铂电极上自组装铁原卟啉单分子层的表面增强振动光谱初探(英文)

应用现场表面增强拉曼光谱和衰减全反射表面增强红外光谱初步研究了0.1mol·L-1HClO4溶液中Pt电极表面铁原卟啉(FePP)自组装单层的电化学和结构特性.以514nm波长为激发线,得到了增强因子约为40的粗糙Pt电极上FePP在不同电位下的表面增强拉曼光谱.分析0.5～-0.3V(SCE)区间内谱峰变化,得到近似的吸附等温式,由此可估算出Fe3+/Fe2+的式量电位大约为-0.2V.原位表面增强红外光谱的测试结果表明,FePP分子主要以斜立方式吸附在Pt膜电极表面,其中一个环外羧酸根与电极表面相接触,而另一羧酸基团以氢键与相邻的FePP分子相连.这样的吸附结构在-0.1～0.9V(SCE)的电位区间内并没有显著的变化.     

氨基酸在薄层原位的傅里叶变换表面增强拉曼光谱

应用表面增强技术将薄层色谱与红外傅里叶变换拉曼光谱联用，在薄层色谱原位获得两种氨基酸光谱。研究表明，在薄层原位微量样品的ＮＩＲ－ＦＴ－ＳＥＲＳ光谱与纯固体样品ＦＴ－Ｒａｍａｎ光谱的主要特征谱带频率基本一致，在银微粒作用下，色氨酸分子中吲哚环环伸缩振动获最大增强，组氨酸分子中Ｃ＝Ｎ双键的伸缩振动是明显增强，对８μｇ样品就能在薄层色谱原位较可靠地反映了分子的结构信息。     

一种双光束红外光谱及其在气固相多相催化反应实时原位表征中的应用

单光束红外光谱技术(原位傅立叶透射变换红外、原位漫反射红外和衰减全反射红外光谱技术)虽然已经用于气固相多相催化反应的原位表征中,但这些光谱在真实反应条件下会受到气体分子振动光谱和加热条件下产生的发射光谱的严重影响,不能实时获得催化剂表面的真实信息.另外,由于在真实的气固相多相催化反应过程中,催化剂本底的信息会随着反应时间的延长而发生变化,因此单光束红外光谱技术在扣除本底信息方面存在误差.为了实现在反应条件下,实时、原位表征催化剂表面的状态,我们报道了一种双光束红外光谱表征技术.该技术包括双光束红外光谱系统及双光束红外反应池.其特征在于:实时双光束原位红外光谱系统由两台完全相同的红外光谱仪和双光束红外反应池组成.双光束红外反应池由完全相同的样品池和参考池连接而成,样品池和参考池处于同一水平线上分别对应于样品光谱仪和参考光谱仪,由计算机同步控制两台红外光谱仪,排除实时状态下的气体分子振动光谱干扰和加热条件下产生的发射光谱干扰.该技术可以对真实反应条件下的气固相多相催化反应进行实时原位表征.通过应用程序的关联可以实时、同步采集样品光束和背景光束谱图来得到催化剂表面物种随反应时间变化的真实信息.该技术克服了单光束红外光谱在原位多相催化反应表征方面的缺陷,使表征结果变得更加精确可靠.该技术还可以在变化的气相组分条件下,获得不同温度下、实时的催化剂表面活性中心、活性相和中间物种的信息.采用上述双光束红外光谱仪对丁烯在纳米HZSM-5催化剂上芳构化反应过程进行了实时、原位观测,首次在实际反应条件下,观察到了异丁烯在纳米HZSM-5沸石的表面Br?nsted酸中心上经历吸附、活化、聚合、环化等反应步骤生成芳烃的过程.     

