Statistical analysis of the influence of synthesis conditions on the properties of hierarchical zeolite Y

Commercial zeolite USY (CBV500, Si/Al = 2.6) was dealuminated with oxalic acid, desilicated with ammonium hydroxide assisted by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, and acid washed with lactic acid for obtaining hierarchical zeolite Y. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂-physisorption, temperature programmed desorption of NH₃, transmission electronic microscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy Ppyridine adsorption. A central composite experimental design was used for obtaining the influence of the concentration of the three solutions used in each step of the synthesis, on the relative crystallinity (%RC), mesopore volume (V_meso), and total acidity of the synthesized materials. All the materials conserved the %RC and total acidity between 51-89% and 51–80%, respectively; modified materials showed an increase of up to 300 m²/g of external surface area and 0.17 cm³/g of the V_meso with respect to the CBV500 sample. The statistical analysis showed that all the properties are influenced by oxalic acid concentration, whereas ammonium hydroxide concentration affects V_meso, and lactic acid concentration affects %RC and total acidity in the modified samples. According to the optimization of the process, the material synthesized and labeled as MZ-OP, showed a %RC = 82%, V_meso = 0.21 cm³/g, and total acidity of 1.430 mmol/g. The catalytic cracking of n-dodecane was tested over CBV500, MZ-OP, and MZ-10-100-500 and the obtained conversion at 300 min was 65%, 95% and 82%, respectively. Deactivation rate of the modified samples was significantly lower than the values obtained with CBV500, showing that the modified samples were more stable under tested reaction conditions.     

Open‐Pore Two‐Dimensional MFI Zeolite Nanosheets for the Fabrication of Hydrocarbon‐Isomer‐Selective Membranes on Porous Polymer Supports

Two‐dimensional zeolite nanosheets that do not contain any organic structure‐directing agents were prepared from a multilamellar MFI (ML‐MFI) zeolite. ML‐MFI was first exfoliated by melt compounding and then detemplated by treatment with a mixture of H₂SO₄ and H₂O₂ (piranha solution). The obtained OSDA‐free MFI nanosheets disperse well in water and can be used for coating applications. Deposits made on porous polybenzimidazole (PBI) supports by simple filtration of these suspensions exhibit an n‐butane/isobutane selectivity of 5.4, with an n‐butane permeance of 3.5×10^?7 mol m^?2 s^?1 Pa^?1 (ca. 1000 GPU).     

薄片状MFI晶体无凝胶蒸汽辅助晶化制备b轴取向沸石膜

采用新型薄片状MFI沸石晶体作为晶种,通过无凝胶蒸汽辅助晶化法(gel-less steam-assisted crystallization,GLSAC)在烧结氧化硅多孔载体上制备了致密平整、b轴取向的MFI沸石膜。考察了GLSAC中模板剂浓度、釜底水量、生长温度及时间对MFI沸石膜的影响。扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射结果显示,适量的模板剂和釡底水量能抑制晶种的面外生长。成功制备了厚度750 nm、致密平整的MFI沸石膜。制备的对丁烷异构体气体分离测试表明,25℃时,等物质的量的丁烷异构体的分离因子(SF_A/B)可达36,对正丁烷的渗透速率为1.5×10^-7mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1。     

Pure-silica-zeolite MEL low-k films from nanoparticle suspensions

Following our previous works on pure-silica-zeolite (PSZ) MFI, in this study we explore PSZ MEL as a new option for low-k dielectric films. Our motivation has been to increase the microporosity of the spin-on films by moving to structures with a framework density (FD) lower than MFI. Nanoparticle PSZ MEL suspensions were synthesized by a two-stage method that allowed the yield of nanocrystals to be significantly enhanced, while the zeolite nanocrystals remain small. For the first time zeolite nanocrystals of about 50 nm were synthesized with a yield as high as 57%. Nanoparticle suspensions with different particle sizes and crystallinities were spun on silicon wafers to prepare continuous thin films. An ultralow-k value as low as 1.5 was obtained with MEL nanoparticle suspension of high relative crystallinity. The surface roughness of the PSZ MEL film with high relative crystallinity is greatly improved (R(rms) approximately 5.6 nm) compared to MFI films with high relative crystallinity (R(rms) approximately 12 nm).     

Synthesis of Colloidal Suspensions of Zeolite ZSM-2

Discrete colloidal particles of zeolite ZSM-2 with crystal sizes less than 100 nm, in the form of aqueous suspensions, have been synthesized in tetramethylammonium (TMA)-aluminosilicate solutions in the presence of either lithium or a combination of lithium and sodium hydroxide. The well-crystallized ZSM-2 has a specific surface area of 781 m²/g after purification and removal of the organic base by calcination. Synthesis times (t) are as short as 3 < t < 12 h and in certain cases, less than 3 h, less than those previously reported in the literature. Prolonged hydrothermal treatment of sols in the presence of sodium cations (>12 h) results in the phase transformation of ZSM-2 to the nitrogeneous edingtonite zeolite (Li,Na)-E. The synthesis of nitrogeneous (Li,Na)-E is also favored by a high TMA content in conjunction with sodium, whereas synthesis of zeolite N-A is favored by a high sodium content. Furthermore, it is shown that colloidal suspensions of TMA sodalite with crystal sizes less than 40 nm are synthesized in the absence of alkali cations.     

