Weibull Raindrop-Size Distribution and its Application to Rain Attenuation from 30 GHz to 1000 GHz

A weibull raindrop-size distribution is fitted to the measurements of rainfall observed using a distrometer in Tokyo. A propagation experiment at 103 GHz is also introduced. The rain attenuation is calculated by considering the Mie scattering for the Marshall-Palmer, Best, Joss-Thomas-Waldvogel, Gamma and Weibull raindrop-size distributions. The results of frequency characteristics from the Weibull raindrop-size distribution agrees well with some experimental data for the millimeter and submillimeter waves above 30 GHz. The quick read table is calculated for the rain attenuation from 30 GHz to 1000 GHz.     

Rain Attenuation at Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelengths

The rain attenuation was calculated by using the Marshall-Palmer, Best, Joss-Thomas-Waldvogel and Weibull distributions for raindrop-size. The results were compared with the recent measurements from 8 to 312.5 GHz at the rain rate R = 50mm/hr. Especially, the Weibull distribution has a good agreement with the measurements at 312.5 GHz (0.96 mm) in the submillimeter wavelength. Specific attenuation values from 1 to 1000 GHz were calculated for a rain temperature of –10°C, 0°C and 20°C by using the Weibull distribution.     

Rain Attenuation at Millimeter Wavelength of 1.33 mm

Specific rain attenuation values calculated by using the four empirical raindrop-size distributions, that is, the Marshall and Palmer, the Joss, Thams and Walgvogel, the Ihara, Furuhama and Manabe, and the Weibull raindrop-size distributions. The millimeter wave measurement at 225 GHz (1.33mm) was compared with our calculations. It has been shown that the Weibull distribution has the best agreement with the measurements.     

磁光盘可靠性及寿命评估方法研究

采用高温和湿热交变加速应力条件对磁光盘可靠性寿命进行研究。通过对磁光盘在加速应力条件下的动态性能分析，提出了以威布尔分布来处理磁光盘失效的理论模型，并得到了较好的拟合，对磁光盘的可靠性寿命进行了评估，得到了磁光盘的可靠性寿命以及威布尔寿命分布函数。     

Influence of Raindrop-Size Distribution on the Differential Reflectivity up to Submillimeter Wavelength of 0.96 mm

The rain attenuation was calculated by using the Marshall and Palmer, the gamma and the Weibull raindrop-size distributions. The microwave experimental measurement data from 8.4 GHz (3.75 mm) to 312.5 GHz (0.96 mm) were compared with our calculations. The Weibull distribution has the best agreement with the measurements, especially above 100 GHz. The differential reflectivity Z _DR was also calculated using these three distributions. To this end, we used the horizontal and vertical radar cross sections which were computed from Waterman's T-matrix method. It is shown that Z _DR greatly depends on raindrop-size distributions and has potential for determing drop-size distributions with high accuracy.     

Detection of Target Embedded in Sea Clutter by Means of Millimeter Wave Radar

Sea clutter was measured using a millimeter wave radar with a frequency of 34.86GHz and pulse length of 30ns. A car carrier ship target was embedded in sea clutter. It has been discovered that target pulse-to-pulse fluctuations obey a Weibull distribution and sea clutter obey a Rayleigh distribution. We obtained target to clutter ratio improvement of 23.8dB by applying the cell average LOG/CFAR techniques. The computer simulation has been made to evaluate the detection probability and the false alarm probability. The simulation result was in good agreement with the observed data.     

Suppression of Sea-ice Clutter Observed by a Millimeter Wave Radar

Sea-ice clutter was measured using a millimeter wave radar (MWR) with a frequency of 34.86 GHz, the beamwidth of 0.25° and pulsewidth of 30 ns which is located at Mombetsu in Hokkaido, Japan. In this paper, targets are an iron tower and a breakwater which are embedded in sea-ice clutter. We have found that the sea-ice clutter amplitude obeys the Weibull distribution. As a result of this, we obtained target to clutter ratio improvement of 22.6, 17.2 dB for an iron tower and a breakwater, respectively, by considering the modified LOG/CFAR system which is the transformation from Weibull to Rayleigh distribution.     

