液相色谱-质谱联用分析流感病毒感染引起宿主蛋白类泛素化修饰

干扰素刺激基因15编码蛋白质(Interferon stimulated gene 15 kDa protein, ISG15)是最早被鉴定的类泛素分子蛋白质,在病毒感染和免疫调节等方面具有重要作用。本研究利用免疫沉淀技术将被类泛素 ISG15修饰的蛋白富集纯化,采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术对流感病毒感染 A549宿主细胞过程中产生的类泛素 ISG15修饰蛋白进行了分析。实验结果表明,在流感病毒感染的实验组 A549细胞中,鉴定到了22种来源于宿主细胞的ISG15修饰的蛋白,包括类泛素蛋白 ISG15、细胞周期蛋白-T1、热休克蛋白71、钙调素结合蛋白、真核翻译起始因子等,以及1种来源于流感病毒的非结构蛋白 NS1。在鉴定的22种宿主蛋白中,有6种蛋白在未感染病毒的对照组 A549细胞中也得到鉴定,包括膜联蛋白 A1、果糖二磷酸醛缩酶 A、线粒体三磷酸腺苷合成酶亚基 g、烯醇化酶、肌动蛋白、微管蛋白。生物信息学分析表明,流感病毒感染引起的 ISG15修饰的宿主蛋白分别归属于9个不同的蛋白分类,包括细胞骨架蛋白、分子伴侣蛋白、酶调节剂、核酸结合蛋白、激酶类、转移酶类、转录因子、氧化还原酶类以及结构蛋白。本研究为大规模分析鉴定 ISG15修饰蛋白提供了一种特异、有效的研究方法。     

家蚕细胞质多角体病毒的体外合成的mRNA编码信息及病毒蛋白组成

本文报道了体外合成的家蚕细胞质多角体病毒(CPV)mRNA的编码性质。该mRNA经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离后,各mRNA片段分别从切下的凝胶中抽提得到,并且分别置于麦胚无细胞体外翻译系统进行翻译。翻译生成的产物与CPV 5种蛋白组份的~(125)I标记的抗体(IgG)进行免疫沉淀反应。所得结果表明,家蚕CPVmRNA的编码如下:mRNA_1,mRNA_3和mRNA_9编码病毒蛋白P_1组;mRNA_2和mRNA_6分别编码P_2和P_3组蛋白;mRNA_7和mRNA_8共同编码P_4组蛋白,而mRNA_9编码P_5组蛋白。经双向电泳分离,观察到CPV颗粒蛋白组份至少有10种以上。     

支持向量机和线性判别分析用于禽流感病毒编码蛋白识别

以支持向量机(SVM)和线性判别分析(LDA)对200条禽流感病毒、100条B型流感和100条C型流感病毒蛋白共400条为训练集样本,从表征序列的200个整体与局部变量中以逐步(stepwise)方法选取24个变量作为LDA模型的输入建立线性识别模型,病毒蛋白总识别率达99.8%,留一法交互检验总识别率为99.4%.从原始200变量中经主成分分析得16个主成分作为SVM的输入,以径向基核函数(RBF)SVM建立非线性识别模型,病毒蛋白总识别率为99.8%,留一法交互检验总识别率为99.2%.以100条禽流感、50条B型流感和50条C型流感病毒编码蛋白质共200条为测试集样本,得LDA模型,对其总识别正确率为95.4%,SVM模型对其总识别正确率为96.5%.识别结果表明,两个模型都可较好识别禽流感病毒蛋白,并且SVM对禽流感病毒蛋白的识别结果优于LDA.     

