Light scattering by small feldspar particles simulated using the Gaussian random sphere geometry

The single-scattering properties of Gaussian random spheres are calculated using the discrete dipole approximation. The ensemble of model particles is assumed to be representative for a feldspar dust sample that is characteristic for weakly absorbing irregularly shaped mineral aerosol. The morphology of Gaussian random spheres is modeled based on a statistical shape analysis using microscope images of the dust sample. The size distribution of the dust sample is based on a particle sizing experiment. The refractive index of feldspar is estimated using literature values. All input parameters used in the light scattering simulations are thus obtained in an objective way based on the true properties of the mineral sample. The orientation-averaged and ensemble-averaged scattering matrices and cross sections of the Gaussian random spheres are compared with light scattering simulations using spheroidal shape models which have been shown to be applicable to the feldspar sample. The Gaussian random sphere model and the spheroidal shape model are assessed using the measured scattering matrix of the feldspar dust sample as a reference. Generally, the spheroidal model with strongly elongated prolate and strongly flattened oblate shapes agrees better with the measurement than the Gaussian random sphere model. In contrast, some features that are characteristic for light scattering by truly irregular mineral dust particles are rendered best by the Gaussian random sphere model; these features include the flat shape of the phase function and a minimum in the scattering matrix element F₂₂/F₁₁ as a function of the scattering angle.     

等离子体鞘层附近尘埃颗粒特性的数值模拟

为了研究尘埃等离子体中尘埃颗粒以及鞘层中粒子密度分布等特性,对尘埃颗粒存在条件下等离子体鞘层结构的采取数值模拟.采用稳态无碰撞的尘埃等离子体鞘层模型,对玻姆判据、尘埃颗粒的荷电性质、平板鞘层区域的电势分布及鞘层内粒子分布特性进行了系统的数值模拟研究.计算结果显示,鞘层边缘尘埃颗粒数密度的增加、尘埃温度的升高,将引起孤立尘埃颗粒对电子吸附能力的减弱,集体效应也受到一定程度的影响;二者同时对离子玻姆速度以及鞘层厚度的增加都有着极大的促进作用.鞘层电势在靠近下极区处降落迅速,主要聚集在接近阴极极板的鞘层区域,各种微粒数密度的空间分布满足准中性条件.     

Light scattering modeling of small feldspar aerosol particles using polyhedral prisms and spheroids

The use of simplified particle shapes for modeling scattering by irregularly shaped mineral-dust particles is studied using polyhedral prisms and spheroids as model particles. Simulated phase matrices averaged over shape and size distributions at wavelength 633 nm are compared with a laboratory-measured phase matrix of feldspar particles with known size distribution with effective radius of . When an equi-probable shape distribution is assumed, prisms and oblate spheroids agree with measurements to a similar degree, whereas prolate spheroids perform markedly better. Both spheroids and prisms perform much better than spheres. When an automatic fitting method is applied for finding optimal shape distributions, it is found that the most elongated spheroids are most important for good fits, whereas nearly-spherical spheroids are generally of very little importance. The phase matrices for the different polyhedral prisms, on the other hand, are found to be similar, thus their shape-averaged phase matrices are insensitive to the shape distribution assumed. For spheroids, a simple parameterization for the shape distribution, where weights increase with increasing departure from spherical shape, is proposed and tested. This parameterization improves the fit of most phase matrix elements attained with an equi-probable shape distribution, and it performs particularly well for reproducing the measured phase function.     

Copper clusters and small particles stabilized within nanoporous materials

Copper was incorporated into mordenites with variable SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio, porous silica xerogels, natural pumice, and -alumina. The UV/Visible spectroscopy of the copper species produced as the result of hydrogen reduction and catalytic runs is presented. Different spectral features were detected assignable to nanoparticles, few-atomic clusters, oxide forms and Cu(II) compounds. The significant effect of support upon the redox-behavior of copper is discussed on the basis of experimental data.     

Light scattering by fluffy particles with the PROGRA experiment: Mixtures of materials

The PROGRA² experiment is specifically designed to measure the linear polarization of the light scattered by clouds of particles. The imaging method allows us to obtain maps of polarization and to measure the size distribution and the number density of the particles in the field of view. This work presents a systematic study of highly porous (fluffy) aggregates with submicron-sized constituent grains lifted by an air-draught. The main materials are silica and carbon. The maximum in polarization mainly depends on the average size of the constituent grains. The results, mainly concerned with the negative branch of the phase curves, the maximum polarization, the color effect and the albedo are compared with cometary observations and discussed in terms of physical properties.     

Shell effects in small metal particles

By assuming periodic discrete electronic spectra, the properties of small metal particles are analyzed. The canonical partition function is obtained exactly. The heat capacity and the electronic magnetic susceptibility are calculated in the presence of a static magnetic field. These results are an extension of the calculations for an equally spaced spectrum. Preliminary considerations of the statistical theory of spectra are included.     

