烯醇硅醚对[60]富勒烯的亲核加成反应

在空气气氛和非极性溶剂(甲苯)中1-(4'-甲氧基苯基)-1-三甲基硅氧基乙烯与[60]富勒烯反应得到了非预计的环丙基骈[60]富勒烯衍生物(5).在无氧和极性非质子性溶剂(THF)中进行上述反应,得到了1,2-取代[60]富勒烯亲核加成产物(3)。对反应的机理作了合理的阐述。     

有机硅反应活性中间体的研究——Ⅴ.环丙基苯基硅烯向烯烃的立体专一加成

本文报道2-环丙基-2-苯基六甲基三硅烷经光化学分解产生环丙基苯基硅烯(1)。1能与烯烃立体专一地进行加成,中间体硅杂环丙烷的醇解开环也是立体专一地顺式开环。     

环丙烷基三甲基硅醚类化合物的脱硅基及酯化反应的研究

环丙烷基硅醚在卤化锌的作用下能够与硅胶反庆生成环丙基醇。研究了环丙烷基硅醚在卤化锌作用下与酰氯发生的酯化反应,发现在配位性较弱的溶剂二氯甲烷中,可得到比在乙醚中更高的产率。此外,采用一锅煮的方法,从烯醇硅醚出发,经过环丙化反应、酯化反应,以较好的产率合成了环丙基酯。     

bronsted酸性离子液体催化合成阿司匹林

以邻苯二胺和环丙基甲酸为原料,以多聚磷酸(PPA)为催化剂,在微波辐射下合成了环丙基苯并咪唑,用碘甲烷季胺化得到未见文献报道的环丙基苯并咪唑盐,通过苯并咪唑盐与Grignard试剂加成后水解反应制备环丙基甲基酮。经元素分析和红外光谱、质谱、核磁共振测试技术表征确证了结构。环丙基甲基酮为无色液体,合成环丙基甲基酮方法的产率为67%,为环丙基甲基酮提供了一种未见文献报道的合成方法。     

环丙烷甲酸-2-萘甲酯(杀螨剂)的合成

采用一种新的方法合成了环丙烷甲酸-2-萘甲酯。这种杀螨剂的合成过程为, 在碱、季胺型TOMAC相转移催化作用下, 1,2-二溴乙烷与丙二酸二乙酯反应合成1,1-环丙烷二羧酸, 然后脱羧, 得到环丙烷甲酸, 再制成环丙烷甲酸钠, 在Bu~4NBr(TBAB)季胺型相转移催化作用下, 与2-(溴甲基)萘合成得环丙烷甲酸-2-萘甲酯。其总产率为12.9％, 纯度为95.5％。初步证明对螨类害虫─柑桔红蜘蛛有效。     

5(R)-(l-氧基)-2(5H)-呋喃酮与溴代丙二酸二乙酯的反应

研究了5(R)-(l-?氧基)-2(5H)-呋喃酮与溴代丙二酸二乙酯在无水K2CO3和相转移催化剂四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)存在下,以乙腈为溶剂,在80℃下的反应及产物结构特征.在上述条件下得到了预期的具有两个乙酯基的手性环丙烷/丁内酯衍生物3,同时还得到了含有一个乙酯基的手性环丙烷/丁内酯化合物5以及少量的含溴产物6.通过对产物结构分析,提出了产物形成的可能机理.     