一种双光束红外光谱及其在气固相多相催化反应实时原位表征中的应用（英文）

单光束红外光谱技术(原位傅立叶透射变换红外、原位漫反射红外和衰减全反射红外光谱技术)虽然已经用于气固相多相催化反应的原位表征中,但这些光谱在真实反应条件下会受到气体分子振动光谱和加热条件下产生的发射光谱的严重影响,不能实时获得催化剂表面的真实信息.另外,由于在真实的气固相多相催化反应过程中,催化剂本底的信息会随着反应时间的延长而发生变化,因此单光束红外光谱技术在扣除本底信息方面存在误差.为了实现在反应条件下,实时、原位表征催化剂表面的状态,我们报道了一种双光束红外光谱表征技术.该技术包括双光束红外光谱系统及双光束红外反应池.其特征在于:实时双光束原位红外光谱系统由两台完全相同的红外光谱仪和双光束红外反应池组成.双光束红外反应池由完全相同的样品池和参考池连接而成,样品池和参考池处于同一水平线上分别对应于样品光谱仪和参考光谱仪,由计算机同步控制两台红外光谱仪,排除实时状态下的气体分子振动光谱干扰和加热条件下产生的发射光谱干扰.该技术可以对真实反应条件下的气固相多相催化反应进行实时原位表征.通过应用程序的关联可以实时、同步采集样品光束和背景光束谱图来得到催化剂表面物种随反应时间变化的真实信息.该技术克服了单光束红外光谱在原位多相催化反应表征方面的缺陷,使表征结果变得更加精确可靠.该技术还可以在变化的气相组分条件下,获得不同温度下、实时的催化剂表面活性中心、活性相和中间物种的信息.采用上述双光束红外光谱仪对丁烯在纳米HZSM-5催化剂上芳构化反应过程进行了实时、原位观测,首次在实际反应条件下,观察到了异丁烯在纳米HZSM-5沸石的表面Br?nsted酸中心上经历吸附、活化、聚合、环化等反应步骤生成芳烃的过程.     

表面增强红外吸收光谱——表面敏感的原位免标记光谱电化学技术

表面增强红外吸收光谱（尤其衰减全反射表面增强红外吸收光谱）是一种超灵敏的红外光谱技术,能够实现亚单层膜水平的表面选择性探测. 由于增强基底可同时作为工作电极实现电化学调制,衰减全反射表面增强红外吸收光谱是一种表面敏感的原位免标记光谱电化学技术. 本文首先简要介绍了表面增强红外吸收光谱的基本原理和技术特点,之后通过代表性研究工作着重介绍近年衰减全反射表面增强红外吸收光谱电化学的应用和发展,最后展望了表面增强红外光谱所面临的挑战和潜在的研究方向.     

钴岛膜上对巯基苯甲酸的表面增强红外吸收光谱

通过置换反应在金属铝表面制备了表面没有任何保护剂且具有红外增强作用的钴岛膜,用SEM、XRD和表面增强红外光谱对其形貌和性质进行表征。 结果表明,铝片上沉积出的钴呈岛状结构,钴岛膜由二次钴粒子和一次钴粒子通过密堆积的方式构成;首次发现具有这种特殊结构的钴对吸附于其表面的有机分子的红外吸收光谱有较大的增强作用,用此钴岛膜对1 mmol/L的对巯基苯甲酸的红外光谱研究时得到很好的红外增强信号,使得表面增强红外光谱可以用于痕量分析、检测。     

高低温环境下红外光谱原位表征系统的研制

研制的高低温环境下红外光谱原位表征系统将红外光谱同高低温原位红外体系组合起来,为高低温原位红外反应机理的深入研究提供有效信息,同时为构建高效稳定的原位红外研究提供新的技术支撑.高低温环境下红外光谱原位表征系统通过液氮制冷与加热调控,在真空或常压的状态下为光谱测量提供低温恒温环境,并可在一定的温度范围内提供可进行原位预处理或原位反应的高温环境.高低温环境下红外光谱原位表征系统可以适用于任何物质研究,尤其适用于液氮环境下气体吸附研究,比如反应中间体的过程捕捉、探针分子弱吸附方面的研究、单原子催化剂的鉴定以及探针分子吸附表征等.因而高低温环境下红外光谱原位表征系统在这些领域具有极高的通用性和实用性.     

电位扫描过程中NAD+在银电极上的原位表面增强拉曼光谱

利用共焦激光拉曼系统,原位测定了电位扫描过程中NAD^ 分子在银电极上的表面增强拉曼光谱的变化.通过分析0.4→-0.2→-0.4V电位区间的拉曼光谱的变化,推断由于NAD^ 分子中存在着具有空间旋转自由度的磷酸二酯键,分子中腺嘌呤和烟酰胺两结构单元在银电极上的吸附构型都随电位变化而发生改变.     

原位衰减全反射表面增强红外光谱实验技术

介绍了原位研究电极,溶液界面反应的技术--衰减全反射表面增强红外光谱实验技术(ATR-SEIRAS)的产生背景和工作原理,重点描述了ATR-SEIRAS实验技术的关键:光谱电化学池的构造和薄膜电极的制备.与IRAS相比,ATR-SEIRAS技术可以更容易消除溶剂的背景吸收,获得较高的表面灵敏度,而且允许物质在电极表面自由扩散.与循环伏安相结合,利用ATR-SEIRAS技术可以实时监测电极,溶液界面问的反应.选择了利用ATR-SEIRAS实验技术原位研究功能表面的构造和性质、分子识别和反应中间体的形成等方面的应用实例,分析了ATR-SEIRAS实验技术的研究方向.     

