糖蛋白-凝集素自组装构筑有序膜及在酶电极的应用

利用糖蛋白-凝集素的识别作用交替沉积伴刀豆球蛋白（Con A）与辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)制备酶自组装多层膜，用原子力显微镜（AFM）观测了自组装膜的表面形貌、表面粗糙度； AFM和椭圆偏振研究测定了自组装膜的厚度.结果表明, Con A和HRP膜厚分别为9.0和4.6 nm，与两者的晶体衍射结果一致，说明生物识别自组装方法能很好地保持分子的原有形态.以亚甲蓝（MB）溶液为介体，用循环伏安法测定了表面修饰了三层（Con A/HRP）自组装膜的金电极对H2O2的电化学催化还原作用，在H2O2浓度为0.2～1.0 mmol•L－1时，响应电流对H2O2浓度变化成线性，酶电极灵敏度为24.0 mA•mol－1•L，表观米氏常数为4.2 mmol•L－1.     

Li2Mg2Si4O10F2、H2Mn8O16•1.4H2O和Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3在高浓度LiCl水溶液中的离子交换行为

研究了用功能材料Li2Mg2Si4O10F2 (LHT)、H2Mn8O16•1.4H2O (CRYMO)和Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3 (LTAP)分别去除高浓度氯化锂水溶液中的杂质Fe3＋、K＋和Na＋.实验结果表明，这几种功能材料分别对溶液中的杂质Fe3＋、K＋和Na＋有很高的选择性，除杂效果明显.分析和研究了这几种功能材料在高浓度氯化锂水溶液中分别与Fe3＋、K＋和Na＋的交换行为.结果表明，在高浓度氯化锂溶液中这几种功能材料与杂质交换的动力学行为可近似用JMAK方程描述.     

催化甘油脱水反应的酸活化蒙脱石负载WOx催化剂的研究

甘油是一种可由生物资源生产、可持续的、可降解的平台化学品,是生物柴油、肥皂化工等工业生产过程中的主要副产物.催化甘油脱水反应生产丙烯醛,有望能替代丙烯等石油裂解产物合成丙烯醛的传统工业路线.丙烯醛是一种重要的化工中间体,被用于合成蛋氨酸、丙烯酸、3-甲基吡啶和1,3-丙二醇,并被广泛地应用于农药、医药、高分子材料等领域.随着全球可持续能源发展,生物柴油生产迅速发展,将产生大量的副产物甘油.利用甘油为原料,通过合适的催化剂的催化脱水反应生成丙烯醛,是近十多年来国内外工业催化的研究热点之一.用于催化甘油脱水合成丙烯醛的酸催化剂有杂多酸、金属氧化物、沸石与酸性粘土矿物等.钨磷杂多酸(H3PW12O40)负载的催化剂虽然具有较强的酸性,有利于催化甘油脱水,但容易导致结焦,而且热稳定差,容易失活.钨磷杂多酸负载于SiO2,TiO2,Al2O3,SiO2-Al2O3,K-10蒙脱石上表现出不同的催化活性,表明催化剂和载体的表面酸性和孔结构影响催化性能.近来研究发现,负载于ZrO2,Al2O3的钨氧化物(WOx)催化剂热稳定性好、酸性高,在甘油脱水反应生成丙烯醛中表现出良好的催化性能.但有关钨氧化物(WOx)结构、催化活性受载体组成、酸性影响的本质和规律一直不清楚.本文采用20 wt%的硫酸、盐酸、磷酸和乙酸对蒙脱石进行酸改性,并在磷酸改性的蒙脱石上负载W含量为4–16 wt%的WOx作为催化剂,用于甘油气相脱水反应.X-射线衍射(XRD)、热重-差热法(TG-DTG)、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和紫外漫反射可见光谱(DR UV-vis)等表征,探讨了酸改性和负载WOx的蒙脱石对催化剂催化性能的影响.蒙脱石经过20wt%的硫酸、盐酸、磷酸和乙酸的活化,酸性增加.四种酸改性的蒙脱石对甘油气相脱水反应均有催化活性,这是因为在蒙脱石酸活化过程中,H+经过阳离子交换反应进入蒙脱石层间,同时蒙脱石八面体中的部分Al3+被浸出,使层板上出现不饱和Al3+,为催化剂提供了L酸位,蒙脱石硅氧四面体上的Si?OH以及[AlO4]上吸附的H3O+提供了B酸位.XRD分析表明,负载WOx的蒙脱石表面存在WO2.72,WO2.9和WO3三种不同类型的WOx,当钨负载量从12 wt%增至16 wt%,孤立的单斜晶系WO3晶粒增多.NH3-TPD和DR UV-vis结果表明,WOx负载在蒙脱石表面以[WO5/WO6](B酸位)、[WO4]和单斜晶系WO3相(L酸位)形式存在.蒙脱石上负载WOx能够调节催化剂的酸强度、酸量和酸位.随着钨负载量从4 wt%增至12 wt%,丙烯醛收率从40.9%增加到67.3%;进一步增加钨负载量到16 wt%,丙烯醛收率降为50.7%.结果发现,随着钨负载量的增加,催化活性组分含量增加,[WO5/WO6](B酸位)增加,使催化活性增加;当W负载量达到16 wt%时,WOx分散性降低,且在催化剂表面形成孤立的单斜晶系WO3相(L酸位),不利于提高丙烯醛选择性.当反应温度为320 oC,甘油水溶液浓度为15 wt%时,磷酸活化蒙脱石负载12 wt%W的催化剂上甘油转化率为89.6%,丙烯醛收率达到73.3%.     

