Permeability of Pore Networks Under Compaction

The characteristic pore length fixes the scale of permeability of a porous medium. For pore networks undergoing strong random compaction, this length becomes singular at transition porosities, revealing a change in the microstructure of the porespace controlling the transport. Nodal balances and lattice Boltzmann simulations of flow in pore networks under compaction show that the scaling between permeability and porosity changes near the transition porosities. Simulation results are compared with experimental permeability data from transparent two-dimensional micromodels of networks decorated with the same pore size distribution. Permeability?Cporosity data of media undergoing smooth compaction is well described by a single power law. Under strong compaction, however, the scaling between permeability and porosity is possible by traits only, the scaling exponent changes notably at given transition porosities. These behaviors are common to a wealth of permeability?Cporosity data thus far unexplained.     

Pore-Scale Modeling of Viscous Flow and Induced Forces in Dense Sphere Packings

We propose a method for effectively upscaling incompressible viscous flow in large random polydispersed sphere packings: the emphasis of this method is on the determination of the forces applied on the solid particles by the fluid. Pore bodies and their connections are defined locally through a regular Delaunay triangulation of the packings. Viscous flow equations are upscaled at the pore level, and approximated with a finite volume numerical scheme. We compare numerical simulations of the proposed method to detailed finite element simulations of the Stokes equations for assemblies of 8–200 spheres. A good agreement is found both in terms of forces exerted on the solid particles and effective permeability coefficients.     

Multi-scale Image-Based Pore Space Characterisation and Pore Network Generation: Case Study of a North Sea Sandstone Reservoir

Transport in Porous Media - In this paper, we examine the pore space geometry and topology of a North Sea sandstone reservoir rock based on multi-scale scanning electron microscopy. The reservoir...     

材料微结构演化的相场模拟

材料的各种宏观性能与其内部的微观结构密切相关,如何通过控制材料微结构的分布来提高其性能指标一直是工程界与学术界广泛关注的课题.由于场变量在界面的突变,传统的基于局部理论的突变界面模型在描述材料微结构演化方面存在一定的困难.基于非局部理论的相场法采用扩散界面的概念来描述界面,避开了理论上描述突变界面的困难,在模拟材料内部任意的组织形态和复杂的微结构演化方面具有独特的优点.论文首先介绍相场法的热力学理论基础,包括自由移动边界问题、扩散界面模型、非局部能量泛函、相场动力学方程及其常用求解方法.然后重点介绍铁电、铁磁和多铁性材料微结构演化的相场模拟,同时简要介绍相场法在软物质和锂离子电池材料微结构演化模拟中的应用,最后给出总结和展望.     

Relationship Between the Microstructure/Pore Structure of Oil-Well Cement and Hydrostatic Pressure

In cementing operations, hydrostatic pressure reduction in cement slurries is a serious threat to operation safety and cementing quality. This study combines X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, and nano-computed tomography to investigate the mechanism of hydrostatic pressure reduction in cement slurries. The experimental results reveal that hydrostatic pressure transmission in a fresh cement slurry follows Pascal’s law. However, in the slurry, some cement particles undergo sedimentation with an increase in the hydration time, which reduces a part of the hydrostatic pressure. Further, another part of the hydrostatic pressure, which is maintained by the free water in the slurry pores, is reduced during the hardening stage. When the hydration reaction of the slurry is accelerated, the pore water in the slurry is supersaturated and hydration products start to rapidly nucleate and grow between the cement particles. These hydration products are porous gel structures and can change the pore structure of the cement slurry; a macro-pore is divided into many micropores, such as capillary pores and gel pores. Because these pores are filled by water in the slurry, during this process, free water in the macro-pores is changed to capillary water and gel water. However, gel water and capillary water cannot transmit hydrostatic pressure in the cement slurry. Meanwhile, in the fresh cement slurry, many pores containing free water are connected and some hydration products rapidly grow in the macro-pores and fill them, which may reduce the column height of the free water in the pores and lead to hydrostatic pressure reduction in the slurry.     

