中国化石燃料的同位素地球化学

本文总结了作者近20年对中国化石燃料同位素研究结果。对煤而言,δ~(13)C分布的主频度在—25.5‰到—23.5‰。热演化影响可以忽略,但煤岩组份对δ~(13)C值有明显影响,壳质组含量增加,全煤δ~(13)C值相应变轻。煤系热模拟产物δ~(13)C所显示的规律有:气态烃在液态烃产出的峰值处有最轻的δ~(13)C值。液态烃与全煤具有相似δ~(13)C值,族组份中烷烃部分随温度增高δ~(13)C有变重的趋势。通过天然气的δ~(13)C和δD研究,将中国天然气划分出生物-热催化过渡带气这一类型。甲烷δD随水介质盐度增大而相应变重。轻烃同位素研究把气-液-源岩的关系更好的联系起来,它们的δ~(13)C系列对比有利于确定源岩。陆相石油δ~(13)C值,在有机质为Ⅰ型,介质为淡水时δ~(13)C较轻;Ⅲ型,盐水沉积环境的石油相对富集~(13)C。液、固相化石燃料的碳同位素组成主要受母质同位素继承效应的影响,其它因素影响较小。     

轻烃中碳、氢同位素组成特征

本文收集了我国10个含油气区46个凝析油、轻质油样品,进行了全烃和部分饱和烃的碳、氢同位素分析,结合各地区地质背景,讨论了成气母质和沉积环境。从全油和饱和烃碳、氢同位素组成特征看,与煤系有关的凝析油常富集~(13)C,与Ⅰ,Ⅱ型母质(生油岩系)相关的凝析油则富集~(13)C。总体而言,碳同位素组成主要与母质的同位素继承效应相关,而氢同位素组成的变化则主要反映与沉积环境及水介质盐度的相关性。基于现有资料,提出δD值小于-150‰者为淡水-微咸水;大于-150‰者为半咸水-海水环境。研究表明,沉积相控制了有机母质,而不同有机母质又显示出稳定同位素组成的差异。     

稳定同位素法测定大豆水溶性蛋白质中碳、氮、氧、氢稳定同位素比值及其在产地溯源鉴定中的应用

利用元素分析–同位素比质谱仪(EA–IRMS)测定了来自美国、巴西、阿根廷和加拿大产的60份大豆样品中水溶性蛋白质的δ13C、δ15N、δ18O和δ2H值,采用OPLS–DA统计分析方法构建大豆产地溯源模型.大豆水溶性蛋白质δ13C、δ15N、δ18O和δ2H值分别为–24.675‰～–29.490‰,–1.595‰～...     

气相色谱同位素比质谱测定不同产地鱼油中5种不饱和脂肪酸碳同位素比值

以IAEA-600咖啡因(δ13C-27.771‰)作为溯源标准,建立了气相色谱同位素质谱技术测定鱼油中功能因子亚油酸(LIA)、亚麻酸(LNA)、花生四烯酸(ARA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)等5种不饱和脂肪酸碳稳定同位素比值δ13C的分析方法。鱼样品先经HCl水解,乙醚液液萃取脂肪,提取的脂肪在2 mol/L KOH-甲醇溶液中反应生成脂肪酸甲酯,采用强极性毛细管气相色谱柱(Sil-88 100 m×0.25 mm×0.2μm)分离,稳定同位素比质谱测定。方法经日内、日间和人员比对验证,表明测定结果稳定,标准偏差小于0.82%。收集了不同产地的241个淡水鱼和深海鱼,对于提取的天然鱼油进行5种不饱和脂肪酸同位素比值分析,测得天然鱼油中5种不饱和脂肪酸同位素比值(δ13C)在-32.87‰~27.07‰之间,经计算,鱼油中不饱和脂肪酸δ13C值与硬脂酸δ13C值之比在-5.79~1.88之间,同时测得了相同的产地、品种鱼油中不饱和脂肪酸δ13C的分布范围,构建了天然鱼油的同位素指纹特征数据库,用于鉴定鱼油真伪。将不同浓度玉米油添加至天然金枪鱼油中进行测定,证明δ13C值的变化与掺入C4植物油量呈良好的线性关系,方法可根据δ13C值的变化鉴别掺假的鱼油。     

特定化合物碳同位素分析系统中的氧化反应装置的研制

通过对比实验,研制了特定化合物碳同位素在线分析系统中连接气相色谱与同位素比质谱的核心部分——氧化反应装置,包括加热系统、氧化反应系统及接口系统,并以特定化合物的碳同位素分析为例,选用天然气工作标准样品,在600～950℃之间选择8个温度点进行了氧化反应实验,表明其碳同位素测定值(δ13C1,δ13C2,δ13C3)随反应温度升高而逐渐趋于稳定,符合氧化反应过程的一般规律.通过对不同碳数(1≤n≤31)烃类样品(工作标准、国际参考标准、天然气及原油样品)的测试,显示碳同位素值(δ13Calkane)的测试精度优于±(0.2～0.5)‰,满足研究需求,并有效降低了分析成本,具有良好的应用及推广价值.     