水合Pb(OH)~+在高岭石(001)晶面的吸附机理(英文)

采用密度泛函理论广义梯度近似平面波赝势法,结合周期平板模型,探讨了水体环境中Pb(OH)+在高岭石铝氧八面体(001)晶面的吸附行为和机理,确定了吸附配合物的结构、配位数、优势吸附位和吸附类型.结果表明,Pb(II)与高岭石铝氧(001)面的氧原子形成单齿或双齿配合物,其配位数为3-5,均为半方位构型.高岭石表面存在含"平伏"氢原子的表面氧(Ol)位和含"直立"氢原子的氧(Ou)位,后者更易与Pb(OH)+单齿配位,该吸附配合物具有较高的结合能(-182.60 kJ·mol-1),为优势吸附物种;高岭石表面位于同一个Al原子上的"OuOl"位可形成双齿配合物.表面Ol与水分子配体形成氢键,对配合物的稳定性起到关键作用.Mulliken布居和态密度分析表明,高岭石单齿配合物中Pb―O成键机理主要为Pb 6p轨道与Pb 6s―O 2p反键轨道进行耦合,电子转移到反键轨道.双齿配合物"Pb―Ol―H"共配位结构中,受配位氢原子影响,Pb―Ol成键过程成键态电子填充占主导地位.     

金属-氨基多羧酸类配合物分子和晶体结构 Ⅰ.Na_2[Fe~Ⅲ(ida)_2]_2·3H_2O配合物的合成及结构测定

氨基多羧酸类配合物的配位数和结构不但与金属离子的半径、电荷和电子结构有关，而且还与氨基多羧酸类配体的形状和大小有关。本文报道了Ｎａ２［ＦｅⅢ（ｉｄａ）２］２·３Ｈ２Ｏ（ｉｄａ＝亚氨基二乙酸根）配合物的合成并测定了它的分子结构和晶体结构。具体结果如下：单斜晶系，Ｐ２１／ｃ空间群，ａ＝１５．６４８０（１０），ｂ＝１６．７８７０（１０），ｃ＝１０．３４７（２），β＝９０．７９０（１０）°，Ｖ＝２７１７．７（６）３，单位晶胞中的分子数为３，对于４７８９个独立的衍射点，它的Ｒ值为０．０３３３。其中两个配合物离子［ＦｅⅢ（ｉｄａ）２］－都是Ｎ和Ｎ顺位的变形八面体结构。由此可知具有对称电子结构（ｈｉｇｈ－ｓｐｉｎｄ５）的ＦｅⅢ与被看成是ｅｄｔａ（＝乙二胺四乙酸根）去掉了ＣＨ２－ＣＨ２的双ｉｄａ配体形成的配合物只能选择六配位八面体结构。     