Light scattering by large Saharan dust particles: Comparison of modeling and experimental data for two samples

Light scattering by large mineral-dust particles with small-scale surface roughness is investigated by comparing model simulations with laboratory-measured scattering matrices of two distinct dust samples collected from the Sahara desert. The samples have been chosen on the basis of their large effective radii, and the simulations are based on their measured size distributions. Size parameters larger than about 30 are modeled using a modified ray-optics model RODS (Ray optics with diffuse and specular interactions), while smaller particles are simulated with a T-matrix model. RODS allows us to mimic the surface roughness of large dust particles by covering the particle surface by a thin layer of external scatterers with specific single-scattering properties. The Gaussian-random-sphere geometry is used for the shapes of large dust particles. Small particles are modeled as an axial-ratio distribution of spheroids with smooth surfaces. One of the samples consists wholly of large particles and its scattering matrix can be reproduced very well by the RODS model, except for the phase function. The incorporation of wavelength-scale roughness is, however, necessary for good fits. The other sample, consisting of both small and large particles, proves more challenging to match with simulations. The analysis indicates, however, that the difficulties arise at least partially from the small-particle contribution, while RODS results are consistent with the measurements. Further, the results imply that the agreement with measurements would improve if roughness could also be accounted for in the small-particle simulations. Overall, the RODS method seems promising for modeling the optical properties of mineral-dust particles much larger than the wavelength.     

Size effect in electron-lattice energy exchange in small metal particles

The paper examines electron-lattice energy exchange in confined metal systems (metal islands). An expression is derived for the energy, which an electron loses per unit of time to initiate acoustic oscillations in the lattice in accordance to the Cherenkov mechanism. In confined metal systems an electron moves, oscillating, from one potential wall to the other. The expression obtained for energy exchange converts to the generally known expression for bulk metals when the distance between the potential walls is increasing. The intensity of the bulk electron-lattice energy exchange oscillates and tends to zero at reaching a certain size with decrease of the distance between the walls.     

高功率脉冲激光的远场能量密度分布测试方法研究

在分析现有的激光远场能量密度分布测试方法的基础上提出了一种新的测试方法.采用激光束照射漫反射靶,CCD相机对靶上激光光斑成像并在靶面上布置能量计探头以获取能量抽样绝对值的方法进行激光束远场大气传输后空域分布测试.从基本组成、测试原理、试验结果等方面对新测试方法进行了分析研究,并通过采用532nm脉冲激光照射1Km外的漫反射靶的实验对新测试方法进行了可行性验证,获得了远场激光光斑的图像和能量抽样值.     

The local density of states in finite size photonic structures, small particles approach

The local density of states is studied with the help of the local perturbation method for vector and scalar wave fields propagating in finite size photonic structures. The local density of states is numerically calculated for one-, two-, and three-dimensional finite size photonic structures considering them as made of small particles.     

Backscattering properties of poly-dispersed small spheroid particles with their rotary axis orientations in normal distribution

The study investigates the backscattering cross section of small spheroid particles in air with their rotary axis orientation in a normal distribution. Backscattering cross section as a function of distribution parameters (mean and variance) and wavelength has been numerically calculated and analyzed in order to provide scientific basis for atmospheric microwave transfer and remote sensing, and especially for improvement of quantitatively rainfall measuring accuracy with Doppler weather radar.     

大气气溶胶消光特性和折射率的测量

介绍了一种综合利用能见度仪、微脉冲激光雷达和光学粒子计数器测量大气气溶胶折射率的新方法。首先使用能见度仪和激光雷达测量出大气气溶胶的消光系数和消光后向散射比,然后使用粒子计数器测量出粒子谱分布,结合气溶胶粒子折射率,根据球形粒子的米（Mie）散射理论,可以得到气溶胶消光系数和消光后向散射比。通过分析消光系数、消光后向散射比、粒子谱分布和折射率之间的关系,结合已知的消光系数和消光后向散射比,反演出大气气溶胶粒子的折射率。     

大气气溶胶消光特性和折射率的测量

 介绍了一种综合利用能见度仪、微脉冲激光雷达和光学粒子计数器测量大气气溶胶折射率的新方法。首先使用能见度仪和激光雷达测量出大气气溶胶的消光系数和消光后向散射比,然后使用粒子计数器测量出粒子谱分布,结合气溶胶粒子折射率,根据球形粒子的米（Mie）散射理论,可以得到气溶胶消光系数和消光后向散射比。通过分析消光系数、消光后向散射比、粒子谱分布和折射率之间的关系,结合已知的消光系数和消光后向散射比,反演出大气气溶胶粒子的折射率。     

Ionization probability of sputtered particles as a function of their energy: Part II. Positive Si ions

In this paper we represent the experimental ionization probability of sputtered silicon atoms as a function of their energy, which has been obtained for positive Si⁺ ions sputtered from silicon by O₂⁺ ion beam. To explain the experimental data, we have considered ionization of an outgoing atom at a critical distance from the surface, which occurs due to the electron transition between this atom and the surface, and suggested the formation of a local surface charge with the polarity opposite to that of the outgoing ion that has just been formed. Then we have considered the interaction between those two charges, outgoing ion, and surface charge as a process of the particle passage through a spherical potential barrier; as a result, we have obtained the theoretical energy distribution of secondary ions. Together with the well-known Sigmund-Thompson energy distribution of sputtered atoms, the obtained ion energy distribution allowed us to derive the equation for the secondary ion yield versus the sputtered particle energy. Both equations derived have exhibited a quite good correlation with our experimental results and also with a large number of published experimental data.     