中国生物气中烷烃组分的碳同位素特征及其鉴别标志

我国生物气中烷烃气的碳同位素组成特征是:随生物气中烷烃气分子的碳原子数的增加,δ~(13)C值分布区间,主频率段分布范围均随之缩小,δ~(13)C最轻的和最重的界限值也随之变重;生物气中乙烷的碳同位素和丙烷的碳同位素之间呈线性正相关关系;δ~(13)C_1,δ~(13)C_2和δ~(13)C_3值随重烃气(C_(2+3))含量的增加有变重趋势。文中首次研究了我国生物气的δ~(13)C_1-C_(2+3)(％),δ~(13)C_2-C_(2+3)(％)和δ~(13)C_2-δ~(13)C_3的关系及其相关性回归方程,并指出,δ~(13)C_1<—55‰和C_(2+3)<0.5％是鉴别我国生物气的良好指标,δ~(13)C_2-δ~(13)C_3<-10‰可作为鉴别生物气的一项新指标。     

基于费谢尔判别法的原油、燃料油鉴别技术研究

对原油、燃料油的鉴别方法进行了研究.以来自不同国家和地区的30个原油样品以及不同产地、不同种类的24个燃料油样品中的正构烷烃(n-C7～30)、植烷(Ph)、姥鲛烷(Pr)的含量构成训练集.借助SPSS 16.0进行费谢尔(Fisher)判别分析,建立Fisher判别函数.将判别变量值代入后,得到样本的空间位置,再计算样本至各组重心的距离,据此判断分类情况.结果表明,Fisher判别法可以很好地用于原油和燃料油的鉴别,具有快速、准确等特点.     

液相色谱-同位素比值质谱法研究桔橙汁中柠檬酸碳同位素比值

以国际原子能机构提供的蔗糖(δ13C为-10.449‰)作为溯源标准,建立了液相色谱-同位素比值质谱联用法(LC-IR MS)分析天然柑桔、橙汁中柠檬酸碳同位素比的方法,对不同产地个柑桔、橙子中有机酸碳同位素情况进行了研究。基于建立天然水果的柠檬酸碳同位素δ13C值的数据,提出了柑桔、橙子样品的δ13C值范围。方法将果汁用水稀释后,液相色谱-钙离子交换色谱在线制备柠檬酸,氢型离子交换柱分离柠檬酸后采用液相色谱-稳定同位素比质谱分析,柠檬酸方法检出限为5μg/m L,在2.00~100μg/m L水平时,柠檬酸响应与浓度成线性关系,相关系数为0.9997。方法日内、日间和人员比对结果相对标准偏差小于0.82%。收集不同产地161个橙子、167个柑桔测得天然桔汁中柠檬酸δ13C值在-32.87‰~-27.07‰之间,橙汁柠檬酸δ13C值在-32.73‰~26.01‰之间。采集40个市售柑桔、橙汁样品进行鉴定,检出17个掺有C4植物柠檬酸的的阳性样品,新方法可提高勾兑柠檬酸掺假果汁的鉴别能力。     

吐鲁番-哈密盆地煤成油研究

吐鲁番-哈密盆地是典型的煤成油盆地,主要源岩为中、下侏罗统煤系,煤成油的主要贡献者是基质镜质体及木栓质体。原油主要地球化学特征是富含链烷烃(70％—80％)、高姥/植比(6—8)、富重碳同位素(δ~(13)C为—26‰至—23‰PDB)和C_(29)甾烷占绝对优势,煤的生烃过程具多阶性,早生早排是煤成油的基本特征。     

稳定同位素比质谱法测定苹果和浓缩苹果汁的δ13C值

用从国际原子能机构溯源得到的橄榄油标准物质[Cat No.B 2172-Batch 3130,其δ13CPDB为(-28.51±0.16)‰]作标准,应用稳定同位素比质谱法测定了苹果和苹果汁的δ13 C值,并以此确定国产苹果的δ13 C值的范围和鉴定制成的果汁的质量。苹果样品去皮后切碎,打成糊状,离心后取其上清液,在75℃加热2～3h至呈黏稠状液体,冷却至室温。此时其糖度约为70Brix。浓缩苹果汁样品是黏稠液体,其糖度一般也在70Brix左右。取2μL上述样品置于锡杯中,按方法处理后供质谱分析。标准物质的进样量为2μL。按所测得碳的稳定同位素13C与12C的比值代入所给公式计算δ13 C值。结果表明:方法的精密度较好,其相对标准偏差(n=11)均小于0.021%。根据测定结果发现,我国苹果的δ13C值在-29.1‰～-23.33‰之间。     

Simultaneous Determination of Trace Metals in Saudi Arabian Crude Oil Products by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (Icp/Ms)

Abstract

The inductively coupled plasma in combination with a mass spectrometer (ICP/MS) has been used for the determination of metals in different Saudi Arabian crude oils (Arab Berri, Arab heavy, Arab medium and Arab light). A previously investigated extraction method has been applied in the determination of metals in oil to the sub ppm level.     