FER分子筛中铝原子的受限落位

分子筛是一类具有规则孔道或笼状结构的多孔材料,因其独特的结构和可调的酸性而广泛用于石油化工、精细化学品合成、现代煤化工等诸多行业.2006年Iglesia等在具有8元环孔道结构/侧口袋的FER和MOR分子筛上实现了无卤素添加、无贵金属存在条件下,由二甲醚羰基化合成乙酸甲酯的反应.乙酸甲酯通过进一步加氢可实现煤基乙醇的绿色生产.MOR分子筛通常具有较高的催化活性,但失活迅速;FER分子筛表现出良好的催化稳定性,但活性较低.如何在保证FER分子筛稳定性的前提下,进一步提升其羰基化活性是目前研究的热点.前期理论和实验研究发现,二甲醚羰基化反应活性与分子筛8元环孔道中的Br?nsted酸位密度存在正相关.因此,通过优化合成条件,选择性调控铝原子分布在"ferrierite"笼中,可以提高FER分子筛的羰基化反应活性.尽管研究者已在调节FER分子筛铝分布方面进行了大量研究,但对于不同T位上Al原子的精准识别以及对应Br?nsted酸位的可接触性还缺少系统和深入的认识.本文选取了几种代表性模板剂,分别在碱性和含氟体系下制备了系列FER分子筛样品,利用Rietveld精修和模拟退火算法,在原子水平揭示了模板剂种类以及合成介质变化对Al原子在不同T位分布的影响,并结合二甲醚羰基化反应进行了结构和性能的关联.首先选取不同尺寸大小的环状胺(环己胺、哌啶、吡啶、吡咯烷)和链状胺(乙二胺)合成了具有相似形貌、孔结构、酸密度的系列FER分子筛样品.以CHA-Na-FER为例,PXRD精修结果显示,Na+(平衡35％的骨架负电荷)分布在10元环孔道中与O1形成氢键,质子化的环己胺分布在"ferrierite"笼中,并且环己胺上的N与O3形成氢键.这说明与O1相连的T3位以及与O3相连的T1位都有可能是Al富集的位置.为了进一步验证该结论,本文还精修了吸附探针分子吡啶的样品CHA-Na-FER-Py-60h.原粉以及吸附吡啶样品的精修结果表明,T1位和T3位是样品中铝富集的位置.随后,运用相同方法研究了Py-Na-FER,PI-Na-FER,En-Na-FER和Pyrr-HF-FER样品中的Al落位,发现T1/T3位均是样品中Al富集的位置.此外,理论计算结果表明T1/T3位上Al原子的取代能较低,说明Al优先取代T1/T3位上的Si,这与精修结果相一致.前期理论模拟结果表明,FER分子筛中T2-O5和T4-O7位点的CO插入反应能垒较低,是二甲醚羰基化反应的活性位.本文吡啶吸附实验、热重分析以及PXRD精修结果表明,FER分子筛中大部分Al富集在T1/T3位,与T2/T4位相关的Br?nsted酸约占18％～30％.最后,对各样品进行了二甲醚羰基化反应评价,结果显示PI-Na-FER,Py-Na-FER,En-Na-FER和CHA-Na-FER催化剂的乙酸甲酯生成速率相近,约为0.10 mol/(mol H+?h).Pyrr-HF-FER催化剂的乙酸甲酯生成速率最高,可达到0.16 mol/(mol H+?h),这可能是由于Pyrr-HF-FER催化剂具有更多T2/T4位相关的Br?nsted酸.虽然Pyrr-HF-FER催化剂的乙酸甲酯生成速率较其他四个催化剂有一定提升,但其仍远低于MOR分子筛上乙酸甲酯生成速率(0.40 mol/(mol H+·h)).综上,有机模板剂的选择与合成介质的改变对FER分子筛中Al分布的调控作用是有限的,即Al原子总是优先分布于T1/T3位.而与T1和T3位相关的Br?nsted酸位不是二甲醚羰基化反应的活性位点.因此与MOR相比,FER分子筛在二甲醚羰基化反应中表现出较低的催化活性.     