使用双子表面活性剂合成纳米层状MFI分子筛

使用双子表面活性剂(C18-6-6Br2)合成了纳米层状MFI分子筛,这种表面活性剂是由溴代十八烷合成。对沸石样品用X-射线衍射(XRD),低温N2吸附-脱附,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行了表征。由N2物理吸附的数据可以得出由双子表面活性剂制备的样品具有高的N2吸附量和外比表面积。其比表面积(454 m2.g-1)远高于传统MFI分子筛,同时它的外表面积占了比表面积的50%以上。纳米层状分子筛在a-c平面拥有清晰且广阔的平面区域,但是沿着b轴的骨架的厚度却相当小。纳米层状NSUCH MFI(Nano hierarchical MFI)分子筛的催化性能以氮氧化物的催化净化来评估。结果表明,样品有着很好的去除氮氧化物的催化性能,在350℃时氮氧化物的转化率达到了100%。     

具有MFI结构的La-Si ZSM-5分子筛的合成

首次合成了稀土元素掺杂的具有MFI结构的La-Si ZSM-5分子筛,并采用各种技术对所合成的分子筛进行了表征.XRD衍射表明所合成的微孔材料具有典型的MFI结构,N2吸脱附、FT-IR及SEM测试结果均表明镧原子进入了分子筛骨架.     

Direct Synthesis of Nanosheet-Stacked Hierarchical “Honey Stick-like” MFI Zeolites by an Aromatic Heterocyclic Dual-Functional Organic Structure-Directing Agent

Soft template designing is the most promising strategy for the synthesis of zeolite nanosheets. MFI nanosheets directed by soft templates (containing long-chain alkyl groups or aromatic groups as hydrophobic component) can be found frequently; however, so far, MFI nanosheets synthesized by soft templates with aromatic heterocycle groups (e. g., s-triazine groups) are rare. Herein, a nanosheet-stacked hierarchical MFI zeolite (NSHM) has been synthesized by using a triply branched s-triazine-based surfactant as a bifunctional organic structure-directing agent. On the basis of a geometrical match relationship, a formation model has been proposed. Synthesized NSHM had abundant mesopores stacked by nanosheets and exhibited a high surface area (430 m² ⋅ g⁻¹). The 1 wt% Pd/NSHM attained a significant increase in yield of cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone mixture (from 66 to 85 %) in the oxidation of cyclohexane compared with Silicalite-1 and SBA-15 as supports.     

EPR study of iron-doped MFI zeolite and silicalite catalysts: effect of treatments after synthesis

The systematic study of iron-doped MFI zeolite and MFI silicalite by X- and Q-band EPR spectroscopy is reported in this paper. Both samples, which contain Fe(III) ions in the MFI lattice, underwent three sequential treatments—calcination, steaming, and washing with sodium dithionite solution—which are needed to make the catalyst active by extracting iron ions from the lattice. EPR spectra could be simulated by assuming a broad distribution of spin-spin (zero-field) coupling parameters. The simulation parameters depend on sample history and reproduce the selective intensity changes that are observed in X-band spectra after each treatment. In particular, the distribution width decreases by calcining and steaming samples and then it increases by treating with aqueous dithionite solution. This is in agreement with the view that iron ions are extracted from the framework by calcining and by steaming and may form relatively large iron oxide particles which become smaller after the chemical treatment. We have also studied the temperature dependence of the EPR spectra. The most interesting results are from the steamed samples. Their behavior has been interpreted as due to the presence of superparamagnetic single domain particles of iron oxide. This agrees with the view that iron oxide particles form during steaming.     

Nanosecond probing of the early nucleation steps of silver atoms in colloidal zeolite by pulse radiolysis and flash photolysis techniques

The process of formation and the subsequent aggregation of silver atoms (Ag⁰) in nanosized zeolite beta (BEA) are studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. The zeolite nanocrystals are stabilized in aqueous colloidal suspensions with a narrow particle size distribution in the range 30–60 nm. The reduction of silver cations is initiated either by pulse radiolysis of the aqueous suspension or by photoinduced electron transfer using an organic electron donor adsorbed in the zeolite framework. The silver atom in BEA nanosized crystals is found to be stable on the microsecond timescale.     