新型2-(2,2,3,3-四甲基环丙基)噁唑啉的合成

2,2,3,3-四甲基环丙烷甲酸和手性氨基醇经酰化反应制得6个N-β-羟基烷基酰胺(3a～3f)。以DDQ/PPh3为羟基活化剂,3a～3f经分子内脱水环合合成了6个2-(2,2,3,3-四甲基环丙基)噁唑啉,其结构经1 H NMR,13 C NMR,IR和HR-MS表征(其中5个为新化合物)。     

DUSY沸石催化α-蒎烯异构化的溶剂化效应

脱铝超稳Y沸石(简称DUSY)催化α 蒎烯异构化反应是固 液多相催化反应。α 蒎烯是松节油的主要成分,具有特殊的双环双键结构。DUSY是八面沸石经改性后的固体酸催化剂,它主要用于石油化学工业的精细化学品的合成。我们曾报道了DUSY沸石催化α 蒎烯的异构化反应及其动力学特征[1 3]。本文研究了脱铝超稳Y沸石(DUSY,SiO2/Al2O3=8 61)在介电常数不同的溶剂中催化α 蒎烯异构化反应,考察了在不同溶剂中,反应时间、温度对转化率、产物分布的影响。结果表明,采用介电常数较大的极性溶剂四氢呋喃,对反应更为有利。1　实验部分1 1　原料…     

环丙酞基过氧化物在各种溶剂中的热分解

对过氧化物1在对-二甲苯和六氯丙酮中的热分解,曾有报导〔1,2]。我们开展了1在七种极性和非极性溶剂中的热分解研究,根据产物(2, 2', 3, 3', 4, 4', 5, 5')的分布,可以看出它在不同溶剂中有不同的热分解途径:1.在某些溶剂中,有诱导分解,例如:     

双希夫碱-N,N’-二(2-羟基-1-萘甲醛)缩-1,4-苯二胺的电子光谱和光致变色机理研究

测定了双希夫碱,N,N＇-二(2-羟基-1-萘甲醛)缩-1,4-苯二胺(BNP)在环己烷和乙腈中的稳态和瞬态吸收光谱以及稳态荧光光谱,讨论了光致变色机理.在非极性溶剂中,BNP以烯醇式为主要存在形式,最大吸收位于紫外区.在极性溶剂中,既有烯醇式,又有质子转移产物的吸收,但以前者为主.无论在极性还是非极性溶剂中,其荧光发射都是来源于质子转移产物的激发态.     

Addition of radicals to quinones—I. ESR study of addition products from chloroquinones and free radicals

The mechanism of addition reactions of radicals formed during thermal decomposition of benzoyl peroxide with various chloro-substituted p-benzoquinones has been studied by the ESR technique in various solvents. The ESR spectra of the intermediate radicals show that addition occurs at the carbonyl oxygen. The important role of charge-transfer complexes in the reaction has been established. For strong CT complexes, the quinone molecule reacts with radicals derived from the solvent.     

Viscosity effects on the thermal decomposition of bis(perfluoro-2-N-propoxypropionyl) peroxide in dense carbon dioxide and fluorinated solvents

The thermal decomposition of the free-radical initiator bis(perfluoro-2-N-propoxyprionyl) peroxide (BPPP) was studied in dense carbon dioxide and a series of fluorinated solvents. For the fluorinated solvents, the observed first-order decomposition rate constants, k(obs), increased with decreasing solvent viscosity, suggesting a single-bond decomposition mechanism. The k(obs) values are comparatively larger in dense carbon dioxide and similar to the "zero-viscosity" rate constants extrapolated from the decomposition kinetics in the fluorinated solvents. The decomposition activation parameters demonstrate a compensation behavior of the activation enthalpy with the activation entropy upon change in solvent viscosity. Comparison of the change in activation parameter values upon change in solvent viscosity for BPPP with two additional initiators, acetyl peroxide (AP) and trifluoroacetyl peroxide (TFAP), further suggests that carbon dioxide exerts a very minimal influence on the decomposition mechanism of these initiators through solvent-cage effects.     

