Jacobi Spectral Methods for Volterra-Urysohn Integral Equations of Second Kind with Weakly Singular Kernels

Abstract

In this article, we discuss Jacobi spectral Galerkin and iterated Jacobi spectral Galerkin methods for Volterra-Urysohn integral equations with weakly singular kernels and obtain the convergence results in both the infinity and weighted L²-norm. We show that the order of convergence in iterated Jacobi spectral Galerkin method improves over Jacobi spectral Galerkin method. We obtain the convergence results in two cases when the exact solution is sufficiently smooth and non-smooth. For finding the improved convergence results, we also discuss Jacobi spectral multi-Galerkin and iterated Jacobi spectral multi-Galerkin method and obtain the convergence results in weighted L²-norm. In fact, we prove that the iterated Jacobi spectral multi-Galerkin method improves over iterated Jacobi spectral Galerkin method. We provide numerical results to verify the theoretical results.     

单位积决定的若当矩阵代数(英文)

本文研究了单位积决定的若当矩阵代数M=Mn(R)的条件及分类问题.利用基矩阵及巧妙对对称双线性映射{·,·}进行构造和扩充,用初等矩阵的方法,获得了一系列新的同样重要的定义,结论与证明(与参考文献[1]相比较),推广了参考文献[1]的结论,作为其应用可以进一步证明了Mn(R)上的任意可逆线性映射都是保单位积的.     

Approximation Theorems and Fixed Point Theorems for Various Classes of 1-set-contractive Mappings in Banach Spaces

In this paper, we will prove that Ky Fan's Theorem (Math. Z. 112(1969), 234–240) is true for 1-set-contractive maps defined on a bounded closed convex subset K in a Banach space with intK≠0. This class of 1-set-contractive maps includes condensing maps, nonexpansive maps, semicontractive maps, LANE maps and others. As applications of our theorems, some fixed point theorems of non-selfmaps are proved under various well-known boundary conditions. Our results are generalizations and improvements of the recent results obtained by many authors. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China     

Compound model of the generalized oscillator. I

We study the problem of realization of a given generalized oscillator by a system of N generalized oscillators of a different type. We consider a generalized oscillator related to a fixed system of orthogonal polynomials that are determined by three-term recurrent relations and the corresponding three-diagonal Jacobi matrix J. The case N =2 was considered in a previous paper. It was shown that in this case the orthogonality measure is symmetric with respect to rotation at angle π. In this paper, we consider the case N =3. We prove that such a problem has a solution only in two cases. In the first case, the Jacobi matrix related to the given “composite” generalized oscillator has block-diagonal form and consists of similar 3×3 blocks. In the second (more interesting) possible case, the Jacobi matrix is not block-diagonal. For this matrix, we construct the corresponding system of orthogonal polynomials. This system decomposes into three series which are related to Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind. The main result of the paper is a solution of the moment problem for the corresponding Jacobi matrix. In this case, the constructed measure is symmetric with respect to rotation at angle 2π/3. Bibliography: 6 titles.     

带根2-连通3-正则平面地图计数

本文利用不可分离的3-正则有根平面地图的计数结果,间接地给出了2-连通 3-正则有根平面地图依边数和根面次的计数显式．     

Computing Derivatives of Jacobi Polynomials Using Bernstein Transformation and Differentiation Matrix

In this paper, we give a new, simple, and efficient method for evaluating the pth derivative of the Jacobi polynomial of degree n. The Jacobi polynomial is written in terms of the Bernstein basis, and then the pth derivative is obtained. The results are given in terms of both Bernstein basis of degree n ? p and Jacobi basis form of degree n ? p and presented in a matrix form. Numerical examples and comparisons with other well-known methods are presented.     

Witt equivalence of local and global fields of characteristic 2

ABSTRACT

In this note it is proved that certain level sets of some real proper polynomial maps are nothing but spheres. As an application of this, we provide new proofs of Theorems 1.1, 1.2 and of the fundamental theorem of algebra. In addition, we show that every strictly convex (concave) polynomial map is proper. The latter implies that every real polynomial map g(x): R ⁿ  → R ⁿ , whose Jacobian matrix is symmetric and has nonzero eigenvalues of the same sign, is a homeomorphism of R ⁿ onto R ⁿ .     

Recursive Three-Term Recurrence Relations for?the?Jacobi Polynomials on a Triangle

Given a suitable weight on ℝ ^d , there exist many (recursive) three-term recurrence relations for the corresponding multivariate orthogonal polynomials. In principle, these can be obtained by calculating pseudoinverses of a sequence of matrices. Here we give an explicit recursive three-term recurrence for the multivariate Jacobi polynomials on a simplex. This formula was obtained by seeking the best possible three-term recurrence. It defines corresponding linear maps, which have the same symmetries as the spaces of Jacobi polynomials on which they are defined. The key idea behind this formula is that some Jacobi polynomials on a simplex can be viewed as univariate Jacobi polynomials, and for these the recurrence reduces to the univariate three-term recurrence.     

Facial Structures for Decomposable Positive Linear Maps in Matrix Algebras

We study the facial structures of the cone of all decomposable positive linear maps from the matrix algebra M_m into M_n. Especially, we completely determine the faces of the cone which arise from the dual of positive linear maps.Partially supported by BSRI-MOE and RIM-SNU     

Counting colored planar maps: Algebraicity results

We address the enumeration of properly q-colored planar maps, or more precisely, the enumeration of rooted planar maps M weighted by their chromatic polynomial χM(q) and counted by the number of vertices and faces. We prove that the associated generating function is algebraic when q≠0,4 is of the form 2+2cos(jπ/m), for integers j and m. This includes the two integer values q=2 and q=3. We extend this to planar maps weighted by their Potts polynomial PM(q,ν), which counts all q-colorings (proper or not) by the number of monochromatic edges. We then prove similar results for planar triangulations, thus generalizing some results of Tutte which dealt with their proper q-colorings. In statistical physics terms, the problem we study consists in solving the Potts model on random planar lattices. From a technical viewpoint, this means solving non-linear equations with two “catalytic” variables. To our knowledge, this is the first time such equations are being solved since Tutte?s remarkable solution of properly q-colored triangulations.     