电化学原位扫描显微红外反射光谱及其对铂表面CO吸附的红外成象

利用Fourier变换红外光谱仪 ,红外显微镜和X Y扫描平台 ,通过设计和研制原位红外显微池和计算机接口及控制软件 ,建立了电化学原位扫描显微红外反射光谱 .研究工作显示 ,这一新的空间分辨原位红外反射光谱技术不仅可以获得固 /液界面环境中表面微区振动光谱的信息 ,还可以用于电极表面红外成象 .获得的CO在Pt多晶电极表面吸附性能的化学图象在 10 -2 cm尺度上给出电极表面微区反应性能的不均一性及其分布 .     

燃料电池电极表界面催化氧还原反应的STM研究进展

催化氧还原反应的电催化剂是燃料电池的一个重要组成部分. 从分子尺度研究催化氧还原反应中所涉及的表界面反应机理,不仅有利于深入理解催化机理,更有利于指导人们合理地设计新型的电催化剂. 本文结合近年来国内外的研究工作,概述了通过扫描隧道显微镜研究燃料电池内部催化氧还原反应过程中所涉及的表面形貌变化、单分子结构变化、中间体的观测以及反应产物调控等方面最新进展,并展望了该研究领域的发展趋势.     

"分子梳"研究进展

“分子梳”是DNA被可移动的气-液界的均匀拉直,该技术涉及两个过程:DNA分子末端与基底表面的特异性结合和移动的气-液界面对DNA分子的均匀拉直。该技术在构建纳米材料/结构,研究DNA转录和复制,绘制基因物理图谱等方面得到了应用。预计“分子梳”技术将在以下方面取得进展:以拉直的DNA为模板构建纳米器件和纳米材料;用于基因突变的临床检测;结合原子力显微术(AFM),建立“原子力显微术原位杂交”技术以替代荧光原位杂交。     

Monolayer behavior of a rare-earth bisphthalocyanine derivative and determination of its molecular orientation in an LB film

In this paper, the monolayer behavior of a new symmetrically substituted ytterbium bisphthalocyanine derivative Yb-octa-4-(2,4-di-tert-pentylphenoxyl) bis phthalocyanine was investigated, its phase change morphology at the air/water interface was directly observed by Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM). Its molecular orientation in an LB film was determined by polarized UV–Vis spectra.     

The dramatic effect of architecture on the self-assembly of block copolymers at interfaces

Dramatic morphological changes are observed in the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film assemblies of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-(styrene-r-benzocyclobutene) block copolymer (PEG-b-(S-r-BCB)) after intramolecular cross-linking of the S-r-BCB block to form a linear-nanoparticle structure. To isolate architectural effects and allow direct comparison, the linear block copolymer precursor and the linear-nanoparticle block copolymer resulting from selective intramolecular cross-linking of the BCB units were designed to have exactly the same molecular weight and chemical composition but different architecture. It was found that the effect of architecture is pronounced with these macromolecular isomers, which self-assemble into dramatically different surface aggregates. The linear block copolymer forms disklike surface assemblies over the range of compression states, while the linear-nanoparticle block copolymer exhibits long (>10 microm) wormlike aggregates whose length increases as a function of increasing cross-linking density. It is shown that the driving force behind the morphological change is a combination of the altered molecular geometry and the restricted degree of stretching of the nanoparticle block because of the intramolecular cross-linking. A modified approach to interpret the pi-A isotherm, which includes presence of the block copolymer aggregates, is also presented, while the surface rheological properties of the block copolymers at the air-water interface provide in-situ evidence of the aggregates' presence at the air-water interface.     

Fabrication of IrO2 H+ Sensor and Its Application in the Measurement of pH at Steel/Concrete Interface

Corrosion of steel reinforcement is the most serious threat to the service life of modem reinforced concrete structure and the corrosion behavior of the steel reinforcement has a close dependence on the chemical environment at the steel/concrete interface. Among all the species which can affect the corrosion rate, H⁺ is of the greatest influence on the stability of the steel bars. However, the in-situ measurement of pH value at steel/concrete interface is still underway. In this paper fabrication of Ir oxide electrode which serves as the pH probe working at the steel/concrete interface was explored.     

