Improvement in performance of traveling wave electroabsorption modulator with asymmetric intra-step-barrier coupled double strained quantum wells the active region, segmented transmission-line and mushroom-type waveguide

In this paper, asymmetric intra-step-barrier coupled double strained quantum wells structure (AICD-SQW), segmented transmission-line and mushroom-type waveguide that improve the performance of traveling wave electroabsorption modulators (TWEAM) are presented. The AICD-SQW structure shows that electroabsorption modulator properties such as large change in absorption, high extinction ratio, large Stark shift, very low insertion loss, zero chirp, and higher figures of merit are possible to be achieved simultaneously as compared with intra-step quantum well (IQW). The segmented transmission-line method allows us to design a TWEAM with above 25 Ω impedance and very high bandwidth. Furthermore, increasing the width of p-cladding layer with the same active layer to reduce the resistance in p-i-n mushroom-type waveguide of TWEAM based on AICD-SQW improve the microwave propagation loss and thus the high-speed electro-optical response. For this purpose, the transmission-line microwave properties of TWEAM such as microwave index, microwave loss, and characteristic impedance are obtained for active and passive segments of transmission-line. Then equivalent circuit model elements are extracted. The modulation response of segmented transmission-line mushroom-type TWEAM is obtained by HSPICE simulation and compared to circuit model simulation results of conventional mushroom-type TWEAM counterpart. The analysis results indicate that the segmented transmission-line mushroom-type TWEAM can achieve much wider bandwidth than the conventional mushroom-type TWEAM counterpart, with a small penalty in electro-optic conversion gain due to AICD-SQW structure.     

Losses from corners in dielectric-rod or optical-fiber waveguides

The transmission factor of a corner in a dielectric-rod or optical-fiber waveguide is calculated applying the field matching method. The calculation is carried out with the exact field components of the HE₁₁-mode in order to include also the cases of a glass fiber with a large index difference or a microwave dielectric-rod transmission line. The general expressions are subsequently simplified for weakly guided waves in the microwave or optical region. Very simple approximate formulas are derived for corners of small angle. The insertion loss of corners has been measured in the microwave region and has been found to agree with theory for angles not exceeding 40°. The electromagnetic field near corners has been recorded to give an insight in the transmission and radiation properties of corners.     

Operation of low driving voltage cascaded modulator over non-cascaded modulator for 4 dB extinction ratio at 100 giga bit per second (Gbps)

This paper describes improved results when comparing cascaded traveling wave electro absorption modulator (TWEAM) to non-cascaded TWEAM by simulation. Large signal modeling is used for both types of modulators to achieve 4 and 10 dB extinction ratios (ERs) with flat frequency response for applications in short distance as well as long distance optical fiber communication. To obtain 4 and 10 dB ERs with 110 GHz 3 dB bandwidth, a cascaded TWEAM requires 0.4 V peak to peak (V_P-P) and 1 V_P-P input driving voltages respectively. A non-cascaded TWEAM requires about two times the input driving voltage compared to the cascaded modulator to achieve the same values of ER and 3 dB bandwidth. Both modulators have been simulated with the same bias and also use the same circuit parameters except for the total active segment lengths (1 and 0.5 mm for cascaded and non-cascaded modulator respectively) and microstrip lengths to obtain the same ERs and 3 dB bandwidths.     

Microwave and millimeter-wave losses in conventional optoelectronic devices

In this paper, microwave characteristics of conventional optoelectronic devices, with emphasis on devices with microstrip (MS) and coplanar waveguide (CPW) electrode structures, are obtained. This analysis is essential for any improvement in the structure of the conventional optoelectronic devices so as to obtain a high performance. Microwave loss is one of the important bandwidth limitation factors in microwave and millimeter-wave (mmW) optical devices. Different sources of loss including ohmic, dielectric and radiating loss in MS and CPW of conventional optical devices are analyzed and compared. The results show that the total microwave loss increases with frequency in conventional MS and CPW waveguides. Also, in traveling-wave optoelectronic devices, the bandwidth is limited in the optical part by effects such as the carrier transit time effect and in the microwave part by factors such as length of the devices in active and non-active sections. In addition, validation of the results in the paper is performed with published theoretical and/or measurement results.     

Low loss dielectric optical waveguide bends

The pure bend loss of a curved dielectric optical waveguide can be reduced effectively with only a slight change in the transverse field distribution by replacing the cladding material outside the caustic by another material with a smaller refractive index. This is demonstrated by microwave model experiments.     

Low loss dielectric optical waveguide bends

The pure bend loss of a curved dielectric optical waveguide can be reduced effectively with only a slight change in the transverse field distribution by replacing the cladding material outside the caustic by another material with a smaller refractive index. This is demonstrated by microwave model experiments.     

