酶联免疫吸附分析法测定水样中的阿特拉津

应用阿特拉津半抗原衍生物共价交联于载体蛋白分子上，制成免疫抗原，经免疫得到高质量的兔抗阿特拉津抗血清。经条件优选，建立了测定阿特拉津的酶联吸附分析竞争法，测定性范围为０．０５－５．００μｇ／Ｌ，最低检出限仅为０．０１８－０．０２２μｇ／Ｌ，且精密度高，特异性强。     

酶联免疫吸附分析法测定水中双氯芬酸钠

本研究报道一种高灵敏度的测定自来水和表面水中药物残留双氯芬酸钠含量的间接酶联吸附分析法(ELISA)。在包被抗原为20μg/L,抗体为1∶20000倍稀释,辣根过氧化物酶-羊抗兔IgG为1∶20000倍稀释的优化条件下,双氯芬酸钠的检出限(LOD)为0.004μg/L~0.008μg/L,IC50值(标准曲线中吸光度抑制至最大吸光度值的50%时所对应的待测物浓度)为0.03μg/L~0.12μg/L。双氯芬酸钠在自来水中和表面水中的回收率分别为96%和113%。表面水存在一定的基体效应,但仅需要简单过滤稀释就可以消除。     

间接酶联免疫吸附分析法对环境水样中左旋18-甲基炔诺酮含量的测定

本文报道测定环境水样中的左旋18-甲基炔诺酮(NG)的间接酶联免疫吸附分析法(ELISA)。通过对左旋18-甲基炔诺酮的化学修饰,将左旋18-甲基炔诺酮与蛋白质载体结合,制成完全免疫抗原,经过多次动物免疫得到了兔抗左旋18-甲基炔诺酮抗体,在优化实验条件的基础上,建立了灵敏度高、特异性强、简便、稳定的测定水样中左旋18-甲基炔诺酮的酶联免疫吸附分析方法。IC50值(标准曲线中吸光度抑制至最大吸光度值的50%时所对应的待测物浓度)在1μg/L~5μg/L,最低检出限为0.05μg/L~0.1μg/L。水样的加标回收率在88%~140%之间。真实环境水样中,均发现含有左旋18-甲基炔诺酮,浓度在0.3μg/L-0.6μg/L之间。     

酶联免疫吸附分析法测定土壤试样中的阿特拉津

报道一种高灵敏度，高重现性的酶联免疫吸附分析法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）对土壤试样中阿特拉津的测定。测定的线性范围为０．０５￣５．０μｇ／Ｌ，由１４条标准曲线求得的最低检出限在０．０１８￣０．２４μｇ／Ｌ之间，线性相关系数ｒ＝０．９９２２。加标土样分别用含水甲醇和含水乙腈提取的效率都接近１００％，提取液用重蒸水１：２００稀释后可消除基质效应和溶剂效应的影响，加标平均回收率为９９．６％。     

酶联免疫吸附分析法测定水产品及水中孔雀石绿和无色孔雀石绿

本文报道一种同时测定水产品及水样中孔雀石绿(MG)和无色孔雀石绿(LMG)的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附分析法。对无色孔雀石绿分子进行修饰,使其与载体蛋白交联,得到免疫原和包被抗原,经过多次免疫动物制得抗无色孔雀石绿的多克隆抗体。在优化的实验条件下,IC50值(标准曲线中吸光度抑制至最大吸光度值的50%时所对应的待测物浓度)为0.9~2.6μg/L,检出限为0.02~0.10μg/L,无色孔雀石绿在水样及水产品中的回收率为76.2~95.0%,与孔雀石绿的交叉反应率为95.25%。真实样品测定中,两种食用鱼养殖水样及一个鱼样中未检出孔雀石绿和无色孔雀石绿,但在观赏鱼养殖水样及另一鱼样中检出孔雀石绿和无色孔雀石,浓度分别为1.84μg/L和1.38μg/L。     