Probability of ionization of sputtered particles as a function of their energy: Part I: Negative Si ions

In this study we have investigated how the probability of ionization of sputtered Si atoms to form negative ions depends on the energy of the atoms. We have determined the ionization probability from experimental SIMS energy distributions using a special experimental technique, which included de-convolution of the energy distribution with an instrumental transmission function, found by separate measurements.We found that the ionization probability increases as a power law ∼E^0.677 for particles sputtered with energies of 0-10 eV, then becomes a constant value (within the limits of experimental error) for particles sputtered with energies of 30-100 eV. The energy distributions of Si⁻ ions, measured under argon and cesium ion sputtering, confirmed this radical difference between the yields from low and high-energy ions.To explain these results we have considered ionization mechanisms that are different for the low energy atoms (<10 eV) and for the atoms emitted with higher energy (>30 eV).     

兰州地区光强分布及其起伏特性研究

在兰州地区夜间进行了链路长为610m的激光传输实验,研究了高斯激光在不同天气条件下的光强分布及其起伏特性.采用三维伪彩色变换方法,分析了光斑光强的空间分布规律,得到了光斑主瓣光强服从类高斯分布,并按照晴天、多云天、阴天的顺序,光斑几何中心位置附近光强分布的陡峭度依次减小,而其衰减则依次增大的结论.同时,利用实测光强值分析了大气闪烁指数,结果表明:晴天、雨后晴天和阴天下的闪烁指数分别为0.225 4、0.189 2、0.188 8,这说明晴天下的光强起伏大于雨后晴天和阴天的,且均为弱起伏.通过对归一化光强的频数分布进行非线性拟合得到了光强的概率密度分布,它们均服从对数正态分布,其中晴天下的概率密度曲线的拟合优度更是达到了0.997 50.     

高亮度发光二极管中的电注入和光输出过程的理论分析

通过对典型结构的高亮度发光二极管（HB－LED）的注入电流扩展以及器件的光输出的理论分析，计算了LED的电流密度分布和光输出效率与顶层厚度的关系，结果表明顶层厚度对器件光电特性的影响很大，较厚的顶层可以使器件的注入电流容易扩展、光容易耦合输出。优化设计后得到顶层厚度应该在49－98μm之间。最后给出器件外量子效率与顶层厚度的关系曲线，并预言以GaAs为吸收衬底的LED外量子效率最大不超过12．1％。     

Verification of the scaling relation within MPDFT by analyzing PDFs for energy dissipation rates out of 4096 DNS

The PDFs for energy dissipation rates, extracted by Kaneda and Ishihara from their 4096³ DNS for fully developed turbulence, are analyzed within the framework of multifractal probability density function theory (MPDFT) to a high accuracy. MPDFT is a statistical mechanical ensemble theory for analyzing intermittent phenomena providing fat-tail probability density functions (PDFs). Recently, MPDFT has been improved by introducing a new scaling relation so as to be able to analyze intermittency through any series of PDFs with arbitrary magnification δ (>1). It was fixed to a unique value δ=2. Since the value of δ can be determined freely by observers, the choice of δ should not affect observables. The validity of the generalized MPDFT is verified successfully through the precise analyses of several series of PDFs with different values of δ. In the course of the verification, it is revealed that the system of fully developed turbulence has much wider area representing scaling behaviors than the inertial range. With the help of MPDFT, it has become possible to separate the coherent turbulent motion from fluctuations. This may benefit the wavelet analysis of turbulence.     

梯度磁场作用下光纤中磁流体光透射特性研究的建模与分析

对光纤中磁流体在梯度磁场作用下的光透射特性进行了研究,提出光纤中磁流体的光透射率变化主要来源于梯度磁场引起的磁流体密度分布变化。根据郎之万函数和流体理论,推导了光纤中磁流体在梯度磁场作用下的密度分布,并根据Beer-Lambert定律,得到磁流体光功率透射衰减和纳米粒子局部密度的关系,从而建立光纤中磁流体在梯度磁场作用下光透射特性的理论模型。进而对光纤中磁流体在不同梯度磁场作用下的光透射功率进行数值分析,得到不同磁场强度和磁场梯度下光纤中磁流体透射功率的变化规律。最后将数值分析的结果和实验数据进行对比,验证了模型的合理性, 同时也验证了梯度磁场作用下磁流体光透射功率的变化主要来源于磁流体密度分布变化的推论。     

生物组织的可见光与近红外光散射模型

对生物组织光学模型尤其是光散射特性进行了研究, 发现可以利用等效粒子数密度的粒度分布更精确地了解生物组织的光散射性质。在夫琅和费衍射近似下, 散射系数和散射相函数可以由等效粒子数密度的粒度分布得到。基于粒子粒度光散射测量技术, 所得结果可给出一种新的可行的测量生物组织光学性质参数的方法。