Operator Correlations and Quantum Regression Theorem in Non-Markovian Lindblad Rate Equations

Non-Markovian Lindblad rate equations arise from alternative microscopic interactions such as quantum systems coupled to composite reservoirs, where extra degrees of freedom mediate the interaction between the system and a Markovian reservoir, as well as from systems coupled to complex structured reservoirs whose action can be well approximated by a direct sum of Markovian sub-reservoirs (Budini in Phys. Rev. A 74:053815 [2006]). The purpose of this paper is two fold. First, for both kinds of interactions we find general expressions for the system operator correlations written in terms of the Lindblad rate propagator. Secondly, we find the conditions under which a quantum regression hypothesis is valid. We show that a non-Markovian quantum regression theorem can only be granted in a stationary regime, being a necessary condition the fulfillment of a detailed balance condition. This result is independent of the underlying microscopic interaction, providing a criterion for the validity of the regression hypothesis in non-Markovian Lindblad-like master equations. As an example, we study the correlations of a two-level system coupled to different kind of reservoirs.     

Exact Solution for Non-Markovian Master Equation Using Hyper-operator Approach

Non-Markovian master equation of Harmonic oscillator and two-level systems are investigated using the hyper-operator approach. Exact solution of time evolution operator of Harmonic oscillator is obtained exactly. For two-level system the time evolution operator is exactly found and coefficients satisfy ordinary differential equation.     

Homogeneous Generalized Master Equations

It is shown that the method proposed in V. F. Los [J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 34: 638–6403 (2001)], which allows for turning the inhomogeneous time-convolution generalized master equation (TC-GME) into homogeneous (while retaining initial correlations) time-convolution generalized master equation (TC-HGME) for the relevant part of a distribution function, is fully applicable to the quantum case and to the time-convolutionless GME (TCL-GME). It is demonstrated by rederiving the TC-HGME and showing that it works in both the classical and quantum physics cases. The time-convolutionless HGME (TCL-HGME) retaining initial correlations, which is formally the same for both the classical and quantum physics, has also been derived. Both the TC-HGME and TCL-HGME are exact equations applicable on any timescale and allow for consecutive treating the initial correlations and collisions on the equal footing. A new equation for a momentum distribution function retaining initial correlations has been obtained in the linear in the density of quantum particles approximation. Connection of this equation to the quantum Boltzmann equation is discussed.     

Non-Markovian Master Equation for Distant Resonators Embedded in a One-Dimensional Waveguide

We develop a master equation approach to describe the dynamics of distant resonators coupled through a one-dimensional waveguide. Our method takes into account the back-actions of the reservoirs, and enables us to calculate the exact dynamics of the complete system at all times. We show that such system can cause nonexponential and long-lived photon decay due to the existence of a relaxation effect. The physical origin of non-Markovianity in our model system is the finite propagation speed resulting in time delays in communication between the nodes, and strong decay rate of the emitters into the waveguide. When the distance satisfies the standing wave condition, we find that when the time delay is increased, the dark modes formation is no longer perfect, and the average photon number of dark mode decreases in steady time limit.     

General Non-Markovian Quantum Dynamics

A general approach to the construction of non-Markovian quantum theory is proposed. Non-Markovian equations for quantum observables and states are suggested by using general fractional calculus. In the proposed approach, the non-locality in time is represented by operator kernels of the Sonin type. A wide class of the exactly solvable models of non-Markovian quantum dynamics is suggested. These models describe open (non-Hamiltonian) quantum systems with general form of nonlocality in time. To describe these systems, the Lindblad equations for quantum observable and states are generalized by taking into account a general form of nonlocality. The non-Markovian quantum dynamics is described by using integro-differential equations with general fractional derivatives and integrals with respect to time. The exact solutions of these equations are derived by using the operational calculus that is proposed by Yu. Luchko for general fractional differential equations. Properties of bi-positivity, complete positivity, dissipativity, and generalized dissipativity in general non-Markovian quantum dynamics are discussed. Examples of a quantum oscillator and two-level quantum system with a general form of nonlocality in time are suggested.     