以β-半乳糖苷酶为标记选出高效表达乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原的天坛株重组痘苗病毒

我们从天坛株痘苗病毒的基因组中,分离编码11K及25K蛋白的双向转录启动子,以胸苦激酶(TK)基因为旁侧序列,插入到质粒pAT153中,构建成可以同时表达两个外源基因的载体质粒,并将乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)基因及大肠杆菌的β-半乳糖苦酶(LacZ)基因,插入该载体质粒,使它们分别在11K及25K启动子钠控制下,构建成共表达质粒。用钙沉淀法将此质粒DNA同天坛株痘苗病毒在细胞内进行同源重组,在含X-gal的培养基挑蓝色蚀斑,简便、准确地选出重组痘苗病毒。所选到的重组痘苗病毒高效表达了HBsAg。我们还把上述重组痘苗病毒接种动物,观察了它们的毒力及免疫原性。     

抗黄曲霉毒素B1多价纳米抗体融合蛋白的构建及活性分析

纳米抗体来源于天然缺失轻链的重链抗体可变区,是已知最小抗原结合单元.该研究构建了抗黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)纳米抗体的单价及多价串联体,分别与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)编码片段融合并克隆至原核表达载体pET30.以大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)作为表达宿主,通过异丙基-β-D硫代吡喃半乳糖苷诱导,亲和层析技术分别纯化单、双及三...     

地鳖纤溶活性蛋白(EFP)的分离纯化、红外光谱分析及抑制鸡胚尿囊膜(CAM)血管生成研究

以传统中药材地鳖为原料, 采用匀浆、盐析、硫酸铵分段沉淀、透析和DEAE-52纤维素离子层析等纯化方法, 从其体内分离纯化得到一种纤溶活性蛋白(Fibrinolyric protein of Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker, EFP), 采用SDS-PAGE电泳法对该蛋白进行了分子量和纯度测定, 结果表明, 从地鳖中提取纯化的EFP为相对分子量为41300的单一成分, 具有明显的纤溶活性, 由蛋白质和糖的红外光谱特征吸收峰可推断EFP为一种糖蛋白. EFP对鸡胚尿囊膜新生血管生成有良好的抑制作用, 比阳性对照组(地塞米松组)对鸡胚生长发育影响要小. 地鳖虫纤溶活性蛋白组分具有抑制血管生成的作用, 有可能用于肿瘤治疗.     

低浓度甲醛对多肽和蛋白化学修饰的质谱研究

采用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱( MALDI-TOF MS)和纳升电喷雾四极杆飞行时间串联质谱( Nano-ESI -QTOF MS)技术,以标准肽段和流感病毒基质蛋白酶切肽段为模型,研究了甲醛对蛋白质和多肽主链的修饰作用。采用与实际病毒灭活过程一致的实验条件(4℃,0.025%(V/V)福尔马林(37%(w/w)甲醛溶液)处理72 h),进行甲醛与多肽的化学反应。结果表明,在实验条件下,甲醛能与标准肽段N端的氨基反应生成羟甲基加合物,再发生缩合反应生成亚胺,形成+12 Da的产物。此外,甲醛还能与标准肽段中的精氨酸、赖氨酸的侧链发生反应,生成+12 Da的反应产物。对流感病毒基质蛋白的酶切肽段与甲醛的反应的质谱分析结果显示,多数的肽段都生成了+24 Da的产物,质量的增加来源于肽段N端氨基(+12 Da)和C端精氨酸或赖氨酸的侧链(+12 Da)的贡献。此外,还观察到有一个漏切位点的肽段生成了+36 Da的产物。本研究结果表明,在实验条件下,低浓度甲醛主要与肽段和蛋白的N 端氨基,以及精氨酸和赖氨酸侧链发生反应。本研究为分析低浓度甲醛与蛋白质的反应产物提供了有效的质谱分析方法和解谱依据。     