负载型三氧化钼催化剂表面结构和表面酸位的激光Raman光谱研究

测定了MoO3/γ-Al2O3、MoO3/TiO2、MoO3/SiO2的激光Raman谱. 通过MoO3/γ-Al2O3、MoO3/TiO2在吡啶吸附前后、氨水提取前后的谱图对比说明, 单层分散的MoO3, 即特征峰为～950cm^-^1的"二维聚钼酸"中钼的配位状态不是单一的,其中一种表面含钼物种(Mo-1)不吸附吡啶, 不溶于氨水, 不显示较强的表面酸性; 另一种表面含钼物种(Mo-2)可吸附吡啶, 溶于氨水, 与催化剂的表面酸位密切相关. 我们认为Mo-1为四面体配位的钼; Mo-2为八面体配位的钼. MoO3/SiO2中的MoO3能100%被氨水溶去, 其酸位数与表面Mo^6^+数之比接近1, 是由其中Mo-2的比例较高, 载体与活性组分之间的相互作用较弱这两个因素所造成的。     

SAPO-34分子筛合成中的主客体电荷平衡与硅分布(英文)

SAPO-34分子筛的硅磷酸铝组成与菱沸石笼结构孔道促进了甲醇高效转化为乙烯、丙烯(MTO)的反应,以其为催化剂的工业过程不断取得进步.然而,MTO反应过程中SAPO-34分子筛的迅速失活成为困扰该过程的重要问题.研究发现,反应中形成的多环芳烃阻塞了SAPO-34分子筛晶粒表面的笼结构孔道,甲醇分子难以向晶体内部扩散,致使分子筛在其活性中心未曾充分利用之前便己失活.为此,纳米晶粒SAPO-34的合成引起了人们的广泛兴趣,通过提高分子筛晶体的利用率有限地延长了催化剂的MTO反应寿命.但反应后催化剂的结焦量明显增加,说明引起SAPO-34结焦的因素不因晶粒的减小而受到抑制.我们曾研究了无硅A1P04-34分子筛的MTO反应,发现初始活性良好的催化剂在未结焦的情况下却因为活性中心的缺失而失活.显然,SAPO-34的MTO反应活性及其结焦均与其酸性密切相关,而酸性取决于其结构中的硅含量与硅分布.我们通过单晶结构解析获得了二乙胺(DEA)与哌嗪(PIPZ)导向合成SAPO-34的晶体结构,并从文献获得了四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)、三乙胺(TEA)、吗啉(MOR)为模板剂合成SAPO-34的晶体结构.按照SAPO-34结构中菱沸石笼内形成的模板剂阳离子的电荷数(R)对不同模板剂导向合成的SAPO-34加以分类:TEAOH,TEA(R~+);DEA,MOR(2R~+);PIPZ(2R~(2+)).它们不因SAPO-34合成条件的变化而改变.依据分子筛骨架负电荷与SAPO-34菱沸石笼内模板剂阳离子正电荷平衡的原则(主客体电荷平衡),模板剂的类型决定SAPO-34骨架负电荷数,即引入硅形成的酸中心密度;酸中心的强度则取决于合成体系中硅的加入量.由此可以给出不同类型模板剂导向合成SAPO-34骨架中的最低硅含量(形成隔离硅原子).R~+型模板剂SiO_2/Al_2O_3为0.11;2R~+型模板剂为0.22;2R~(2+)型模板剂为0.44.合成体系中硅加入量的增加,会在SAPO-34骨架中形成"硅岛"结构.然而,我们的研究表明,"硅岛"的形成同样受到主客体电荷平衡原则的制约.通过结构分析发现,一个独立的"五硅岛"至少为6个相邻的菱沸石笼所分享,而每个"五硅岛"仅能形成3个负电荷.以R~+型模板剂导向合成的SAPO-34为例,需要6个骨架负电荷来平衡6个菱沸石笼中的R~+电荷,因此,除了"五硅岛"的3个负电荷,还要在这些笼骨架上形成3个"孤立"硅原子.该类模板剂导向合成SAPO-34,形成"五硅岛"的最低SiO_2/Al_2O_3摩尔比(硅含量)为0.45.进一步分析可知,在相邻的7个菱沸石笼之间可以分别形成"八硅岛"、"十一硅岛",而"十四硅岛"只能形成于相邻的10个菱沸石笼之间.同理,每种"硅岛"的形成都要伴随相应数目的"孤立"硅原子共同来平衡菱沸石笼内的R~+电荷.对于以2R~+型模板剂导向合成的SAPO-34,仍然是6个相邻的菱沸石笼分享"五硅岛",但是,每个菱沸石笼内的正电荷阳离子数增加了一倍,为满足主客体电荷平衡,需要形成更多"孤立"硅原子.由此可见,随着菱沸石笼内模板剂电荷数的增加,骨架的负电荷密度增大,给SAPO-34带来了更多酸中心,无论硅以"孤立"硅原子形式分布,还是形成"硅岛".同时,"硅岛"伴随"孤立"硅原子的共同存在也使我们理解了~(29)Si MAS NMR中的一个独特现象:在硅含量很高时形成了"硅岛",可是却存在着很强的属于"孤立"硅原子的谱峰.     