Propagation of Harmonic Waves Through Fibrous and Porous Elastic Materials of Regular Microstructure

A presentation is made of the findings on the propagation of free waves through elastic media with a row of evenly spaced cylindrical cavities. To solve the arising boundary-value problems, the strict method proposed earlier by the author is used. Antiplane elastic problems are studied for domains in the form of a plane-parallel layer, a half-space, a space with one infinite row of cylindrical cavities, and a space with a doubly periodic system of cavities. The calculated roots of the dispersion determinant are tabulated. A detailed analysis of the wave field is carried out. The method used is demonstrated to be highly efficient.     

多孔泡沫铝压缩过程中微结构演化

本文采用SXR-CT技术研究金属多孔泡沫铝材料在压缩过程中内部微结构的演化。获得了泡沫铝试件的各个断层图像,以及各断层图像组装得到的三维结构图像,由此计算得到不同断层的孔隙率和压缩时各断层的位移量。并给出一系列相同位置、不同压缩量状态下垂直截面图像,通过这些图像可以直接地观察压缩过程中泡沫铝内部微结构的演化。这些研究结果将为泡沫铝制备工艺的改进和材料与结构的优化设计提供有益的参考,并为泡沫铝压缩破坏机理的构建提供科学依据。其中SXR-CT技术重建图像的分辨率约为10.9μm。     

Limit Models of Pore Space Structure of Porous Materials for Determination of Limit Pore Size Distributions Based on Mercury Intrusion Data

This paper proposes the application of capillary and chain random models of pore space structure for determination of limit pore diameter distributions of porous materials, based on the mercury intrusion curves. Both distributions determine the range in which the pore diameter distribution of the investigated material occurs and defines the degree of inaccuracy of the method based on the mercury intrusion data caused by the indeterminacy of the sample shape and its pore space architecture. We derived equations describing the quasi-static process of mercury intrusion into the porous layer and porous ball with a random chain pore space structure and analysed the influence of the model parameters on the mercury intrusion curves. It was shown that the distribution of link length in the chain model of the pore space, random location of chain capillaries in the sample and the length distribution of the capillaries do not influence significantly the intrusion process. Therefore, a simple model of the mercury intrusion into the layer is proposed in which chain links of the pore space have random diameters and constant length. This model is used as a basic model of the intrusion process into a sample of any shape and size and with homogeneous and isotropic chain pore space architecture. The thickness of the layer then represents the mean length of chain capillaries in the sample. It was also proved that the capillary and chain models of pore space architecture are limit models of the network model identified in this paper with the pore architecture of the investigated sample. This justifies the application of both models for determination of limit cumulative distributions of pore diameters in porous materials based on the mercury intrusion data.

     

Connectivity of Pore Space as a Control on Two-Phase Flow Properties of Tight-Gas Sandstones

We predict capillary-pressure (drainage) curves in tight-gas sandstones which have little matrix or microporosity using a quantitative grain-scale model. The model accounts for the geometric results of some depositional and diagenetic processes important for porosity and permeability reduction in tight-gas sandstones, such as deformation of ductile grains during burial and quartz cementation. The model represents the original sediment as a dense, disordered packing of spheres. We simulated the evolution of this model sediment into a low-porosity sandstone by applying different amounts of ductile grains and quartz precipitation. A substantial fraction of original pore throats in the sediment is closed by the simulated diagenetic alteration. Because the percolation threshold corresponds to closure of half of the pore throats, the pore space in this type of tight-gas sandstone is poorly connected and is often close to being completely disconnected. The drainage curve for different model rocks was computed using invasion percolation in a network taken directly from the grain-scale geometry and topology of the model. Some general trends follow classical expectations and were confirmed by experimental measurements: increasing the amount of cement shifts the drainage curve to larger pressures. This is related to reduction of the connectivity of pore space resulting from closure of throats. Existence of ductile grains in the ductile grain model also reduces the connectivity of pore space but it treats the throats distribution differently causing the drainage curves to be shifted to larger irreducible water saturation when cement is added to the model. The range of porosities in which these connectivity effects are important corresponds to the range of porosities common for tight gas sandstones. Consequently these rocks can exhibit small effective permeability to gas even at large gas saturations. This problem occurs at larger porosities in rocks with significant content of ductile grains because ductile deformation blocks a significant fraction of pore throats even before cementation begins. Predicted drainage curves agree with measurements on two samples with little microporosity, one dominated by rigid grains, the other containing a significant fraction of ductile grains. We conclude that connectivity of the matrix pore space is an important factor for an understanding of flow properties of tight-gas sandstones.     