酶联免疫吸附分析法测定食品中的苏丹红I号

本研究建立了测定食品中苏丹红I号含量的间接竞争酶联免疫分析法。首先对苏丹红I号分子作了的修饰，再与载体蛋白交联制得免疫原和包被抗原，经动物免疫制得抗苏丹红I号的抗体。在包被抗原为100μg／L，抗体为1：100，000倍稀释，标记二抗为1：15000倍稀释的优化条件下，测得检出限为0．12μg／L，IC50值（标准曲线中吸光度抑制至最大吸光度值的50％时所对应的待测物浓度）为0．74μg／L。苏丹红I号在番茄酱和辣椒面中的回收率分别为106％和110％。样品仅需甲醇萃取再用缓冲液简单稀释就可以直接进行ELISA测定。     

直接竞争酶联免疫吸附分析法测定氰戊菊酯

采用活性酯法,将氰戊菊酯半抗原N-[2-(4-氯苯基)-3-甲基丁酰基]-4-氨基丁酸与载体蛋白共价偶联合成突出氰戊菊酯分子结构特征的人工抗原和包被原.以人工抗原免疫新西兰白兔制备抗血清,采用(NH4)2SO4分步盐析和DEAE纤维素柱层析法从抗血清中分离纯化对氰戊菊酯具特异性亲和力的抗体,采用活性酯法,以辣根过氧化物酶标记半抗原N-[2-(4-氯苯基)-3-甲基丁酰基]-6-氨基己酸.采用固定抗体、氰戊菊酯和酶标半抗原直接竞争结合固相抗体的模式, 建立对氰戊菊酯具高特异性的酶联免疫吸附分析方法.在优化条件下, 测定氰戊菊酯标样检测的线性浓度范围为0.001～10.0 mg/L; 检出限0.001 mg/L; 相对标准偏差(RSD, n=5)为9.19%.小白菜中分别添加0.10和5.0 mg/kg氰戊菊酯,直接竞争酶联免疫吸附分析法(ELISA)测定,重复6次,回收率分别为83.8%～109%和93.6%～110%; RSD分别为11.7%和7.25%.对实际样品的有效检出限为0.007 mg/L.其它常用拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂(氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊脂、功夫菊酯、醚菊酯、联苯菊酯)不干扰氰戊菊酯的测定.     

酶联免疫吸附分析法测定食品中的苏丹红Ⅰ号

本研究建立了测定食品中苏丹红Ⅰ号含量的间接竞争酶联免疫分析法。首先对苏丹红Ⅰ号分子作了的修饰,再与载体蛋白交联制得免疫原和包被抗原,经动物免疫制得抗苏丹红Ⅰ号的抗体。在包被抗原为100μg/L,抗体为1:100,000倍稀释,标记二抗为1:15000倍稀释的优化条件下,测得检出限为0.12μg/L,IC50值(标准曲线中吸光度抑制至最大吸光度值的50%时所对应的待测物浓度)为0.74μg/L。苏丹红Ⅰ号在番茄酱和辣椒面中的回收率分别为106%和110%。样品仅需甲醇萃取再用缓冲液简单稀释就可以直接进行ELISA测定。     

酶联免疫吸附法直接测定血清雌二醇

本合成了３种不同载体蛋白的雌二醇抗原，研究了载体蛋白免疫原性对雌二醇抗体产生的影响。应用酶联免疫吸附分析法测定了血清中雌二醇，浓度范围为５－１６０ｎｇ／ｍｌ（１．８×１０＾－＾８－５．９×１０＾－＾７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）．ＲＳＤ％小于１０．％，检测限为１．９７ｎｇ／ｍｌ，相当于９８．５ｐｇ／孔（按空白平均值的二倍标准偏差计算）。另外，本还建立了一种用考马斯亮蓝Ｇ－２５０测定半抗原与蛋白结合比的方法，提     