重组HEV衣壳蛋白截短体的表达及鉴定

戊型肝炎(HE)是由戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)感染引起的肠道病毒性传染病. HEV是一种无囊膜的单股正链RNA病毒, 其编码区由3个开放阅读框(ORF)组成, 属戊型肝炎病毒科. HEV衣壳蛋白由ORF2编码. 本研究根据编码HEV ORF2 aa382~aa674的核苷酸序列克隆了p293基因, 并将其克隆入原核表达载体pET28a, 利用大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)对HEV衣壳蛋白截短体(p293)进行了表达. SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测结果表明, 在优化的表达条件下(1 mmol/L IPTG, 250 r/min, 37℃, 5 h), 重组蛋白p293能够在大肠杆菌内有效表达, 目的蛋白约占总蛋白的66.15%. TEM检测结果显示, 原核表达的p293能够在体外形成约30~40 nm的病毒样颗粒. 免疫印迹和免疫荧光检测结果表明, p293与HEV标准阳性血清具有良好的反应原性和反应特异性. 实验结果表明, p293可应用于HEV宿主吸附和病毒装配研究, 为HEV的预防与诊断研究奠定了基础.     

中蜂囊状幼虫病毒结构蛋白预测与鉴定

摘要 本文采用RT-PCR方法和质谱分析对中蜂囊状幼虫病毒辽宁株（CSBV-LN）全基因组进行分子克隆、序列测定、分子生物学特性分析及其结构蛋白预测和鉴定。结果获得CSBV-LN全基因组序列长为8863个核苷酸,编码一个大的开放阅读框,其中包括178nt的5'非编码区的前导序列和142nt的3'非编码区,后面跟着一个poly(A)的尾巴。通过软件分析表明,CSBV-LN蛋白序列,类似于哺乳动物的小RNA病毒蛋白序列,预计存在VP1,VP2, VP3和VP4四个小的结构蛋白,系统分析进化分析表明CSBV,SBV和 DWV起源相同,推测CSBV有着类似DWV的结构蛋白序列5’-VP2 VP4 VP1 VP3-3。基于此,根据PAGE蛋白条带的大小,利用NetPicoRNA软件预测结构蛋白的裂解位点。在此基础上,对纯化后的CSBV进行SDS-PAGE,经SDS-PAGE分离到的4个蛋白进行质谱分析,结果鉴定出VP1、VP3和VP0三个蛋白。     

基于HRP-H_2O_2-OPDA发光体系的流感病毒H1N1酶联免疫传感器

制备了一种基于HRP-H_2O_2-OPDA发光体系的流感病毒H1N1酶联免疫传感器。利用流感病毒H1N1表面的HA(血球凝集素)蛋白与糖蛋白能有效结合的特性,选择辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)作为生物标记物直接标记在流感病毒的表面,HRP能有效催化H_2O_2-邻苯二胺(OPDA)体系产生灵敏的显色反应和荧光效应。实验对HRP孵化时间、H_2O_2-OPDA催化反应时间等参数进行了优化。结果表明,该酶联免疫传感器对流感病毒H1N1检测的动态响应范围为0.0001~0.5μg/m L,检出限为50 pg/m L(3σ)。其他亚型病毒和干扰蛋白对该传感器的干扰较小,表现出良好的选择性。所构建的方法可为其它流感病毒及其它抗原的检测提供参考。     

Reverse genetic platform for inactivated and live-attenuated influenza vaccine

Influenza vaccine strains have been traditionally developed by annual reassortment between vaccine donor strain and the epidemic virulent strains. The classical method requires screening and genotyping of the vaccine strain among various reassortant viruses, which are usually laborious and time-consuming. Here we developed an efficient reverse genetic system to generate the 6:2 reassortant vaccine virus from cDNAs derived from the influenza RNAs. Thus, cDNAs of the two RNAs coding for surface antigens, haemagglutinin and neuraminidase from the epidemic virus and the 6 internal genes from the donor strain were transfected into cells and the infectious viruses of 6:2 defined RNA ratio were rescued. X-31 virus (a high-growth virus in embryonated eggs) and its cold-adapted strain X-31 ca were judiciously chosen as donor strains for the generation of inactivated vaccine and live-attenuated vaccine, respectively. The growth properties of these recombinant viruses in embryonated chicken eggs and MDCK cell were indistinguishable as compared to those generated by classical reassortment process. Based on the reverse genetic system, we generated 6 + 2 reassortant avian influenza vaccine strains corresponding to the A/Chicken/Korea/MS96 (H9N2) and A/Indonesia/5/2005 (H5N1). The results would serve as technical platform for the generation of both injectable inactivated vaccine and the nasal spray live attenuated vaccine for the prevention of influenza epidemics and pandemics.     