一种基于金刚石多层波导结构微环谐振器的仿真分析

提出了一种以金刚石新型材料为芯层的单微环谐振器模型.谐振器的纵切面采用五层脊形波导结构,中间一层设定为金刚石,上下两侧分别是SiO_2和As_2S_3,即As_2S_3-SiO_2-金刚石-SiO_2-As_2S_3.设置操作波长为1550 nm,依据耦合膜理论和微环谐振理论,利用Comsol软件仿真模拟了单直波导纵切面、直波导和环形波导耦合区的纵切面以及微环在谐振波长为1543 nm时的场强分布,及直波导和环形波导耦合区间距改变时微环的场强分布和传输特性.在此基础上,依据传输矩阵法讨论了微环的品质因数、耦合系数变化对输出光谱的影响,并对微环损耗进行了讨论.结果表明:以金刚石为芯层的微环谐振器具有良好的光学特性,本结构在谐振波长为1543 nm时谐振峰值达到了-12 dB以上,品质因数达到了1.54×10~5,在耦合系数为0.01时,自由光谱范围约为40 nm.     

一种简单精准的渐变折射率分布光波导分析方法

渐变折射率分布的光波导分析对光波导器件的设计和研究至关重要, 近年来已提出了多种分析方法, 然而在简便性或准确性上都存在着不足. 为此, 提出了一种分析渐变折射率分布光波导的方法, 能够结合现有的Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin近似法和离散化的波动方程, 构建模场分布, 再结合变分运算方程和修正的模式本征方程, 计算出较为精确的有效折射率. 与其他分析方法相比, 该方法较为简单, 而且有一定的精度.     

Finite Element Analysis of the TE Modes in Truncated-Circular Waveguide

Truncated-circular waveguide are used in some microwave and millimeter-wave components. The field patterns in truncated-circular waveguide are desired but usually difficult to be computed by conventional methods. In this paper, they are efficiently determined by using finite element method. The electrical field lines of the dominant TE mode and the first sixteen higher-order TE modes are presented. The calculated results in this paper have important values for us to understand the transmission characteristics of truncated-circular waveguide, and will be of practical significance in designing waveguide components in microwave and millimeter wave engineering.     

Efficient design of silicon slot waveguide optical modulator

An optimal design of a slot waveguide is presented for realizing an ultrafast optical modulator based on a 220 nm silicon wafer technology. The recipe is to maximize the confinement and interaction between optical power supported by the waveguide and electric field applied through metallic electrodes. As height of waveguide is fixed at 220 nm, the waveguide and slot width are optimized to maximize the confinement factor of optical power. Moreover, metal electrodes tend to make the waveguide lossy, their optimal placement is calculated to reduce the optical loss and enhance the voltage per unit width in the slot. Performance of an optimally designed slot waveguide with metal electrodes as ultrafast modulator is also discussed.     

Fabrication and characterization of polyethylene terephatate optical waveguides

In this paper, the fabrication and characterization of polyethylene terephatate (PET) thin film integrated optical waveguide is presented. Dip-coating technique has been used to fabricate the optical waveguide using PET. Various waveguide properties, such as mode effective refractive index, optical loss, dispersion and waveguide thickness as a function of temperature of waveguides have been reported. The optical loss are found to be <1 dB cm^–1.     

Polymeric PLC-type thermo-optic optical attenuator fabricated by UV imprint technique

A planar lightwave circuit-type polymer thermo-optic optical attenuator was fabricated via a UV imprint technique. In order to reduce the step for filling of cores and minimize the detrimental residual slab waveguide, convex ridge-type micro cores for guidance of light were defined with an accuracy of ±0.5 μm on the under-clad by a single step of imprinting. The voltage-controlled polymer optical attenuator showed 30-dB attenuation with 80-mW electrical input power at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. The rise and fall times are less than 5 ms. It displays about 0.2- and 1-dB polarization dependence at 0- and 10-dB attenuations, respectively.     

Polarisation-insensitive strip-loaded waveguide for electro-optic modulators and switches

A polarisation-insensitive electro-optic (EO) waveguide consisting of a dye-doped TiO₂/SiO₂ slab and a SU-8 strip-loaded rib is designed and fabricated. By optimizing the refractive index and size of waveguide, a trade-off between polarisation-insensitive condition and large EO efficiency (optical field interaction with the EO material) is obtained. The average transmission loss of the waveguide is less than 2.0 dB/cm. A Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) interferometer intensity modulator based on this waveguide with excellent poling stability is fabricated and measured, exhibiting 7 V half-wave voltage with 1.8 cm EO interaction length and 2.7 cm total length. This strip-loaded structure is proved to be a valuable application in EO modulators and switches.     