矿物质氧化物对燃煤烟气中砷/铅的吸附特性研究

选取典型的矿物质氧化物为吸附剂，在两段式固定床反应器中研究了模拟烟气气氛下吸附剂吸附As₂O₃、PbO的特性，吸附反应的原子态密度、吸附位、吸附能等通过密度泛函理论（DFT）计算获得。结果表明，CaO的砷吸附容量最大，900 ℃吸附砷容量为5.25 mg/g；其次是Fe₂O₃、MgO、Al₂O₃，吸附的砷以As³⁺和As⁵⁺的砷酸盐形式存在，高岭土和飞灰具有较大的PbO吸附容量，最大吸附容量分别为6.69和2.75 mg/g；其次是SiO₂和Al₂O₃，并且50%SiO₂/50%Al₂O₃ 混合吸附剂的铅吸附容量高于单一氧化物，吸附剂表面O原子是As₂O₃的吸附活性位点，吸附剂暴露的不饱和Si和Al原子是PbO的吸附活性位点，此外温度、烟气气氛对吸附容量和吸附产物有显著影响。     

V2CO2 MXene负载过渡金属单原子催化剂氧还原和氢氧化活性的DFT研究

开发廉价且高性能的电催化剂对推动燃料电池的商业应用具有重要意义.二维(2D) MXenes和单原子(SAs)催化剂是催化研究中的两个前沿领域.2D MXenes材料具有独特的几何和电子结构,能够有效调节负载SAs的催化性能.而负载的SAs又会反过来影响2D MXenes材料的本征活性,使2D MXenes形成更加丰富的活性位,进而提升其催化性能.为了拓展2D负载SAs催化剂在燃料电池中的应用,本文采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,系统地研究了V2CO2 MXenes负载过渡金属(TM,包括一系列3d、部分4d和5d金属)SAs催化剂的稳定结构、电子结构及其催化氧还原(ORR)和氢氧化(HOR)的催化活性,并筛选出潜在的可替代贵金属铂的ORR/HOR的双功能催化剂.稳定结构计算结果表明,3d TM SAs倾向于以锚定的形式负载于V2CO2表面与O原子作用,而4d,5d TM原子倾向于以掺杂的形式负载于含氧空穴的V2CO2表面与V原子作用;同时,Sc,Ti,V,Rh,Pd,Pt,Ag和Au SAs在V2CO2表面因具有较高扩散能垒,不易团聚,具有较高的热力学稳定性.电子结构计算结果表明,锚定型的TM SAs与O形成共价键,伴随发生明显的电荷转移,带较多正电荷;掺杂型的TM SAs与V形成金属键,因TM-V和V-O键间电荷转移的协同影响,导致TM SAs仅带有少量的电荷.TM-V2CO2电子结构与ORR/HOR中间物种的吸附关系为,TM位点为ORR中间物种(O,OH和OOH)的吸附位点,且d电子数为1、5、10的TM比其他TM对ORR物种的吸附更弱;而TM-V2CO2表面的O原子为HOR中间物种(H)的有效吸附位点,且H的吸附强弱与O位点的电荷有关,即O位点负电荷越多,对H的吸附越弱.TM-V2CO2催化剂各活性位对ORR和HOR反应物种的选择性吸附结果表明,催化剂有利于形成丰富多样的活性位,并具备作为双功能催化剂的内在优势.TM-V2CO2催化剂ORR和HOR理论活性筛选发现:与Pt(111)相比,Sc-、Mn-、Rh-和Pt-V2CO2具有较高的ORR活性,而Sc-、Ti-、V-、Cr-和Mn-V2CO2表现出较高的HOR活性.其中,Sc-V2CO2和Mn-V2CO2因同时具有较高的ORR和HOR活性和稳定性,有望成为高效和低成本的燃料电池双功能催化剂.本文从研究TM-V2CO2性质和活性出发,深入研究了SAs与2D MXenes间相互作用及其对ORR与HOR催化活性的影响机制,筛选出了高效、低成本的ORR/HOR双功能催化剂,为合理设计燃料电池双功能催化剂提供了理论指导.     

Charge referencing issues in XPS of insulators as evidenced in the case of Al‐Si‐N thin films