氟甲喹单克隆抗体制备、鉴定及间接竞争酶联免疫吸附分析法

以氟甲喹(FLU)为原料,合成4个碳原子手臂的半抗原(FLUABA),采用活泼酯法与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联制备免疫抗原,通过免疫Balb/c小鼠及细胞融合,获得1株稳定分泌抗氟甲喹单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株DB6-E7,其抗体亚类为IgG1,亲和力常数(KA)为8.19×108L/mol。将氟甲喹、FLUABA及6个碳原子手臂的半抗原FLUACA分别与卵清白蛋白(OVA)偶联作为包被抗原,研究异源包被对间接竞争ELISA灵敏度的影响。结果表明,异源包被可显著提高ELISA方法的灵敏度。基于最佳异源包被(FLU-OVA)的酶联免疫吸附分析法的IC50为26.33μg/L,检出限为4μg/L,定量检测范围为8.0～114μg/L(IC20～IC80)。与喹诺酮类药物及结构类似物几乎不存在交叉反应,特异性高。此方法可满足畜禽产品中氟甲喹残留的快速筛查。     

Determination of the insecticide fenoxycarb in apple leaf samples by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the determination of fenoxycarb in apple leaf samples. Single step extraction procedures with phosphate-citrate buffered solution containing different amounts of methanol were tested showing that a solvent percentage of 20% (v/v) was the best condition, with recoveries between 85 and 100% in the working range of 25-500 μg kg⁻¹ and a negligible matrix effect. The low detection limit reached, 1 μg kg⁻¹ against 50 μg kg⁻¹ for the recommended liquid chromatographic method, makes the ELISA more suitable for determinations of the fenoxycarb residues in apple leaf samples. The reliability of the ELISA was evaluated by assaying the insecticide in spiked and contaminated samples by three different approaches: direct determination, standard addition method with a calibration graph, and the dilution test. The corresponding coefficients of variation were, respectively, 11, 22 and 27%. The direct determination on the (1+1) diluted apple leaf extract was used to measure the insecticide residues in samples collected in the north-eastern Italian regions of Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige.     

Trace analysis of microcystins in water using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Routine monitoring of microcystin in natural waters is difficult because the concentration of the toxin is usually lower than the detection limits. As a more sensitive detection method for microcystin, we developed a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on monoclonal antibodies. New monoclonal antibodies against the microcystin leucine-arginine variant (MCLR), a cyclic peptide toxin of the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, were prepared from cloned hybridoma cell lines. We used keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-conjugated MCLR as an immunogen for the production of mouse monoclonal antibody. The immunization, cell fusion, and screening of hybridoma cells producing anti-MCLR antibody were conducted. In the ELISA test, a microtiter plate coated with MCLR-bovine serum albumin conjugate was incubated with standard microcystin samples. The amount of antibody bound was determined by the reaction of peroxidase-labeled anti-mouse IgG with its substrate, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl benzidine (TMB). Since the ELISA test was highly sensitive, the newly developed ELISA can be suitable for the trace analysis of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, microcystins in water. The linear responses of monoclonal antibodies with different concentrations of microcystin LR were established between 30 and 1600 pg/mL.     

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for pentachlorophenol

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a hazardous pollutant with toxicity and potential carcinogenic properties being a serious threat to the environment. In this work, the development of an immunoassay for PCP is presented. A hapten was synthesised and conjugated to protein for rabbit immunisation. Three polyclonal antibodies were obtained and the best results were achieved in the antibody-coated format using antiserum R3. Calibration range was 0.3–30.5 ng ml⁻¹, with an average I₅₀ value of 2.9 ng ml⁻¹ and a detection limit of 0.1 ng ml⁻¹. The specificity of the assay was tested against PCP structurally related compounds. The method is highly specific for PCP and shows low cross-reactivity (CR) for chlorine-containing phenols, nitrophenols, benzenic and piridinic compounds. The good recoveries achieved with different water samples indicate that this assay can be a good alternative method for the determination of PCP in this kind of samples.     

Validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of 4-nonylphenol and octylphenol in surface water samples by LC-ESI-MS

4-Nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) were measured by direct ELISA in both laboratory-fortified and surface water samples collected monthly from 10 rivers. In this procedure, samples were concentrated by solid phase extraction (SPE) using Lichrolut RP-18 sorbent with good recoveries obtained for both LC-MS and ELISA, giving a low level of detection (LOD) at the range of low μg L⁻¹ and good reproducibility. Analysis of 40 surface water samples demonstrated that the ELISA may be a useful screening tool for the determination of the alkylphenols in surface water matrices. The concentration of NP and OP in surface waters ranged from 0.11 to 6.58 μg L⁻¹. A good correlation of results obtained by ELISA and LC-MS within the concentration range of 0.08-6.86 μg L⁻¹ was found in the river samples [R² = 0.924, n = 39]. The influence of various factors on assay determination was also discussed.     