Testing of the influenza virus purification by CIEF

In virological practice, the pre‐concentration, purification and subsequent determination of the purity and concentration of the viruses from the cultural medium and/or from the real sample are required. The conventional techniques used today are equipment demanding, time‐consuming and laborious. In this study, the CIEF of influenza viruses with UV detection has been developed and subsequently used to test the purification of the virus from the biological samples. The equine and swine influenza viruses present in infected allantoic fluid of specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs were precipitated by using PEG 6000 and sodium chloride. The precipitated viruses were centrifuged at 14 000×g, and the impurities of different densities were removed by using the sucrose gradients. The efficiency of the virus purification technique was examined by the CIEF and compared to the results of real‐time PCR. The pIs of both influenza viruses were determined. Simultaneously, the CIEF was found to be a suitable method for the rapid testing of the efficiency of the virus purification.     

Rapid superparamagnetic‐beads‐based automated immunoseparation of Zn‐proteins from Staphylococcus aureus with nanogram yield

Pathogenic bacteria have become a serious socio‐economic concern. Immunomagnetic separation‐based methods create new possibilities for rapidly recognizing many of these pathogens. The aim of this study was to use superparamagnetic particles‐based fully automated instrumentation to isolate pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and its Zn(II) containing proteins (Zn‐proteins). The isolated bacteria were immediately purified and disintegrated prior to immunoextraction of Zn‐proteins by superparamagnetic beads modified with chicken anti‐Zn(II) antibody. S. aureus culture was treated with ZnCl₂. Optimal pathogen isolation and subsequent disintegration assay steps were carried out with minimal handling. (i) Optimization of bacteria capturing: Superparamagnetic microparticles composed of human IgG were used as the binding surface for acquiring live S. aureus. The effect of antibodies concentration, ionic strength, and incubation time was concurrently investigated. (ii) Optimization of zinc proteins isolation: pure and intact bacteria isolated by the optimized method were sonicated. The extracts obtained were subsequently analyzed using superparamagnetic particles modified with chicken antibody against zinc(II) ions. (iii) Moreover, various types of bacterial zinc(II) proteins precipitations from particle–surface interactions were tested and associated protein profiles were identified using SDS‐PAGE. Use of a robotic pipetting system sped up sample preparation to less than 4 h. Cell lysis and Zn‐protein extractions were obtained from a minimum of 100 cells with sufficient yield for SDS‐PAGE (tens ng of proteins). Zn(II) content and cell count in the extracts increased exponentially. Furthermore, Zn(II) and proteins balances were determined in cell lysate, extract, and retentate.     

NMR-based differentiation of conventionally from organically produced chicken eggs in Germany

Both the German and European organic food markets are growing fast, and there is also a rising demand for organic chicken eggs. Consumers are willing to pay higher prices for organic eggs produced in an animal-appropriate environment considering animal welfare. Strict labelling requirements do not prevent chicken eggs from being a subject of food fraud. Conventionally produced (barn/free-range) eggs can easily be mislabeled as organic eggs. Especially because the demand for organically produced chicken eggs is likely to exceed supply in the future, mislabeling appears to be a realistic scenario. Therefore, there is a need for analytical methods that are suitable to classify eggs as being either conventionally or organically produced. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analysis is a suitable tool to screen eggs according to the different systems of husbandry. Sample preparation is based on a fat extraction method, which was optimised for application to freeze-dried egg yolk. Samples were analysed using typical q-NMR parameters. A nontargeted approach was used for the analysis of the ¹H NMR data. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied followed by a linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) and Monte Carlo cross-validation. In total, 344 chicken eggs (214 barn/free-range eggs and 130 eggs from organic farms), most of them originating from Germany, were used to build and validate the prediction model. The results showed that the prediction model allowed for the correct classification of about 93% of the organic eggs.     