Accurate charge referencing in XPS of insulating specimens is a delicate issue. This difficulty is illustrated in the case of Al‐Si‐N composite thin films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering with variable composition from pure aluminum nitride to pure silicon nitride. The samples were mounted with Au‐coated metallic clamps. Argon sputter cleaning was required to remove a surface native oxide before analysis. For charge referencing implanted argon atoms from the sputter gas and a small amount of gold re‐deposited from the metallic clamps onto the specimen surface during sputter cleaning were evaluated. For the argon atoms, a surprisingly large chemical shift (～1 eV) and a significant peak broadening (0.6 eV) of the Ar 2p_3/2 photoelectron line were found with varying the Si content of the films. This could be related to chemical and structural changes of the Al‐Si‐N films. Hence implanted argon could not be used for charge referencing of Al‐Si‐N samples. In contrast to the implanted argon, the Au 4f_7/2 line width of the gold re‐deposited onto the sample surface did not depend on the Si content of Al‐Si‐N films. A constant energy shift (～1.2 eV) of the Au 4f_7/2 line as compared with bulk gold was, however, found, which was related to the size of gold particles formed on the insulating films. Therefore gold could be reliably used to study chemical shifts of sample‐relevant species in Al‐Si‐N films, but the absolute binding energies of Al 2p, Si 2p and N 1s photoelectrons could not be determined. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bestimmung der Oberflächenzusammensetzung von Calcit in Mg2+-haltigen Ca-45-markierten Lösungen

The Mg²⁺ ion content in the surface layer of calcite in relation to the Mg²⁺ ion content in Ca-45 labelled solution was determined by Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ ion exchange process. It was found that the increase of the molar ratio Mg/Ca in the surface due to increase of Mg²⁺ concentration in solution is decreasing significantly when approaching ratios of Mg/Ca ～ 1 and ～ 3. The experimental exchange isotherm can be used to relate the Mg/Ca molar ratio of solutions to that of the surface layers of calcite.     