2D Zeolite Coatings: Langmuir–Schaefer Deposition of 3 nm Thick MFI Zeolite Nanosheets

Stable suspensions of zeolite nanosheets (3 nm thick MFI layers) were prepared in ethanol following acid treatment, which partially removed the associated organic structure‐directing agent. Nanosheets from these suspensions could then be dispersed at the air–water interface and transferred to silicon wafers using Langmuir–Schaefer deposition. Using layer‐by‐layer deposition, control on coating thickness was demonstrated. In‐plane X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the deposited nanosheets contract upon calcination similar to bulk MFI crystals. Different methods for secondary growth resulted in preferentially oriented thin films of MFI, which had sub‐12‐nm thickness in certain cases. Upon calcination, there was no contraction detectable by in‐plane XRD, indicating well‐intergrown MFI films that are strongly attached to the substrate.     

An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Gold Nanoparticles Incorporated in Mesoporous MFI Zeolite for Determination of Purine Bases in DNA

An electrochemical sensor was developed based on gold nanoparticles incorporated in mesoporous MFI zeolite for the determination of purine bases. Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) were incorporated into the mesoporous MFI zeolite (AuNPs/m‐MFI) by post‐grafting reaction. The composite materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical methods. Au nanoparticles with a size of 5‐20 nm are uniformly dispersed in the pores of mesoporous MFI zeolite. And the morphology of MFI zeolite can be perfectly kept after pore expansion and Au nanoparticles incorporation. The electrocatalytic oxidation of purine bases (guanine and adenine in DNA) is investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The surface‐confined Au nanoparticles provide the good catalytic activity for oxidation of purine bases. The simultaneous detection of guanine and adenine can be achieved at AuNPs/m‐MFI composites modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical sensor based on AuNPs/m‐MFI exhibits wide linear range of 0.5–500 μM and 0.8–500 μM with detection limit of 0.25 and 0.29 μM for guanine and adenine, respectively. Moreover, the electrochemical sensor is applied to evaluation of guanine and adenine in herring sperm DNA samples with satisfactory results.     

Adsorption of small uremic toxin molecules on MFI type zeolites from aqueous solution

Adsorption properties of zeolites were investigated for the removal of p-cresol from aqueous solutions at 37 °C within the context of studying alternative methods to dialysis for removing uremic toxin from blood. MFI-framework type zeolites with different degrees of hydrophobicity and charge compensating cations were prepared: one pure silica MFI and four alumino-silicate MFIs (Si/Al = 30), with H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺ as charge compensating cations. Adsorption isotherms and microcalorimetric measurements show a high affinity of p-cresol for all MFI type zeolites. The best capacity is obtained for the pure silica MFI, whereas the alumino-silicate samples show a higher affinity in the low concentration range. In the case of pure silica sample, the microscopic adsorption mechanism including the role of confined water is elucidated with the help of NMR, X-ray analysis (including Rietveld refinement) and Monte Carlo simulations. For all samples the high affinity is preserved in physiological serum solution, even in the presence of other toxin molecules such as urea. It is also shown that the compensating cation state of the samples is imposed by the physiological medium.     

Influence of Hydronium Ions in Zeolites on Sorption

In the presence of sufficient concentrations of water, stable, hydrated hydronium ions are formed in the pores and at the surface of solid acids such as zeolites. For a medium‐pore zeolite, such as zeolite MFI, hydrated hydronium ions consist of eight water molecules and have an effective volume of 0.24 nm³. In their presence, larger organic molecules can only adsorb in the portions of the pore that are not occupied by hydronium ions. As a consequence, the available pore volume decreases proportionally to the concentration of the hydronium ions. The higher charge density (the increasing ionic strength) that accompanies an increasing concentration of hydronium ions leads to an increase in the activity coefficients of the adsorbed substrates, thus, weakening the interactions between the organic part of the molecules and the zeolite and favoring the interactions with polar groups. The quantitative understanding of these interactions makes it possible to link a collective property such as hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of zeolites to specific interactions on molecular level.     

Gelation of cellulose nanocrystal suspensions in glycerol

Aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) produced by sulfuric acid hydrolysis of natural cellulose fibres display a number of unique properties. In addition to forming equilibrium chiral nematic phases above some critical concentration, cellulose nanocrystal suspensions tend to gel or aggregate if the stability of the suspension decreases, for example because of a decrease in the surface charge density of sulfate ester groups, or a change in the properties of the suspending medium. Direct incorporation of unmodified nanocrystals into organic media usually leads to aggregation. We have found that it is possible to circumvent this difficulty and form clear thixotropic gels of unmodified NCC in glycerol, by careful evaporation of water from aqueous glycerol suspensions of NCC. The physical gels form at a fairly low (<3 wt%) concentrations of cellulose. The initial composition of the suspension, the temperature and rate of evaporation, and the time resting at room temperature all influence the formation of thixotropic gels. Desulfation of the acid-form nanocrystals, enhanced in the glycerol-rich suspensions, is shown to be a key step in this gelation process.     