Zur Reinigung von Hühner-Interferon

Zusammenfassung Interferon wurde aus der Allantois-Flüssigkeit von Hühnerembryos, welche mit Influenza B Lee-Viren infiziert worden waren, etwa 6000fach angereichert. Die Reinigungsmethode umfaßte Fällungen mittels HClO₄ und Zinkacetat, Chromatographie an CM-Sephadex C-25 und Gelfiltration an Biogel P-200. Die erhaltenen Interferon-Präparate zeigten eine spezifische Aktivität von bis zu 200 000 Einheiten je mg Protein. Zum Vergleich wurde dieselbe Reinigungsmethode auch auf die Allantois-Flüssigkeit nicht infizierter Hühnereier angewendet. Das hierbei erhaltene Mock-Interferon besaß praktisch keine antivirale AktivitätDisc-Elektrophoresen in zwei verschiedenen Systemen zeigten, daß die Interferon-Präparate nicht einheitlich waren. Eine Haupt-Proteinkomponente wurde von mehreren Nebenbanden begleitet. Die Interferon-Aktivität fiel mit einer der Nebenkomponenten zusammen. Als jedoch Mock-Interferon der Disc-Elektrophorese unterworfen wurde, ergab sich ein Proteinmuster, welches von dem aus Interferon-Präparaten nicht zu unterscheiden war.Aus diesen Resultaten wurde geschlossen, daß zur Herstellung von reinem Hühner-Interferon eine weitere Erhöhung der spezif. Aktivität um mindestens eine Größenordnung erforderlich wäre.

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Interferon was purified about 6000 fold from the allantoic fluid of embryonated chicken eggs infected with Influenza B Lee virus. The fractionation procedure involved precipitations with HClO₄ and zinc acetate, chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25, and gel filtration on Biogel P-200. The interferon preparations obtained exhibited a specific activity of up to 200 000 units per mg of protein. For comparison, the same fractionation procedure was also applied to the allantoic fluid of uninfected chicken eggs, yielding mock-interferon virtually devoid of antiviral activity.Disc electrophoresis in two different systems showed the interferon preparations to be inhomogeneous, a main protein component being accompanied by several minor bands. The antiviral activity coincided with one of the minor protein bands. However, when mock-interferon was subjected to disc electrophoresis, a protein pattern indistinguishable from that of the interferon preparations was obtained.It was concluded from these results that in order to prepare pure chicken interferon a further increase in specific activity by at least one order of magnitude would be required.

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A-1121 Wien XII, Laskegasse 5-11     

Size‐selective purification of hepatitis B virus‐like particle in flow‐through chromatography: Types of ion exchange adsorbent and grafted polymer architecture

Hepatitis B virus‐like particles expressed in Escherichia coli were purified using anion exchange adsorbents grafted with polymer poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) in flow‐through chromatography mode. The virus‐like particles were selectively excluded, while the relatively smaller sized host cell proteins were absorbed. The exclusion of virus‐like particles was governed by the accessibility of binding sites (the size of adsorbents and the charge of grafted dextran chains) as well as the architecture (branch‐chain length) of the grafted polymer. The branch‐chain length of grafted polymer was altered by changing the type of monomers used. The larger adsorbent (90 μm) had an approximately twofold increase in the flow‐through recovery, as compared to the smaller adsorbent (30 μm). Generally, polymer‐grafted adsorbents improved the exclusion of the virus‐like particles. Overall, the middle branch‐chain length polymer grafted on larger adsorbent showed optimal performance at 92% flow‐through recovery with a purification factor of 1.53. A comparative study between the adsorbent with dextran grafts and the polymer‐grafted adsorbent showed that a better exclusion of virus‐like particles was achieved with the absorbent grafted with inert polymer. The grafted polymer was also shown to reduce strong interaction between binding sites and virus‐like particles, which preserved the particles’ structure.     