Investigation of statistical behaviour of electrical breakdown voltage distribution for nitrogen‐filled diode at 13.3 mbar pressure

The results of statistical analysis of the electrical breakdown voltage distribution in nitrogen are presented in this paper. For obtaining the experimental results, a nitrogen‐filled diode at 13.3 mbar pressure was used. The dynamic method was used for estimating the static breakdown voltage. One‐hundred voltage measurements were carried out for each value of the increase in the voltage rate from 1 up to 10 V/s. Wilcoxon test was used for checking the measurements' randomness for each rate. The experimental distribution functions are fitted with the three‐parameter Weibull distribution function. The coefficients of the Weibull distribution are also estimated.     

气体开关自击穿概率的分析方法比较

利用实测的多间隙气体开关自击穿电压,比较了高斯正态函数和威布尔函数在分析气体开关自击穿概率方面的异同。检验了自击穿电压的正态性和威布尔性,通过参数估计分别确定了自击穿电压的正态分布和威布尔分布函数。计算表明:两种概率分布得出的概率分析结果基本一致,在相同电压下放电概率差别一般不大于1%,最大为2%（当放电概率大于90%时）;在电压高于威布尔分布的阈值参数时,两种方法在相同概率下的放电电压计算结果差别不超过0.3%。     

针对WWW业务的光缓存优化设计

研究了异步光分组网中的输出光缓存问题，与以往不同的是在处理光分组到达时间间隔时采用Weibull分布，以便更有效地描述互联网中的WWW业务流量类型．通过建立基于Weibull分布的排队模型，得到了排队模型中的丢包率的解析式，并根据数值解得出了光缓存系统的丢包率、系统实际利用率、服务窗口利用率以及平均排队时间随光纤延时线单位缓存时间变化的关系曲线．研究结果表明：在不同的业务强度和缓存深度下选取恰当的单位缓存时间，可以优化光缓存系统的性能．     

化学钢化光学窗口玻璃强度分析与检测

以脆性材料的断裂力学为基础,根据化学钢化光学窗口玻璃表面应力分布状态,分析了化学钢化对光学窗口玻璃强度的影响。将Weibull模型与玻璃微裂纹生长理论相结合,分析并提出了化学钢化光学窗口玻璃的强度检验和寿命预测方法,为化学钢化光学窗口玻璃的强度设计和检验提供指导。     

Weibull分布随机波的瞬态极化统计分析——相同形状参数情形

Weibull分布的雷达极化回波特征由三个分布参数来描述：波的强度、极化椭圆率角以及椭圆倾角.在瞬态极化理论的基础上,推导了三个分布参数的联合概率密度函数,标准Stokes矢量统计分布的联合概率密度函数及其边缘概率密度函数,并通过蒙塔卡罗方法进行了计算机仿真,结果验证了理论推导的正确性.Weibull分布随机极化电磁波瞬态极化统计特性的研究对高分辨条件下雷达目标的检测、识别和跟踪领域都有一定的理论指导意义. 关键词： Weibull分布 极化椭圆参数 标准Stokes矢量 统计     

Statistical Analysis of Pellet Size Variation in Commercial Catalysts

The size of commercial catalyst pellets is distributed over a range of values. The suitability of the normal, lognormal and Weibull distributions to model pellet size variation was judged by three quality‐of‐fit criteria: the coefficient of determination, Akaike information criterion and Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test, respectively. It is concluded that the normal distribution is most appropriate to represent the diameter distribution of the spherical pellets, though the lognormal distribution also gives a satisfactory fit. The Weibull distribution is the best one to represent the length distribution of the catalyst tablets. It is elucidated that a downward tail of the tablet length distribution results from the fluctuating characteristics of feeding for the individual tablets. It is also pointed out that pellet size distributed in a narrow window is beneficial to the industrial application of solid catalysts.     