非马尔科夫环境下耦合超导量子系统纠缠演化的数值研究

基于耦合超导量子比特系统模型下,在非马尔科夫环境中利用共生纠缠的方法分析了耦合系统纠缠的产生及其动力学的演化。研究了不同初始纠缠态下的纠缠猝死(ESD)和纠缠再生(ESB)现象;主要分析了系统耦合强度、库的截止频率与系统的振荡频率间的比值、温度和约瑟夫森能级差对纠缠演化的影响。结果表明:系统纠缠取决于初始纠缠态和系统的耦合强度J,并且通过调节以上非马尔科夫环境的相干参数可以延长解纠缠时间来确保量子计算过程中的应用和量子信息的实现。     

Quantum Dynamics of Bound Entangled States

By using the partial transpose and realignment method, we study the time evolution of the bound entanglement under the bilinear-biquadratie Hamiltonian. For the initial Horodecki＇s bound entangled state, it keeps bound entangled for some time, while for the initial bound entangled states constructed from the unextendable product basis, they become free once the time evolution begins. The time evolution provides a new way to construct bound entangled states, and also gives a method to free bound entanglement.     

Master equation for structured reservoirs

In this work we derive a master equation to describe the interaction of emitters with structured reservoirs. The equation is applicable when the ‘freezing’ of atomic population decay and the existence of an atom-photon bound state are possible. Furthermore, the equation may be used for arbitrarily strong excitations of the reservoir. We show that for a wide range of reservoir spectral densities, this master equation can be reduced to the Markovian form. Applications to spontaneous emission and resonance fluorescence near the band edge are considered. We demonstrate that the stationary state is strongly dependent on the initial state of the decaying atom-field system. For resonance fluorescence, we confirm the prediction of positive stationary atomic inversion.     

Entanglement Dynamics of Quantum States Undergoing Decoherence from a Driven Critical Environment

In this paper,we have investigated the quantum entanglement of quantum states undergoing decoherence from a spin environment which drives a quantum phase transition.From our analysis,we find that the entanglement dynamics depends not only on the coupling strength but also on the external magnetic field and the number of the freedom degrees of the environment.Specially,our results imply that the decay of the entanglement can be enhanced by the quantum phase transition of the environment when the system is coupled to the environment weakly.Additionally,the discussion of the case of the multipartite states with high dimensions is made.     

Non-Markovian Quantum Kinetics and Conservation Laws

A link between memory effects in quantum kinetic equations and nonequilibrium correlations associated with the energy conservation is investigated. In order that the energy be conserved by an approximate collision integral, the one-particle distribution function and the mean interaction energy are treated as independent nonequilibrium state parameters. The density operator method is used to derive a kinetic equation in second-order non-Markovian Born approximation and an evolution equation for the nonequilibrium quasi-temperature which is thermodynamically conjugated to the mean interaction energy. The kinetic equation contains a correlation contribution which exactly cancels the collision term in thermal equilibrium and ensures the energy conservation in nonequilibrium states. Explicit expressions for the entropy production in the non-Markovian regime and the time-dependent correlation energy are obtained.     

量子关联

量子纠缠是量子信息处理过程中的重要资源,也是量子力学与经典力学本质区别的一个重要特征.最近随着量子信息理论的不断发展,人们发现可分态中也可以存在非经典的量子关联,量子纠缠只是量子关联的一部分.而且这种非纠缠的量子关联可能在一些量子信息处理过程中起到重要的作用.文章介绍了量子关联最近所取得的一些研究进展,特别是量子关联在各种消相干环境下的演化规律等.     

Entanglement Dynamics of Quantum States Undergoing Decoherence from a Driven Critical Environment

In this paper, we have investigated the quantum entanglement of quantum states undergoing decoherence from a spin environment which drives a quantum phase transition. From our analysis, we find that the entanglement dynamics depends not only on the coupling strength but also on the external magnetic field and the number of the freedom degrees of the environment. Specially, our results imply that the decay of the entanglement can be enhanced by the quantum phase transition of the environment when the system is coupled to the environment weakly. Additionally, the discussion of the case of the multipartite states with high dimensions is made.     