Thermal analysis of crude oils and comparison with SIMDIST and TBP distillation data

Four commercial Saudi Arabian crude oils were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). These crude oils, Arab Berri (AB), Arab Light (AL), Arab Medium (AM) and Arab Heavy (AH), were also subjected to the traditionally employed true boiling point (TBP) distillation and simulated distillation (SIMDIST). The TG/DTA data show that the hydrocarbons present in these crude oils fall into four groups: the volatiles, the low molecular weight, the medium molecular weight and the high molecular weight compounds. These four types of hydrocarbons were observed to display certain trends, such that the volatile and low molecular weight hydrocarbons increased, while the medium and high molecular weight hydrocarbons decreased with the lightness of the crude. The volatile contents of AB, AL, AM and AH crude oils up to 280°C were 50.1, 42.2, 42.3 and 38.5 mass percent, respectively. This confirms that AB is the lightest of these crude oils with maximum volatile content. The mass percentage loss from the TG results is in good agreement with the percentage distilled from TBP (ASTM D 2892) and SIMDIST. During evaporation, the TG mass loss follows a similar trend to those of the TBP and SIMDIST results and thus behaves like distillation. During the oxidative degradation, the TG curve shows a higher mass loss as compared to the distillation data. The higher deviation of the TG mass loss and percentage distilled at the higher-temperature end of the curve may be attributed to the higher content of asphaltenes and carbonaceous material present in AH as compared to the AB crude oil. At around 200°C, the TG mass loss curve intersects the TBP and SIMDIST curves and shows a derivation from distillation behaviour. This intersection temperature of the TG and distillation curves is observed to decrease with the heaviness of the crude and can be an indication of the onset of thermal degradation of hydrocarbons present in the crude oil. On the whole, the TG data closely resemble the distillation results.     

Dimethylbenzothiophenes and methyldibenzothiophenes in crude oils from different sources

A method is presented for the identification and quantification of C₂-substituted benzothiophenes in crude oil. The method will enable analysis of the pattern of these compounds, for example as a basis for differentiating crude oils from one another (fingerprinting) and for investigation of their suitability as indicators of oil maturity. Here results are reported for five crudes from Iraq, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, the former Soviet Union, and the North Sea. The aromatic fraction of the crudes was oxidized and the dioxides of the heterocycles separated according to the number of carbon atoms in the side chains. The final separation was by capillary GC with atomic emission or flame ionization detection. A fluorinated analog was synthesized and used as internal standard. The concentrations of 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,7-, and 3,7-dimethylbenzothiophene ranged between 11 and 272 ppm. Three other dimethylated benzothiophenes present in lower amounts were also identified.     

Olive oil or lard?: Distinguishing plant oils from animal fats in the archeological record of the eastern Mediterranean using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Distinguishing animal fats from plant oils in archaeological residues is not straightforward. Characteristic plant sterols, such as β-sitosterol, are often missing in archaeological samples and specific biomarkers do not exist for most plant fats. Identification is usually based on a range of characteristics such as fatty acid ratios, all of which indicate that a plant oil may be present, none of which uniquely distinguish plant oils from other fats. Degradation and dissolution during burial alter fatty acid ratios and remove short-chain fatty acids, resulting in degraded plant oils with similar fatty acid profiles to other degraded fats. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis of δ(13)C(18:0) and δ(13)C(16:0), carried out by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS), has provided a means of distinguishing fish oils, dairy fats, ruminant and non-ruminant adipose fats, but plant oils are rarely included in these analyses. For modern plant oils where C(18:1) is abundant, δ(13)C(18:1) and δ(13)C(16:0) are usually measured. These results cannot be compared with archaeological data or data from other modern reference fats where δ(13)C(18:0) and δ(13)C(16:0) are measured, as C(18:0) and C(18:1) are formed by different processes resulting in different isotopic values. Eight samples of six modern plant oils were saponified, releasing sufficient C(18:0) to measure the isotopic values, which were plotted against δ(13)C(16:0). The isotopic values for these oils, with one exception, formed a tight cluster between ruminant and non-ruminant animal fats. This result complicates the interpretation of mixed fatty residues in geographical areas where both animal fats and plant oils were in use.     

Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Drechslera spicifera Isolated from Contaminated Soil in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia

Currently, the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons employs microbial biosurfactants because of their public acceptability, biological safety, and low cost. These organisms can degrade or detoxify organic-contaminated areas, such as marine ecosystems. The current study aimed to test the oil-biodegradation ability of the fungus Drechslera spicifera, which was isolated from contaminated soil samples in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. We used hydrocarbon tolerance, scanning electron microscopy, DCPIP, drop-collapse, emulsification activity, recovery of biosurfactants, and germination assays to assess the biodegradation characteristics of the D. spicifera against kerosene, crude, diesel, used, and mixed oils. The results of DCPIP show that the highest oxidation (0.736 a.u.) was induced by crude oil on the 15th day. In contrast, kerosene and used oil had the highest measurements in emulsification activity and drop-collapse assays, respectively. Meanwhile, crude and used oils produced the highest amounts of biosurfactants through acid precipitation and solvent extraction assays. Furthermore, the biosurfactants stimulated the germination of tomato seeds by more than 50% compared to the control. These findings highlight the biodegradation ability of D. spicifera, which has been proven in the use of petroleum oils as the sole source of carbon. That might encourage further research to demonstrate its application in the cleaning of large, contaminated areas.     

Analytical study of various heavy oil residues using a transalkylation reaction

Summary Various atmospheric residues of crude oil [Boscan (Venezuela), Maya (Mexico), Kirkouk (Iraq), Safanyia (Saudi Arabia), Arabian Light (Algeria)] have been analyzed by GC/MS coupling after transalkylation. The transalkylation of atmospheric residues from the aromatic matrix to a light aromatic acceptor was performed after optimization of the reaction, using an acidic catalyst/light aromatic acceptor couple: AlBr₃ slightly hydrated/benzene. The reaction time was about four hours and the temperature 60°C. These conditions allow the best compromise between a maximal transfer of alkyl chains and their minimal degradation, which is necessary in an analytical study.The results presented here demonstrate that heavy oil residues from different sources give qualitatively similar GC chromatograms, and that only the amounts of phenylalkanes obtained after transalkylation may vary. Under these conditions, the transfer yields of alkyl chains (defined as the mass of alkylated light aromatics obtained from 100g of oil fraction treated) are significantly different and are thus proposed as a new characteristic of heavy crude oil fractions and of petroleum residues.A thorough quantiative study of the phenyl alkanes identified indicates that in every residue, the amount of compounds containing ramified alkyl chains is constant, whereas linear alkyl chain amounts were observed to vary. Yields of diphenylalkanes are quite different for each residue. This result suggests that the reticulation of the aromatic matrix is a function of the nature of the oil residue.     

基于石油烃特征比值的多元统计方法进行原油鉴别

基于原油中有生源意义的生物标志物及原油特征多环芳烃的特征比值,采用主成分分析和聚类分析法,对渤海3个不同区块的4种原油,以及其中1种原油风化7d、15d和30d的风化油样和陆地油田1和陆地油田2各1种原油进行鉴别。结果显示:利用主成分分析和聚类分析可以实现大量油样的快速分类鉴别,不仅可以对差异较大的原油进行区分,还可以对原始原油及其风化原油进行很好分辨,但对差异较小的原油,两种分析方法的分辨能力仍有一定局限性。     

Antioxidant activity of crude extracts and essential oils from flower buds and leaves of Cistus creticus and Cistus salviifolius

Volatile oils from flowers and leaves of C. creticus L. and C. salviifolius L. were extracted by two extraction methods; namely, hydrodistillation and solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME). The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by GC and GC–MS. The volatile extracted from leaves and flowers of C. criticus using SPME was dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbon with α-pinene, camphene and α-cubebene as major components. In hydrodistillation, the oil extracted from leaves was dominated by oxygenated diterpenes and diterpenes hydrocarbon with manoyl oxide and sclarene as major components, whereas, the oil extracted from flowers was dominated by oxygenated diterpenes and diterpenes hydrocarbon with manoyl oxide and abietatriene as major components. The volatile from flowers and leaves of C. salviifolius obtained by SPME were dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes with δ-3-carene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and E-caryophyllene as major constituents. On the other hand, the oils from flowers and leaves of C. salviifolius obtained by hydrodistillation were dominated by oxygenated diterpenes, diterpenes hydrocarbon and esters with dehydro abietol, abietol, manoyl oxide and methyl octadecenoate as major components. In the leaves, the major components of the oil were manoyl oxide, E-ethyl cinnamate, and Z-ethyl cinnamate. These oils showed weak antioxidant activity when compared to the positive controls α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and EDTA, while the crude extracts aq. MeOH, butanol, and water showed good antioxidant activity. Discriminating between the studied plants based on the extraction method was also possible upon applying Principle component analysis (PCA) to the obtained GC–MS data.