Langmuir-Blodgett films and chiroptical switch of an azobenzene-containing dendron regulated by the in situ host-guest reaction at the air/water interface

An amphiphilic dendron containing an azobenzene ring at the focal point and the l-glutamate peripheral groups was designed. Its monolayer formation and host-guest reaction with cyclodextrins at the air/water interface and the properties of the transferred Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films were investigated. The individual dendron, although without any long alkyl chains, could still form a stable monolayer at the air/water interface because of the good balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts within the molecule. When cyclodextrin (CyD) was added to the subphase, a host-guest reaction occurred in situ at the air/water interface. The inclusion of the focal azobenzene moiety into the cavity of cyclodextrin decreased the packing of the aromatic ring and also led to the diminishment of the molecular area. Both the films formed at the surface of pure water and aqueous cyclodextrins were transferred onto solid substrates. Nanofiber structures were obtained for the film from the water surface as a result of the packing of the azobenzene groups, and circular domains were obtained for the film transferred from the aqueous CyD phases. The film transferred from the water surface showed an exciton couplet in the absorption band of azobenzene, whereas a negative Cotton effect was obtained for the film from CyD subphases. It was found that the supramolecular chirality in the LB film transferred from water was due to the transfer of the molecular chirality to the assemblies whereas that from the CyD subphase was due to the inclusion of azobenzene into the chiral cavity. Interestingly, the film from the water surface was photoinactive, whereas a reversible optical and chiroptical switch could be obtained for the film from the α-CyD subphase. The work provided a way to regulate the assembly and functions of organized molecular films by taking advantage of the interfacial host-guest reaction.     

Monitoring Fluorescence Response of Amphiphilic Flapping Molecules in Compressed Monolayers at the Air–Water Interface

The air–water interface, which is the boundary of two phases with a large difference in polarity, gives a distinct environment compared with bulk water or air. Since the interface provides a field for various biomolecules to work, it is important to understand the molecular behaviors at the interface. Here, polarity‐independent flapping viscosity probes (FLAP) equipped with hydrophobic/hydrophilic substituents have been synthesized and studied at the air–water interface. In situ fluorescence (FL), which is related to the internal motion and orientation, of three different FLAPs were investigated at the interface, and the internal motion of the molecule was indicated to be suppressed at the interface. In addition, the molecular response was compared with that of conventional viscosity probes (molecular rotors), which indicates the different behaviors of FLAP probably due to the distinct molecular orientation as well as molecular motion.     

Nonequilibrium phases of nanoparticle Langmuir films

We report on an in-situ observation of the colloidal silver nanoparticle self-assembly into a close-packed monolayer at the air/water interface followed by a 2D to 3D transition. Using the fast tracking GISAXS technique, we were able to observe the immediate response to the compression of the self-assembled nanoparticle layer at the air/water interface and to identify all relevant intermediate stages including those far from the equilibrium. In particular, a new nonequilibrium phase before the monolayer collapse via the 2D to 3D transition was found that is inaccessible by the competing direct space imaging techniques such as the scanning and transmission electron microscopies due to the high water vapor pressure and surface tension.     

Colloidal wettability probed with X-ray microscopy

Colloids (colloidal particles or nanoparticles) and their in-situ characterizations are important topics in colloid and interface science. In-situ visualization of colloids with X-ray microscopy is a growing frontier. Here, after a brief introduction on the method, we focus on its application for identifying nanoscale wettability of colloidal particles at fluid interfaces, which is a critical factor in colloidal self-assembly. We discuss a quantitative study on colloidal wettability with two microscopic methods: (i) X-ray microscopy by visualizing natural oil–water interfaces and (ii) confocal microscopy by visualizing fluorescently-labeled interfaces. Both methods show consistent estimation results in colloid–fluid interfacial tensions. This comparison strongly suggests a feasibility of X-ray microscopy as a promising in-situ protocol in colloid research, without fluorescent staining. Finally, we address a prospect of X-ray imaging for colloid and interface science.     

Double layer structure and adsorption/desorption hysteresis of neat ionic liquid on Pt electrode surface — an in-situ IR-visible sum-frequency generation spectroscopic study

The electrochemical interface between a polycrystalline Pt electrode and the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([bmim][OTf]) has been studied by in-situ IR-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. Potential dependent adsorption/desorption processes of OTf anions has been monitored within the electrochemical window. SFG results indicate that the ions form a double layer structure at the interface. Significant adsorption/desorption hysteresis has been observed for the anions on the Pt surface.