一种适用于任意折射率分布的等效折射率方法

提出了一种新的等效折射率方法,可以将光波导的两维折射率分布精确等效成一维折射率分布。从波动方程出发,通过严格的数学推导,得到了一维等效折射率分布的表达式。该等效折射率分布由二维光波导的模场分布和折射率分布决定。在此等效过程中,几乎无任何近似,因此具有比传统等效折射率方法(EIM)更高的精度,而且不受波导截止条件的限制,并适用于任意的折射率分布结构。以SOI(silicon-on-insulator)脊型光波导为例,给出新方法的一个具体等效实施过程,比较了新方法与传统等效折射率方法计算得到的等效模场分布及等效折射率,结果显示本文方法的有更高的计算精度。最后,文中给出了一个利用这种等效方法计算弯曲波导损耗的例子。新方法可以使对三维结构(截面为任意折射率分布)的模拟简化成二维模拟。     

γ辐射对光纤波导电磁场分布的影响

开展了光纤波导中的电磁场传输理论分析,得到了光纤折射率变化对波导中电磁场分布的影响规律,建立了块状融石英材料及光纤光栅在60Co 辐射作用下折射率变化的测量系统,开展了折射率随辐射剂量变化及光纤模场测量实验。结果表明:光纤的折射率随辐射剂量的增加而增大,折射率的变化会引起波导中传输模式的场强分布变化,从而导致光纤的辐射感生波导损耗;在一定的辐射剂量范围（0～2000 Gy）内,光纤仍满足弱导边界条件,能够维持对传输模式的约束能力。     

一种基于光学偏置的新型Math—Zehnder调制器结构设计

设计了一种基于光学偏置并以有机聚合物PMMA／DRI作为光波导材料的新型Mach-Zehdner调制器。利用有效折射率法（EIM）,分析了脊波导的有效折射率随脊波导结构参数变化情况,包括脊宽训、脊高b和芯层厚度d,以及上下包层厚度。采用微带线单电极调制方式结合脊波导的结构设计,实现了微波和光波的速率匹配。针对优化的结构参数,采用BPM方法进行光场和功率传输的模拟仿真,完成了非等臂Math—Zehnder调制器的结构设计,实现了两臂89．84。的初始相位差,消光比约为27dB。     

Dip-coated HNR120 photoresists thin-film optical waveguides

We report on our systematic and detailed study of fabrication and characterization of HNR120 photoresists thin-film optical waveguides. Various waveguide properties, such as refractive index, optical losses as a function of temperature, waveguide thickness, dispersion and birefringence have been studied. The optical loss are found to be <1.4 dB cm⁻¹.     

小型铌酸锂多功能集成光学器件

为满足小型光纤陀螺对光学器件小体积的要求,对铌酸锂多功能集成光学小型化器件的结构做了分析和优化设计。采用BPM软件分析了Y形分支波导的S形波导损耗与弯曲长度及折射率差的关系。通过调整退火质子交换的工艺参数,增加了波导对光的束缚能力;降低了小型化芯片上S形波导的弯曲损耗;去掉了原有Y形波导的输出端直波导,直接由S形弯曲波导引至输出端,在更短的芯片上得到了更长的弯曲过渡区。设计制作的芯片长度由常规的20 mm减至12.5 mm,封装后的器件长度减小到20 mm,为目前同类常规器件尺寸的2/3。设计制作的器件插入损耗典型值小于2.5 dB,全温损耗变化量小于0.2 dB。     

Two-dimensional field analysis of semiconductor lasers with small vertical beam divergence

Two-dimensional (2D) optical field distribution and the far-field patterns are analyzed for semiconductor lasers with small vertical beam divergence. The discrete spectral index method is used for the analysis and compared with other methods such as the effective index method. The discrete spectral index method is found to be much better in terms of accuracy and computation efficiency for the laser structures studied. Two laser structures with experimental counterparts are studied. The best beam aspect ratio ( <1.5) is achieved using the conventional ridge waveguide process. The calculated results compare very favorably with the experimental results. Simulations also reveal the guidelines for design of symmetric optical beam.     

数值模拟二维间隙表面等离子波导传输特性

利用表面等离子激元的新颖特性,设计了二维间隙表面等离子波导.以这种结构为基础通过变形和组合形成90°直角弯曲波导、T型光功率分配器和光开光,采用时域有限差分法研究了它们的传输特性.结果表明:不同于介质光波导的弯曲损耗来自于辐射泄漏,90°直角弯曲间隙表面等离子波导的能量损耗主要来自于金属中的欧姆热损耗.在间隙达到40 nm以上后,当直行段的长度适当时,弯曲段的透射率较相同长度的直波导的透射率要大.T型光功率分配器在两输出波导的间隙宽度比达到0.6及以上时,不同于传统介质波导的分光原则,能量主要沿等效折射率较小的输出臂流出.当两输入光的相位反相时,T型光开关处于输出截止的状态,当两输入光的相位同相时,T型光开关处于输出导通的状态.所有波导间隙均小于衍射极限,实现了超衍射极限传播,可用于未来了超大规模集成光路中.