The investigation of redox properties of palladium-zeolite catalysts

Palladium catalysts based on A, X, Y, chabazite, erionite, mordenite, TsVM, and TsVK zeolites are studied by the methods of temperature-programmed reduction and hydrogen desorption. Palladium is shown to be located in zeolite pores in all catalysts except Pd/mordenite for which 24 % of the palladium is located on the external surface of the zeolite. The dispersity of the palladium on the zeolites is determined by the amount of H₂ evolved in the decomposition of the -phase of PdH and by the value of the O/Pd ratio obtained by palladium oxidation in the 100 to 500 °C temperature range. According to the O/Pd ratio, the catalysts are divided into two groups: samples based on X, Y, chabazite, erionite, and mordenite (O/Pd=0.4 to 0.7), and catalysts containing A, TsVM, and TsVK zeolites (O/Pd=0.2 to 0.3). The catalysts of the first group are weakly active in the oxidative acetoxylation of propylene, while all of the catalysts of the second group except Pd/NaA are very active. The conclusion is drawn that the oxidation of palladium is not the limiting stage in the oxidative acetoxylation of propylene.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 642–648, April, 1995.     

2D versus 3D MFI zeolite: The effect of Si/Al ratio on the accessibility of acid sites and catalytic performance

Through the synthesis of 2D MFI zeolite samples of Si/Al ratio ranged from 13 to 74 with inter-crystalline mesoporosity and their reference 3D counterparts, we have systematically studied and revealed the impact of Si/Al ratio on the inter-dependence of core intrinsic properties of structural porosity and acidity. It is apparent that mesopores in the 2D MFI zeolite play a critical role, dictating the accessibility and distribution of specific acid sites. It was found that, compared to their 3D counterparts, the 2D samples possess a three-times larger accessible surface area owing to the mesopores. Although having a slightly lower total number of acid sites, the 2D samples enjoy a higher percentage of accessible strong acid sites and weak Lewis acid sites. Consequently, in three selected liquid phase reactions, which had different acidity demands and molecular diffusion constraints, the 2D samples demonstrated much higher catalytic activities and resistance to deactivation. This study has, for the first time, established the relationship between Si/Al ratio and acidity for the 2D MFI zeolite, thus enabling rational selection of a Si/Al ratio for a targeted application.     

以开孔的二维MFI纳米片为构筑单元制备沸石片膜

以食人鱼溶液(体积比为3∶1的95%～98%(w/w)H_2SO_4和30%(w/w)H_2O_2混合液)处理多层MFI(ML-MFI)除去有机结构导向剂(OSDA),经超声剥离和沉降纯化后得到了开孔的MFI沸石纳米片。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、N_2吸附-脱附、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和热重分析(TGA)等手段对得到的MFI沸石纳米片进行表征,发现食人鱼溶液处理可移除ML-MFI中的OSDA,再经超声剥离得到可分散、开孔的MFI沸石纳米片。将MFI沸石纳米片用简单抽滤的方式沉积到自制Al_2O_3载体上,不经二次生长得到了连续的沸石纳米片膜。单组分气体渗透性能测试结果表明,制备的MFI沸石纳米片膜对正/异丁烷的理想选择性为4.1～5.8,正丁烷的渗透速率为2.2×10~(-7)～4.1×10~(-7) mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1)。     

The effect of poly(methacrylic acid) on electrosurface properties of titanium dioxide in aqueous suspensions

The electrosurface properties and aggregation stability of aqueous titanium-dioxide suspensions are studied in wide ranges of medium pH values and poly(methacrylic acid) concentrations. Using the 2pK model, the ionization constants of surface hydroxyl groups of titanium dioxide are found and it is established that the adsorption of poly(methacrylic acid) macromolecules substantially decreases the fraction of neutral (uncharged) hydroxyl groups and affects the ratio between the positively and negatively charged surface hydroxyl groups.     

MFI纳米片沉积层气相转化制备超薄b轴取向沸石膜

利用乙二胺-水蒸汽进行气相转化(VPT)制备超薄、取向MFI沸石膜,通过将MFI纳米片沉积层转化为致密的沸石膜,实现了膜厚度的有效控制。扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射表明,制备的沸石膜膜厚度约为280 nm,具有高度b轴取向的致密结构。丁烷异构体双组分分离测试结果表明,在333 K下,等物质的量的正丁烷/异丁烷混合物的正丁烷渗透速率和分离因子分别为1.5×10^-7 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1和14.8。Na₂SiO₃作为低聚硅源在MFI沸石纳米片二次生长过程中能够提供硅源和碱度,通过在胺类蒸汽中实现MFI沸石纳米片间的融合生长,进一步提高了膜的取向度和致密性。