Counting unrooted maps on the plane

A planar map is a 2-cell embedding of a connected planar graph, loops and parallel edges allowed, on the sphere. A plane map is a planar map with a distinguished outside (“infinite”) face. An unrooted map is an equivalence class of maps under orientation-preserving homeomorphism, and a rooted map is a map with a distinguished oriented edge. Previously we obtained formulae for the number of unrooted planar n-edge maps of various classes, including all maps, non-separable maps, eulerian maps and loopless maps. In this article, using the same technique we obtain closed formulae for counting unrooted plane maps of all these classes and their duals. The corresponding formulae for rooted maps are known to be all sum-free; the formulae that we obtain for unrooted maps contain only a sum over the divisors of n. We count also unrooted two-vertex plane maps.     

Full 4-colorings of 4-regular maps

A full coloring of a planar map is a face coloring such that all the faces at ech vertex are colored differently. In this paper the planar 4-regular maps which have a full 4-coloring are characterized. This leads to a characterization of the planar maps (not necessarily 4-valent) which have a coupled 4-coloring.     

Upward Extension of the Jacobi Matrix for Orthogonal Polynomials

Orthogonal polynomials on the real line always satisfy a three-term recurrence relation. The recurrence coefficients determine a tridiagonal semi-infinite matrix (Jacobi matrix) which uniquely characterizes the orthogonal polynomials. We investigate new orthogonal polynomials by adding to the Jacobi matrixrnew rows and columns, so that the original Jacobi matrix is shifted downward. Thernew rows and columns contain 2rnew parameters and the newly obtained orthogonal polynomials thus correspond to an upward extension of the Jacobi matrix. We give an explicit expression of the new orthogonal polynomials in terms of the original orthogonal polynomials, their associated polynomials, and the 2rnew parameters, and we give a fourth order differential equation for these new polynomials when the original orthogonal polynomials are classical. Furthermore we show how the 1?orthogonalizing measure for these new orthogonal polynomials can be obtained and work out the details for a one-parameter family of Jacobi polynomials for which the associated polynomials are again Jacobi polynomials.     

A new algorithm for computing the Geronimus transformation with large shifts

A monic Jacobi matrix is a tridiagonal matrix which contains the parameters of the three-term recurrence relation satisfied by the sequence of monic polynomials orthogonal with respect to a measure. The basic Geronimus transformation with shift α transforms the monic Jacobi matrix associated with a measure dμ into the monic Jacobi matrix associated with dμ/(x − α) + Cδ(x − α), for some constant C. In this paper we examine the algorithms available to compute this transformation and we propose a more accurate algorithm, estimate its forward errors, and prove that it is forward stable. In particular, we show that for C = 0 the problem is very ill-conditioned, and we present a new algorithm that uses extended precision.     

The Manifold-Valued Dirichlet Problem for Symmetric Diffusions

Harmonic maps between two Riemannian manifolds M and N are often constructed as energy minimizing maps. This construction is extended for the Dirichlet problem to the case where the Riemannian energy functional on M is replaced by a more general Dirichlet form. We obtain weakly harmonic maps and prove that these maps send the diffusion to N-valued martingales. The basic tools are the reflected Dirichlet space and the stochastic calculus for Dirichlet processes.     

关于连续映射半群拓扑熵的一点注记

本文研究了度量空间中连续映射构成半群的拓扑熵.利用Patr′ao~([8])的方法,给出了度量空间中两种有限个连续映射构成的半群的拓扑d-熵的定义,比较了两种拓扑d-熵的大小.证明了局部紧致可分度量空间上有限个真映射构成的半群的拓扑d-熵和它的一点紧化空间上对应的拓扑熵相等.上面结果推广了Patr′ao的相应结论.     

Bi-Lipschitz maps in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Q</Emphasis>-regular Loewner spaces

By applying the theory of quasiconformal maps in measure metric spaces that was introduced by Heinonen-Koskela, we characterize bi-Lipschitz maps by modulus inequalities of rings and maximal, minimal derivatives in Q-regular Loewner spaces. Meanwhile the sufficient and necessary conditions for quasiconformal maps to become bi-Lipschitz maps are also obtained. These results generalize Rohde’s theorem in ℝ ⁿ and improve Balogh’s corresponding results in Carnot groups. This research is supported by China NSF (Grant No. 10271077)     

Maps from a Simply Connected Space to Flag Manifold G／T

In this paper the classification of maps from a simply connected space X to a flag manifold G/T is studied. As an application, the structure of the homotopy set for self-maps of flag manifolds is determined.     

Determinacy of Bounded Complex Perturbations of Jacobi Matrices

We consider complex Jacobi matrices G which can be decomposed in the form G=J+C, where J is a real Jacobi matrix and C is a complex Jacobi matrix whose entries are uniformly bounded. We prove that the determinacy of the operator defined by G is equivalent to that of J. From this we deduce that the determinacy of G is equivalent to the coincidence between the domains of definition of the operators G and its adjoint G*.     

Surjectivity of power maps of real algebraic groups

In this paper we study the surjectivity of the power maps g?gn for real points of algebraic groups defined over reals. The results are also applied to study the exponentiality of such groups.