Synthesis of high surface area Al-containing mesoporous silica from calcined and acid leached kaolinites as the precursors

Al-containing mesoporous silicas were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of microporous silica prepared by selectively acid leached metakaolinites with Si/Al = 3.9-92.5 mixed with a surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr). The specific surface area of the products increased with higher surfactant/microporous silica (surf/Si) ratio and Si/Al ratio of the microporous silica, reaching about 1400 m2/g at CTABr/Si 0.1 and Si/Al 40. The XRD patterns of these products show a hexagonal (100) peak with the lattice parameter a0=4.2-4.3 nm and the N2 adsorption isotherms show steep increase of adsorption between relative pressure of 0.3 and 0.4. Hexagonal mesoporous microstructure is observed by high resolution TEM. The pore size distributions of the products show a sharp peak at 2.8 nm by the BJH method. The high specific surface area of the present mesoporous samples is attributed to the lower matrix density and surface roughness of mesopore wall. The highest specific surface area of the products reached up to 1420 m2/g and this value is apparently higher than those reported in hexagonal mesoporous silicas. A unique microporous structure of the starting material is thought to be related to achieve such a high specific surface area of the products.     

Characterization of the surface content,hydrolysis ratio,and condensation degree of polyalkoxysiloxane segregated to the surface of a polyurethane crosslinked film by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy

We report, using an electron spectrometer equipped with both monochromatized Al Kα and unmonochromatized Mg Kα sources, the quantitative characterization of the surface content, hydrolysis ratio, and condensation degree of polyalkoxysiloxane segregated to the surface of a polyurethane crosslinked film consisting of acryl polyol, polyisocyanate, and polyalkoxysiloxane. Unmonochromatized Mg Kα X‐ray irradiation extremely accelerated the decomposition of alkoxy groups of polyalkoxysiloxane. The surface content and hydrolysis ratio were determined from C 1s, Si 2p, and N 1s spectral intensities measured with monochromatized Al Kα X rays after decomposition by unmonochromatized Mg Kα X‐ray irradiation. The condensation degree was determined by the kinetic energy of the silicon KLL Auger electron after decomposition. We applied the established characterization method for a polyurethane film containing polyalkoxysiloxane. After 20 days, the surface content of polyalkoxysiloxane was greater than 60 wt %, the hydrolysis ratio ranged from 0.8 to 0.95, and the higher hydrolysis ratio resulted in a larger condensation degree. The hydrophilicity of the film surface became higher as the surface content and hydrolysis ratio increased, and the crack density became higher as the condensation degree increased. A method for characterizing the practical properties of coating film surfaces containing polyalkoxysiloxane was established. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2917–2926, 2002     

Surface Instability of Serpentine in Aqueous Suspensions

The electrokinetic behavior and stability of aqueous suspensions containing serpentine minerals of different deposits have been studied. Crystallochemical analyses carried out by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, TEM, DTA/TG, and XRF revealed that all samples are lizardite-type serpentines with a similar chemical composition. It has been determined that the electrokinetic behavior of lizardite aqueous suspensions is mainly a function of the Mg/Si atomic ratio on surface. So, the low isoelectric point observed in some samples has been linked to values of this ratio lower than that of the ideal lizardite (Mg/Si=1.5). Dissolution studies have shown that the removal of Mg cations from the solid at speeds faster than that theoretically expected (Mg/Si=1.5), i.e., incongruent dissolution, is responsible for the enrichment of Si cations on surface. Therefore, it has been clearly established that the surface charge value developed in the lizardite/aqueous electrical interface is a function of the lizardite surface alteration grade. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Al 掺杂对Mg2Ni 合金的电子结构及贮氢性能的影响

采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的平面波赝势(PW-PP)方法, 计算Mg_2-xAl_xNiH₄ (x=0, 0.125, 0.25)合金的晶胞体积、电子态密度、键序、电荷布居、生成焓, 分析原子间成键和结构的稳定性, 研究Al 部分替代Mg 对Mg₂Ni 合金及其氢化物的结构和储氢性能的影响. 结果表明: 随着Al 含量的增加, Mg₂Ni 合金晶胞体积减小, 不利于氢原子进入合金中, 导致合金的储氢容量降低. 在Mg_2-xAl_xNiH₄ (x=0, 0.125, 0.25)中, Mg-H和Al-H相互作用远小于Ni-H的相互作用, 随着Al 含量的增加, 氢化物生成焓减少以及Ni-H的相互作用减弱, 氢化物的结构稳定性降低, Al 部分替代Mg能有效改善Mg₂Ni 合金释氢动力学性能.     