Particle concentration measurement of virus samples using electrospray differential mobility analysis and quantitative amino acid analysis

Virus reference materials are needed to develop and calibrate detection devices and instruments. We used electrospray differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA) and quantitative amino acid analysis (AAA) to determine the particle concentration of three small model viruses (bacteriophages MS2, PP7, and ?X174). The biological activity, purity, and aggregation of the virus samples were measured using plaque assays, denaturing gel electrophoresis, and size-exclusion chromatography. ES-DMA was developed to count the virus particles using gold nanoparticles as internal standards. ES-DMA additionally provides quantitative measurement of the size and extent of aggregation in the virus samples. Quantitative AAA was also used to determine the mass of the viral proteins in the pure virus samples. The samples were hydrolyzed and the masses of the well-recovered amino acids were used to calculate the equivalent concentration of viral particles in the samples. The concentration of the virus samples determined by ES-DMA was in good agreement with the concentration predicted by AAA for these purified samples. The advantages and limitations of ES-DMA and AAA to characterize virus reference materials are discussed.     

Immunochemical purification of probe-labeled plasma membrane proteins: an approach to the molecular anatomy of the cell surface

The probe 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sodium sulfonate may be used under appropriate conditions for selective labeling of plasma membrane proteins exposed at the outer cell surface. Labeled proteins, solubilized by detergents, can be purified by reverse immunoadsorption using antiprobe antibodies covalently linked to Sepharose 4B. This method has been applied to an investigation of the outer cell surface structure of chicken embryo and hamster fibroblasts. Coelectrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of probe-labeled membrane proteins purified from baby hamster kidney fibroblasts have shown that 7 major protein groups of different molecular weight are exposed on both control and Rous sarcoma or polyoma virus-transformed cells. Moreover, the transformed cells display a nonvirion component of 80--100 k daltons that is not labeled by the probe in normal cells. In fibroblasts transformed by a temperature sensitive Rous sarcoma virus mutant, that transforms at 37 degrees C but not at 41 degrees C, the expression of this component is related to the expression of the transformed phenotype.     

Development of an aqueous two-phase partitioning system for fractionating therapeutic proteins from tobacco extract

In the present study, an aqueous two-phase partitioning system (ATPS) was developed and evaluated as an initial fractionation step for therapeutic antibodies and enzymes from tobacco extracts. A detailed study has been performed to analyze the effect of pH, ionic composition of the system, types of polymers and their molecular weight and concentration, on the partitioning behavior of tobacco proteins and human anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) monoclonal antibody 2F5 (mAb 2F5). A polyethyleneglycol/phosphate (PEG/Pi) aqueous two-phase system composed of 12% (w/w) PEG 1500 and 13% (w/w) phosphate buffer, pH 5, was selected as the system with the highest selectivity of antibody over native tobacco proteins. Under selected conditions, sufficient purification (3-4-fold) with high recovery at the bottom phase (approximately 95%) was achieved for mAb 2F5. In addition, the system allows removal of plant-derived compounds, such as phenolics and toxic alkaloids. The antibody fraction may be directly applied to a Protein A affinity column without any further pre-treatment, thus allowing homogenous antibody preparation. Analysis of the purified antibody fraction by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot showed that the antibody was fully active and free of degraded variants or modified forms. The efficacy of the system was further demonstrated using additional proteins and enzymes of therapeutic importance, such as neuraminidase (NA) from influenza virus and human anti-HIV monoclonal antibody 2G12 (mAb 2G12), and showed that the system may find wide applicability as an economic extraction strategy for the initial fractionation of biopharmaceuticals from transgenic tobacco plants.