The interaction between polymerization initiators and inhibitors in solutions—II. The reaction between benzoyl peroxide and p-benzoquinone in concentrated solutions; Some observations on the induced decomposition of the peroxide

The reaction between benzoyl peroxide and p-benzoquinone in concentrated solutions in a wide variety of solvents has been investigated by isolation and identification of the reaction products. Despite the high efficiency of p-benzoquinone as a trap for benzoyloxy radicals, partial decarboxylation to phenyl radicals usually occurs. Complete suppression of decarboxylation is achieved only when p-benzoquinone is present at such a high concentration that it is effectively the solvent for the reaction.The benzoyloxy- and phenyl semiquinones show marked differences in reactivity, the former tend to combine to form dibenzoyloxy dibenzoquinone while disproportionation is favoured by the latter to form quinhydrone of monophenylbenzoquinone.At lower quinone ratio, the peroxide undergoes induced decomposition by phenyl radicals both in “reactive” and “unreactive” solvents. The induced decomposition involves the formation of radical intermediates which undergo disproportionation, but not intramolecular rearrangement, to form p-phenylbenzoyloxy radicals. The latter can be captured, before undergoing decarboxylation, by the benzoyloxysemiquinones formed in the reaction.A correlation between the electron donating property of a radical and its capability to induce the decomposition of the peroxide was developed.     

Thermal decomposition of cyclic organic peroxides in pure solvents and binary solvent mixtures

The thermal decomposition reaction of acetone cyclic triperoxide, acetone cyclic diperoxide, 4‐heptanone cyclic diperoxide, and pinacolone cyclic diperoxide ca. 0.02 M was studied in pure solvents (acetone and 1‐propanol) and in binary mixtures of acetone/1‐propanol at 150°C. The kinetics of each system was explored by gas chromatography (GC) at different solvent compositions. The reactions showed a behavior accordingly with a pseudo‐first‐order kinetic law up to at least 90% peroxide decomposition. The main organic products derived from these thermolysis reactions were detected by GC analysis. Among them, the corresponding ketones, methane, ethane, and propane were the main identified products. The rates of decomposition of pinacolone diperoxide in the pure solvents were practically independent of the solvent characteristics, so it was of no interest to analyze its kinetic behavior in binary solvent mixtures. In acetone/1‐propanol mixtures, the solvation effect on the cyclic peroxides derived from 4‐heptanone and acetone molecules was slightly dominated by specific interactions between 1‐propanol and a diradical‐activated complex initially formed. This species was preferentially solvated by 1‐propanol instead of acetone. Specific interactions between the O atoms from the peroxidic bond and the H from the OH in 1‐propanol can be taken into account. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 347–353, 2010     

Deplacements homolytiques intramoleculaires : III-decomposition du peroxyde d'allyle et de t-butyle dans les ethers et les cyclanes: expoxy-2,3 propanation de ces solvants

Product analysis of the thermolysis of allyl t-butyl peroxide in cyclohexane and tetrahydrofuran shows that an important induced decomposition of the peroxide occurs by the addition of radicals derived from the solvent, to the peroxide double bond, followed by an intramolecular homolytic displacement of the t-butoxyl group. Such a reaction is a 2,3-epoxypropanation of the solvent in which the initiator is decomposed. The reaction is shown to be general, by using other ethers and cycloalkanes as solvents.     

The photochemical behaviour of bis aryl-1,3 triazenes

The photolysis of bis aryl-1,3 triazenes carried out in non-aromatic solvents gives products whose structures are consistent with a cage recombination process of homolytically formed radicals and the subsequent abstraction of hydrogen from the solvent molecules by these arylamino radicals.In aromatic solvents, a free-radical chain process leads to the formation of products resulting from the homolytic substitution on the solvent.     

Decomposition of diacyl peroxides in HMPA — An electron transfer process

In hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA), four representative diacyl peroxides, namely, benzoyl peroxide (1), Cyclopropylformyl peroxide (2), lauroyl peroxide (3) and trifluoroacetyl peroxide (4), all decompose at rates much higher than those expected from their unimolecular thermal decomposition, and the corresponding carboxylic acids are formed in high yields (74–97%). Furthermore, several radical colligation products formed from HMPA molecules can be identified. Evidently, the initial step in the reaction between a diacyl peroxide and the “solvent” HMPA involves an electron transfer with the latter acting as the donor.     