量子纠缠与宇宙学弗里德曼方程

量子纠缠作为量子信息理论中最核心的部分,代表量子态一种内在的特性,是微观物质的一种根本的性质,它是以非定域的形式存在于多子量子系统中的一种神奇的物理现象.熵也是量子信息理论的重要概念之一,纠缠熵作为量子信息的一个测度已经成为一种重要的理论工具,为物理学中的各类课题提供了新的研究方法.本文主要考虑量子纠缠的宇宙学应用,试图更好地从纠缠的角度来理解宇宙动力学.本文研究了量子信息理论的概念和宇宙学之间的深层联系,利用费米正则坐标和共形费米坐标构建了弗里德曼- 勒梅特-罗伯逊-沃尔克宇宙学弗里德曼方程和纠缠之间的联系.假设小测地球（a geodesic ball）的纠缠熵在给定体积下是最大的,可以从量子纠缠第一定律推导出弗里德曼方程.研究表明引力与量子纠缠之间存在着某种深刻的联系,这种联系对引力场方程的解是成立的.     

系统-环境初始关联对纠缠动力学的影响

研究了存在偶偶相互作用的两个二能级原子与共同单洛伦兹热库相互作用模型下的两体间的纠缠动力学行为。主要考虑了原子系统与环境存在初始关联时,两原子间的偶偶相互作用对纠缠动力学的影响,可以发现:偶偶相互作用一定时,马尔科夫环境下初始关联使原子与热库间的纠缠比原子间的纠缠衰减得慢,非马尔科夫环境下初始关联使原子间的振荡减弱;另外在马尔科夫热库中,随着偶偶相互作用的增强,两原子纠缠可以得到提升,而在非马尔科夫热库中,随着偶偶相互作用的增强,原子间及原子与热库间最终保持较大纠缠值。     

Master equations with memory for systems driven by classical noise

A non-Markovian master equation is obtained for a two level atom driven by a phase noisy laser. The derivation is based on obtaining an equation for the density operator of the system averaged over the previous histories of the external noise. Averaging over the current value of the noise variable by means of the Zwanzig-Nakajima projection operator technique leads to a master equation with memory and a local-in-time master equation. The solutions to the resultant non-Markovian master equation, the structural properties of the equation, and the amenability of the equation to unravelling by the quantum trajectory method are all investigated.     

Towards Nonlinear Quantum Fokker-Planck Equations

It is demonstrated how the equilibrium semiclassical approach of Coffey et al. can be improved to describe more correctly the evolution. As a result a new semiclassical Klein-Kramers equation for the Wigner function is derived, which remains quantum for a free quantum Brownian particle as well. It is transformed to a semiclassical Smoluchowski equation, which leads to our semiclassical generalization of the classical Einstein law of Brownian motion derived before. A possibility is discussed how to extend these semiclassical equations to nonlinear quantum Fokker-Planck equations based on the Fisher information.     

Quantum Thermalization and Thermal Entanglement in the Open Quantum Rabi Model

Quantum thermalization and thermal entanglement in the open quantum Rabi model (QRM), in which a two-level system and a single-mode bosonic field are coupled to either two individual heat baths or a common heat bath, are studied. By treating the QRM as an effective multilevel system and deriving global quantum master equations in the eigenstate representation of the QRM, the physical conditions for quantum thermalization of the QRM is studied. It is found that, in the individual heat-bath case, the QRM can only be thermalized when either the two heat baths have the same temperature or the QRM is only coupled to one of the two baths. In the common heat-bath case, differently, the QRM can always be thermalized. Thermal entanglement of the QRM in both the resonant- and non-resonant coupling cases is also studied. The logarithmic negativity for the thermal state of the QRM is obtained in a wide parameter space, ranging from the low- to high-temperature limits, and from the weak- to deep-strong-coupling regimes. This work paves the way toward the study of quantum effects in nonequilibrium ultrastrongly-coupled light-matter systems.