Group-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for fenitrooxon and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol in water samples based on a polyclonal antibody

Fenitrooxon [O,O-dimethyl-O-(4-nitro-m-tolyl)phosphate] is the major metabolite of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion, and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol is its major degradation product. In the present study, we describe the development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of these compounds in water samples based on a group-specific polyclonal antiserum generated with a “bifunctional hapten”, which has two functions: the conventional function of producing an antibody against an antigen and a unique function of promoting the production of the antibodies in rabbit. For application to water samples, the influence of several factors such as organic solvent, pH, and detergent was studied. Under optimized conditions, the quantitative working range of the fenitrooxon ELISA was 0.71-27 ng ml⁻¹ with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.32 ng ml⁻¹, and the fenitrooxon concentration giving 50% reduction of the maximum signal (IC₅₀) was 4.2 ng ml⁻¹. The quantitative working range of the 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol ELISA was 0.67-27 ng ml⁻¹ with a LOD of 0.38 ng ml⁻¹ and an IC₅₀ of 3.7 ng ml⁻¹. No significant matrix effect originating from the water sample (river water, tap water, purified water, and bottled water) was shown by addition of Tween 20 to the assay buffer. Water samples spiked with each of these compounds at 1, 5, 10, and 20 ng ml⁻¹ were directly analyzed without extraction and clean-up by the proposed ELISA. The mean recovery was 100.9%, and the mean coefficient of variation (CV) was 7.7% for the fenitrooxon ELISA and for the 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol ELISA, the mean recovery was 97.6%, and the mean CV was 7.2%. The proposed ELISA allows precise and accurate determination of these compounds in water at such low levels.     

On the semi-quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated soil by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of environmental concern, for instance when found in contaminated soils at sites where industrial activities have occurred. For efficient screening of such soils, the commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, the PAH RIS^c® soil test, can be used. However, the site-specific performance may vary due to differences in soil properties and contamination profiles. Hence, in this study we have examined various contributing factors to the total ELISA measurements uncertainties. These factors include contributions from co-extracted (non-target) compounds, the extraction efficiency and differences in cross-reactivity among the target analytes. Reference values were obtained through pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The results showed that the ELISA does not seem to respond to non-target compounds in the soil extracts to any large extent. Furthermore, high molecular weight PAHs were found to be more efficiently extracted with PLE than with methanol agitation, which is used for ELISA. If this, and the cross-reactivity of the individual PAHs, were taken into consideration, the ELISA and GC-MS results were in good agreement.     

Development and validation of a highly sensitive ELISA for the determination of pharmaceutical indomethacin in water samples

The development and validation of a highly sensitive and specific indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of pharmaceutical indomethacin in water samples was presented. The immunogen and coating antigen were prepared by covalently linking indomethacin to bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin by anhydride ester method. Two rabbits were immunized by standard immunization processes and the superior antibody was characterized in terms of sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy and stability. Under optimal experimental conditions, the standard curve was constructed in the concentration range of 0.01-10 ng/mL. For 10 consecutive standard curves run in 2 weeks, IC₅₀ value (the concentration of analyte producing 50% of inhibition) were found within 0.10-0.25 ng/mL, and the detection limit (DL) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 (S/N = 3) was about 0.01 ng/mL. The antiserum recognized acemetacin, a precursor of indomethacin with 92.3% cross-reactivity, while the cross-reactivity values of antiserum with other tested compounds were very low. From the spiking experiments, the recoveries were found within 98-123%. The ELISA was applied for the determination of indomethacin in different water samples and the results were confirmed by conventional HPLC. The correlation coefficient of 0.988 was obtained, demonstrating a good correlation of ELISA with HPLC.