On the Deviation of Computed Permeability Induced by Unresolved Morphological Features of the Pore Space

Transport in Porous Media - This article describes how much the computed absolute permeability is impacted by the slip effect at the fluid/solid interface, in the context of single-phase pore-scale...     

Slow Motion of a Porous Sphere Translating Along the Axis of a Circular Cylindrical Pore Subject to a Stress Jump Condition

The coupled flow problem of an incompressible axisymmetrical quasisteady motion of a porous sphere translating in a viscous fluid along the axis of a circular cylindrical pore is discussed using a combined analytical–numerical technique. At the fluid–porous interface, the stress jump boundary condition for the tangential stress along with continuity of normal stress and velocity components are employed. The flow through the porous particle is governed by the Brinkman model and the flow in the outside porous region is governed by Stokes equations. A general solution for the field equations in the clear region is constructed from the superposition of the fundamental solutions in both cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. The boundary conditions are satisfied first at the cylindrical pore wall by the Fourier transforms and then on the surface of the porous particle by a collocation method. The collocation solutions for the normalized hydrodynamic drag force exerted by the clear fluid on the porous particle is calculated with good convergence for various values of the ratio of radii of the porous sphere and pore, the stress jump coefficient, and a coefficient that is proportional to the permeability. The shape effect of the cylindrical pore on the axial translation of the porous sphere is compared with that of the particle in a spherical cavity; it found that the porous particle in a circular cylindrical pore in general attains a lower hydrodynamic drag than in a spherical envelope.     

Evolution of the Flow Field around a Circular Cylinder and a Sphere upon Instantaneous Start with a Supersonic Velocity

Evolution of the flow field around a circular cylinder and a sphere instantaneously starting with a constant supersonic velocity (M = 5 and Re = 10⁵) from the state at rest is studied by means of numerical integration of unsteady twodimensional Navier–Stokes equations.     

球化退火态重载车轮钢CL70磨损性能及组织演化

对CL70重载车轮钢进行球化退火获得球状珠光体组织. 将组织为片状珠光体和球状珠光体的CL70分别与U75V钢轨钢在滚动摩擦磨损试验机上以相同参数进行干摩擦纯滚动试验. 使用称重法测量磨损量、利用带电子背散射衍射附件的扫描电子显微镜及显微硬度计对两种组织形态的试样运行表面进行组织及硬度变化情况的观察与分析. 结果表明:球状珠光体组织磨损性能不及片状珠光体组织. 二者的磨损机制和强化机制不同,片状珠光体组织以疲劳磨损为主,通过塑性变形和晶粒不断细化至纤维状再到纳米晶,位错不断累积并达到良好的强化效果. 球状珠光体组织以黏着磨损为主,只有铁素体和少量渗碳体变形和碎化,硬度提升主要来自于渗碳体颗粒周围的位错集中,硬化效果较差.      