Predicting autoxidation stability of ether- and amide-based electrolyte solvents for Li-air batteries

Finding suitable solvents remains one of the most elusive challenges in rechargeable, nonaqueous Li-air battery technology. Although ether and amides are identified as stable classes of aprotic solvents against nucleophilic attack by superoxide, many of them are prone to autoxidation under oxygen atmosphere. In this work, we use density functional theory calculations coupled with an implicit solvent model to investigate the autoxidative stability of ether- and N,N-dialkylamide-based solvents. The change in the activation free energy for the C-H bond cleavage by O(2) is consistent with the extent of peroxide production for each class of solvent. Conversely, the thermodynamic stability alone is not sufficient to account for the observed variation in solvent reactivity toward O(2). A detailed understanding of the factors influencing the autoxidative stability provides several strategies for designing molecules with enhanced air/O(2) stability, comparable or superior to that of structurally related hydrocarbons. The mechanism of superoxide-mediated oxidation of hydroperoxides derived from ethers and amides is presented. The degradation mechanism accounts for the primary decomposition products (esters and carboxylates) observed in the Li-air battery with ether-based electrolytes. The identification of solvents having resistance to autoxidation is critical for the development of rechargeable Li-air batteries with long cycle life.     

The microenvironment effect on the generation of reactive oxygen species by Pd-bacteriopheophorbide

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the hallmark of important biological processes and photodynamic therapy (PDT), where ROS production results from in situ illumination of certain dyes. Here we test the hypothesis that the yield, fate, and efficacy of the species evolved highly depend on the dye's environment. We show that Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (Pd-Bpheid), a useful reagent for vascular targeted PDT (VTP) of solid tumors, which has recently entered into phase II clinical trials under the code name WST09 (trade name TOOKAD), forms appreciable amounts of hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, and probably hydrogen peroxide in aqueous medium but not in organic solvents where singlet oxygen almost exclusively forms. Evidence is provided by pico- and nanosecond time-resolved spectroscopies, ESR spectroscopy with spin-traps, time-resolved singlet oxygen phosphorescence, and chemical product analysis. The quantum yield for singlet oxygen formation falls from approximately 1 in organic solvents to approximately 0.5 in membrane-like systems (micelles or liposomes), where superoxide and hydroxyl radicals form at a minimal quantum yield of 0.1%. Analysis of photochemical products suggests that the formation of oxygen radicals involves both electron and proton transfer from (3)Pd-Bpheid at the membrane/water interface to a colliding oxygen molecule, consequently forming superoxide, then hydrogen peroxide, and finally hydroxyl radicals, with no need for metal catalysis. The ability of bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) derivatives to form such radicals upon excitation at the near infrared (NIR) domain opens new avenues in PDT and research of redox regulation in animals and plants.     

Solvent effect on the deactivation processes of benzophenone ketyl radicals in the excited state

The solvent effects on ketyl radicals of benzophenone derivatives (BPD) in the excited state (BPDH*(D1)) were investigated. Absorption and fluorescence spectra of BPDH*(D1) in various solvents were measured using nanosecond-picosecond two-color two-laser flash photolysis. The fluorescence peaks from BPDH*(D1) showed a shift due to the dipole-dipole interaction with the solvent molecules. The dipole moments (mu(e)) of BPDH*(D1) were estimated to be 7-10 D, indicating that BPDH*(D1) are highly polarized. It was revealed that the fluorescence lifetime (tau(f)) depends on mu(e) in acetonitrile because the stabilization by solvent molecules affects the tau(f) value in polar solvents, predominantly. On the contrary, the conformation of BPDH*(D1) plays an important role in cyclohexane because the efficiency of the unimolecular reaction from BPDH*(D1) depends on the conformation. The substituent effect on the electron transfer from BPDH*(D1) to their parent molecules was also discussed.