Synthetic high-charge organomica: effect of the layer charge and alkyl chain length on the structure of the adsorbed surfactants

A family of organomicas was synthesized using synthetic swelling micas with high layer charge (Na(n)Si(8-n)Al(n)Mg(6)F(4)O(20)·XH(2)O, where n = 2, 3, and 4) exchanged with dodecylammonium and octadecylammonium cations. The molecular arrangement of the surfactant was elucidated on the basis on XRD patterns and DTA. The ordering conformation of the surfactant molecules into the interlayer space of micas was investigated by (13)C, (27)Al, and (29)Si MAS NMR. The arrangement of alkylammonium ions in these high-charge synthetic micas depends on the combined effects of the layer charge of the mica and the chain length of the cation. In the organomicas with dodecylammonium, a transition from a parallel layer to a bilayer-paraffin arrangement is observed when the layer charge of the mica increases. However, when octadecylammonium is the interlayer cation, the molecular arrangement of the surfactant was found to follow the bilayer-paraffin model for all values of layer charge. The amount of ordered conformation all-trans is directly proportional of layer charge.     

双单体原位接枝插层法制备聚丙烯纳米复合材料的研究Ⅰ.制备、表征及力学性能的研究

用有机插层剂处理蒙脱土原土 ,制得有机蒙脱土 (O MMT) .采用双单体 (马来酸酐和苯乙烯 )原位接枝插层法 ,制备了聚丙烯 蒙脱土纳米复合材料母料 .将母料与聚丙烯基体在双螺杆上共混挤出 ,制得聚丙烯 蒙脱土纳米复合材料 (PP Montmorillonetenanocomposites,PMNC) .这是制备聚合物纳米复合材料的一种新方法 .通过X 射线衍射测试 (XRD)表明 ,有机蒙脱土片层 0 0 1面间距从原土的 1 4 9nm扩大到 2 96nm ,复合材料中蒙脱土片层 0 0 1面间距由有机蒙脱土的 2 96nm扩大到 4 0nm .力学性能测试表明 ,复合材料的力学性能明显优于PP基体 ,在提高材料拉伸强度的同时 ,缺口冲击强度也得到很大的提高 .用扫描电镜 (SEM)对材料的冲击断面形貌进行了研究 ,并从理论上分析了断裂机理 .随着蒙脱土含量的增加 ,冲击断裂形式逐渐从脆性断裂变成韧性断裂     

Copper adsorption and Si, Al, Ca, Mg, and Na release from clinoptilolite

Copper adsorption onto clinoptilolite (natural zeolite), Al/Si dissolution, and Mg, Ca, and Na release from the substrate were the subjects of the investigation described here. Experimental variables were Cu and electrolyte concentrations and solution pH. Copper adsorption was found to increase with increased pH and with decreased electrolyte concentration. Large amounts of K were also adsorbed from electrolyte. Since solution pH was assumed as a variable, the effects of [H(+)] differentiation on Cu adsorption and on Al/Si dissolution were also examined. Al dissolution was affected mainly by electrolyte concentration, whereas Si dissolution was affected mainly by adsorbed Cu amount. It was assumed that the release of Mg, Ca, and Na occurs through ion-exchange reactions with solution K(+), because their release is affected more by electrolyte concentration than by adsorbed Cu. From the study of FTIR spectra for various samples used in the present investigation, we observed that the removal of framework Si/Al shifts the band which was attributed to O-T-O stretching vibration toward higher frequency. Significant changes were observed for the bands assigned to Si-OH-Al bridges and to monomeric and polymeric hydrogen bonds at the region between 3650 and 3200 cm(-1). It is proposed that the Cu species caused the destruction of H-bonded structures, whereas K adsorbed species were located at exchangeable sites after an ion-exchange process between K and Ca, Mg, and Na from the zeolite's surface. An expansion of the zeolite framework was detected from XRD patterns under acid conditions.