of a light beam propagating in a cubic photorefractive crystal in a square-wave electric field are studied. It is demonstrated that the dark conductivity of the crystal or its illumination by noncoherent radiation distorts the beam profile with the initial Gaussian intensity distribution. The results of investigations into the influence of the nonlinearity of the space-charge field formation on self-bending of the beam trajectory are presented. It is demonstrated that the evolution of modulation instability in the light field distribution over the beam cross section depends on the initial beam profile, its asymmetry, and the direction of bending caused by the inhomogeneity of induced refractive-index changes.     

准矩形截面强流相对论带状电子束的传输

提出利用准矩形截面带状电子束传输强电流.相对于目前广泛采用的椭圆形截面带状电子束,在大横纵比,即电子束的宽度(横向)远大于厚度(纵向)的情况下,其厚度沿横向更加均匀,利用冷阴极爆炸发射容易产生.该电子束利于高功率微波发生器中腔体模式的控制和束波作用效率的提高,如果利用模块化的结构还可使阴极及聚焦磁铁在宽度上的扩展更加容易.首先给出了准矩形截面带状电子束空间电荷场的典型分布,然后根据该分布和束匹配的方法对相互独立的周期会切磁铁和边聚焦磁铁分别进行了设计.其中边聚焦磁铁的磁化方向与以往的纵向不同,为横向磁化,其激励的边聚焦磁场在电子束宽边的边缘附近的梯度更大,有利于横向的束匹配.最后根据理论分析的结果进行了粒子模拟.结果表明,300keV,3kA的准矩形截面强流相对论带状电子束可以在0.163T的周期会切磁场和0.064T的横向磁化边聚焦磁场中稳定传输,电流传输效率大于98%.     

基于伽辽金级数的空间电荷场计算模型

利用局部伽辽金矩量法,建立了电子注空间电荷场的2.5维计算模型. 将空间电荷场在径向展开为各个模式的叠加,利用伽辽金级数表示,通过求解其系数方程组, 最终求得空间电荷场.利用本文的模型,计算分析了电子注空间电荷场的特性, 并研究了模型中仿真参量对空间电荷场计算结果的影响.本文的空间电荷场计算模型利用粒子模拟基本方法, 可以应用到速调管注波互作用计算模型中.     

A three-dimensional time-dependent theory for helix traveling wave tubes in beam-wave interaction

This paper presents a three-dimensional time-dependent nonlinear theory of helix traveling wave tubes for beamwave interaction.The radio frequency electromagnetic fields are represented as the superposition of azimuthally symmetric waves in a vacuum sheath helix.Coupling impedance is introduced to the electromagnetic field equations’ stimulating sources,which makes the theory easier and more flexible to realize.The space charge fields are calculated by electron beam space-charge waves expressed as the superposition solutions of Helmholtz equations.The focusing forces due to either a solenoidal field or a periodic permanent magnetic field is also included.The dynamical equations of electrons are Lorentz equations associating with electromagnetic fields,focusing fields and space-charge fields.The numerically simulated results of a tube are presented.     

Ku波段同轴渡越辐射振荡器的数值模拟

当传统高功率微波器件向高频段拓展时,器件尺寸的缩小将造成空间极限电流及功率容量的减小。基于此提出一种Ku波段同轴结构的渡越辐射振荡器。通过引入同轴结构,器件内部的空间极限电流及功率容量得到了有效提升。调制腔采用三谐振腔结构,与两腔结构相比,调制电子束的能力明显增强。采用高频场软件对调制腔和输出腔进行了冷腔分析。利用2.5维粒子模拟软件对Ku波段同轴渡越辐射振荡器进行了数值模拟,在导引磁场0.6 T、二极管电压392 kV、电流15.2 kA的条件下,在中心频率为14.184 GHz处获得1.2 GW的高功率微波输出,功率转换效率达20%。     

Ku波段同轴渡越辐射振荡器的数值模拟

当传统高功率微波器件向高频段拓展时,器件尺寸的缩小将造成空间极限电流及功率容量的减小。基于此提出一种Ku波段同轴结构的渡越辐射振荡器。通过引入同轴结构,器件内部的空间极限电流及功率容量得到了有效提升。调制腔采用三谐振腔结构,与两腔结构相比,调制电子束的能力明显增强。采用高频场软件对调制腔和输出腔进行了冷腔分析。利用2.5维粒子模拟软件对Ku波段同轴渡越辐射振荡器进行了数值模拟,在导引磁场0.6 T、二极管电压392 kV、电流15.2 kA的条件下,在中心频率为14.184 GHz处获得1.2 GW的高功率微波输出,功率转换效率达20%。     

The split-cavity oscillator: a high-power E-beam modulator andmicrowave source

A compact device, called a split-cavity oscillator, whose self-excited oscillating electromagnetic field converts a large-area steady electron beam into one that is highly density modulated, is described. It does this in a short beam travel length, easing both space-charge and pinching limitations. Thus, high currents are possible without requiring a magnetic guide field. Methods for converting the modulated output beam into high-power microwaves are discussed, as are ways to phase-lock several oscillators together. Analytic theory, numerical simulations, and experiments describing the device are presented