铝素坯烧结过程微结构演化的实时观测

为实现对金属粉末压坯烧结过程的实时观测,从而验证现有的相关理论,本文利用同步辐射CT(SR-CT)技术,对铝压制陶瓷坯体的固相烧结过程进行实时投影成像;应用滤波反投影算法和数字图像处理技术,得到了陶瓷坯体在整个固相烧结过程中内部微结构演化的三维重建图像,实现了对铝压制陶瓷坯体整个固相烧结过程的无损原位观测,得到了样品由烧结中期进入烧结后期的完整的演化过程图像。通过重建图像,清晰观测了样品的固相烧结过程:在烧结前、中期(烧结时间t<180min、温度T<600℃),烧结颈形成并随烧结时间生长;由烧结中期开始进入后期时(烧结时间t≥180min、温度T≥600℃),样品内部结构演化加剧,气孔由相互连通演化为相互孤立并球化。进一步在实验图像的基础上分析了二面角等烧结特征的变化情况,得到烧结颈尺寸与时间对数有较好的线性关系,并可根据曲线分辨中期、后期。统计了样品在不同烧结时间的孔隙率,得到了孔隙率随烧结时间和烧结时间对数的变化曲线;分析了样品在不同烧结阶段的致密化特点,得到了烧结中期孔隙率和时间对数的线性关系。实验结果验证了现有的烧结理论,并为进一步完善烧结理论以及建立扩散和本构模型提供了高质量的实验数据。     

Asymptotic Behavior of Quasi-Autonomous Expansive Type Evolution Systems in a Hilbert Space

We introduce the notion of almost expansive sequences and curves and study their ergodic and asymptotic properties in a Hilbert space H. We apply our results to study the asymptotic behavior of solutions to the quasi-autonomous expansive type evolution system (du/dt)(t) + f(t) ∈ Au(t) on [0, ∞).     

基于颗粒物质力学的铁粉末压制中摩擦特性对力链演化影响

结合颗粒物质力学理论,通过离散元法实现铁粉末压制过程模拟并通过压制方程进行验证,针对粉末体系中的力链演化问题,提出力链特征定量分析方式,进一步通过分析不同颗粒间摩擦系数、侧壁摩擦系数与颗粒运动状态转变的方式,探讨摩擦特性对力链量化特征的影响,从而建立摩擦行为与力链演化间的联系. 研究结果表明:随颗粒间摩擦系数增大,整体力链数目变少,力链方向系数、承载不均匀度及单位屈曲度均变大,而随侧壁摩擦系数增大,力链特征差异较小,则颗粒间摩擦系数较侧壁摩擦系数对力链特征演化具有更显著影响. 同时发现,颗粒接触状态的改变与力链特征演化间具有对应性. 研究成果将进一步拓展粉末压制中考虑摩擦行为及力链演化过程在内的粉体致密化行为理论.      

ARB过程中β钛基SMA显微结构演化及对其超弹性能的影响

本文采用复合轧制（Accumulative Roll-Bonding,ARB）工艺对β钛基形状记忆合金(SMA)进行轧制,然后700℃下快速热处理（保温5min）。利用光学显微镜（OM）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）对合金轧制热处理前后合金相组成与显微组织进行分析,并用电子万能试验机对轧制试样的力学性能和超弹性能进行测试。研究了β钛基形状记忆合金复合轧制过程中显微结构演化规律及对其超弹性能的影响。结果表明：复合轧制工艺能有效细化合金晶粒,经过轧制8道次、700℃/5min快速热处理可得到全β相合金组织,其晶粒尺寸1μm;复合轧制处理后合金的超弹性能得到了改善,在预变形为6%时,其回复变形为5.94%,回复率为99%,表现出稳定的超弹性。     

ARB过程中β钛基SMA显微结构演化及对其超弹性能的影响

本文采用复合轧制（Accumulative Roll-Bonding,ARB）工艺对β钛基形状记忆合金(SMA)进行轧制,然后700℃下快速热处理（保温5min）。利用光学显微镜（OM）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）对合金轧制热处理前后合金相组成与显微组织进行分析,并用电子万能试验机对轧制试样的力学性能和超弹性能进行测试。研究了β钛基形状记忆合金复合轧制过程中显微结构演化规律及对其超弹性能的影响。结果表明：复合轧制工艺能有效细化合金晶粒,经过轧制8道次、700℃/5min快速热处理可得到全β相合金组织,其晶粒尺寸1μm;复合轧制处理后合金的超弹性能得到了改善,在预变形为6%时,其回复变形为5.94%,回复率为99%,表现出稳定的超弹性。     

Pore Shape Effects on the Relative Permeability of Gas and Condensate in Three-Dimensional Pore Networks

Transport in Porous Media -