Embedded particle size distribution and its effect on detonation in composite explosives

This paper discusses the effects of stochastically varying inert particle parameters on the long-term behaviour of detonation front propagation. The simulation model involves a series of cylindrical high explosive unit cells, each embedded with an inert spherical particle. Detonation shock dynamics theory postulates that the velocity of the shock front in the explosive fluid is related to its curvature. In our previous work, we derived a series of partial differential equations that govern the propagation of the shock front passing over the inert particles and developed a computationally efficient simulation environment to study the model over extremely long timescales. We expand upon that project by randomising several properties of the inert particles to represent experimental designs better. First, we randomise the particle diameters according to the Weibull distribution. Then we discuss stochastic particle spacing methods and their effects on the predictability of the shock wave speed. Finally, we discuss mixtures of plastic and metal particles and material inconsistency among the particles.     

Fatigue resistance of plasma-sprayed CrC-NiCr cermet coatings in rolling contact

The aim of this paper was to address the fatigue behavior and failure modes of plasma-sprayed CrC-NiCr cermet coatings in rolling contact under the identical tribological conditions of contact stress at room temperature. For all tests, the thicknesses of the coatings were controlled to be about 100 μm. Thirteen rolling contact tests were performed to obtain the statistical result. The Weibull distribution plot of fatigue-life data of the coating specimens was obtained. The failure modes and mechanisms of the coatings were studied on the basis of the worn surface observations of the failed coatings. Experiment results showed that the RCF life data of the coatings exhibited high scattering, since the bimodal distribution of the fatigue-life data of the coatings was observed in the Weibull plot. Different failure modes named as spalling and delamination were observed during this investigation. However, the failure modes might be associated with the microstructure and the bonding strength of the coating, and the distribution of shear stress at the subsurface. The coatings failed in the spalling generally exhibited the relatively high fatigue lives and the coatings failed in the delamination exhibited low lives, resulting in the bimodal distribution of the fatigue-life data in the Weibull plot.     

高直流电场下PET薄膜的电致发光及其可靠性

用自制电致发光(Electrolum inescence-EL)测量装置测试了直流高电场下聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯[poly(ethylene terephthalate)-PET]薄膜EL的光强和光谱。实验表明:PET的发光光强随所加电场而增大,在4.00MV/cm附近发生预击穿。EL光谱在300~400nm、400~460nm、500~600nm和680nm附近存在发射峰,其中500~600nm峰带相对较强,预击穿信号出现后680nm附近的峰带增加很快。为了评价PET的介电性能,本文对实验数据用双参数Weibull分布解析法计算,得出了该薄膜在(24±1)℃,阶跃加压条件下的寿命和击穿电场的累积失效概率和可靠度方程,Weibull假设检验结果表明,实验结果服从Weibull分布。     

基于三参数威布尔分布的自动调整臂服役可靠性研究

作为汽车制动系统关键部件的自动调整臂,其服役可靠性关系到汽车行驶的安全;通过疲劳试验分析自动调整臂零部件失效的可能性,试验结果表明:矩形压簧及螺旋压缩弹簧是影响自动调整臂失效的关键部分;利用MATLAB分析试验数据,可知自动调整臂疲劳寿命服从三参数的威布尔分布,文中结合竞争性故障模型对自动调整臂的服役可靠性进行分析,基于该模型采用最小二乘法及最大相关系数法对试验中的寿命数据进行参数估计;实例分析表明,该法的原理简单,方便实用,结合竞争性故障模型的威布尔分布能准确真实地反映自动调整臂疲劳试验数据的统计特性,具有较好的工程应用价值。     

Paraxial propagation of partially coherent flat-topped beam

The propagation of flat-topped beam passing through a paraxial optical ABCD system is extended to partially coherent case and has been studied in detail. Based on Wigner distribution function (WDF), the irradiance distribution of partially coherent flat-topped beam is derived. Furthermore, two propagation parameters, such as M²-factor and Power in Bucket (PIB) are illustrated analytically and numerically.