Encapsulation of polyaniline in 3-D interconnected mesopores of silica KIT-6

Composite material PANI/KIT-6, with polyaniline (PANI) chains encapsulated in the 3-D interconnected pore channels of mesoporous silica, KIT-6, has been synthesized via a gas-phase method. The composite formation and the presence of PANI inside the pore channels of KIT-6 were evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small-angle X-ray scatter (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms. The PANI/KIT-6 composite showed good electrical conductivity (2.4 × 10^?3 S/cm) due to the formation of 3-D networks of PANI inside the 3-D interconnected channels of KIT-6. The resistance of PANI/KIT-6 composite at different relative humidities (RH) was investigated. An essentially linear relationship between the relative resistance of the composite and the relative humidity of the environment was found from 11.3% to 97.3% RH.     

Preparation and Characterization of Chiral Oxazaborolidine Complex Immobilized SBA‐15 and Its Application in the Asymmetric Reduction of Prochiral Ketones

The immobilization of chiral oxazaborolidine complex in the well‐ordered mesochannels of SBA‐15 is demonstrated by a postsynthetic approach using 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane as a reactive surface modifier. The immobilized catalysts are characterized by various techniques, such as XRD, nitrogen adsorption, HRSEM, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. The catalysts are used for the enantioselective reduction of aromatic prochiral ketones. The activity of the chiral oxazaborolidine complex immobilized SBA‐15 catalysts is also compared with that of the pure chiral oxazaborolidine complex, which is a homogeneous catalyst. It is found that the activity of the chiral complex immobilized SBA‐15 heterogeneous catalyst is comparable with that of the homogeneous catalyst.     

介孔分子筛MCM-41固载多氮杂环席夫碱与偏钒酸钠共催化氧化苯一步制备苯酚

2-苯基-1,2,3-三唑醛和喹喔啉醛通过亚胺键固载到介孔分子筛MCM-41上,得到6种MCM-41固载多氮杂环席夫碱(L1~L6),用FT-IR、XRD和SEM等技术手段对所制得的固载席夫碱进行表征。 研究了以MCM-41固载多氮杂环席夫碱和金属盐偏钒酸钠为共同催化剂,过氧化氢为氧源,直接催化氧化苯合成苯酚,用气相色谱快速检测苯酚产率。 系统地考察了配体、金属盐、温度、溶剂、催化剂用量、反应时间、氧化剂等因素对反应的影响,产率最佳可达23.9%,选择性大于90%。 对催化剂扩大5倍量进行试验,得到23%的产率和93%的选择性,并且催化剂重复使用3次仍能达到19%的产率和90%以上的选择性。     

功能化MCM-41固载的钌基催化剂上二氧化碳加氢合成甲酸

采用两种方法制备了功能化MCM-41固载的钌基催化剂，并用原子吸收光谱，紫外可见光谱以及红外光谱等手段对其进行表征。结果表明,钌基在功能化MCM-41上顺利固载。将这两种固载的钌基催化剂用于二氧化碳加氢合成甲酸反应，发现在较低反应温度和较低氢分压下，固载的RuCl2(PPh3)3催化剂表现出更高的催化活性，在反应温度80℃，H2分压5MPa, CO2分压8MPa下，甲酸转化数达到1275。固载的RuCl2(PPh3)3催化剂也表现出很好的重复再用性。     

Oxidative Desulfurization of Model Diesel Fuel by Vanadium Granular-Shape Mesoporous (V/GMS) Silica System as Nanocatalyst

The performance of V-containing granular-shape mesoporous (V/GSM) silica systems in oxidative desulfurization of model diesel fuel was studied. FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, N₂ adsorption-desorption, UV-Vis, and NH₃-TPD techniques were used to analyze the surface properties of the functionalized catalyst. The mesostructure of silica remains intact after vanadium modifications as shown by XRD and adsorption-desorption analysis, while spectroscopy indicates the successful impregnation of neat vanadium oxide inside the porous silica support. The oxidation desulfurization of model diesel fuel was effectively catalyzed by this catalyst and the highest activity was shown by 4.8% V/GSM catalyst. Compared with their conventional V/MCF and V/MCM-41 counterparts, SSM-supported vanadium catalysts showed much higher activity. This may be associated with the higher reducibility and better diffusion of reactants and products in V/MCF and V/MCM-41catalysts.     

Highly dispersed Cu supported on mesoporous Al-KIT-6 for oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate

Microporous NaY zeolite is a common support of Cu catalysts for oxidative carbonylation of methanol, but the dispersion of Cu species on NaY is usually subjected to its micropore size. Here, ordered mesoporous KIT-6 was employed as the support for Cu catalyst and Al was incorporated into its framework to increase the surface acidity, which eventually improves the surface exchange capacity and Cu dispersion. The evolution of the state of Cu species on KIT-6 was analyzed combined with control of Cu loading. The physicochemical properties of the supports and corresponding catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction, ammonia temperature programmed desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that mesoporous KIT-6 showed better Cu dispersion than microporous NaY zeolite. Agglomerated CuO, dispersed CuO, and Cu²⁺ are the major Cu species observed on the catalyst surface. The increased surface acidic sites of KIT-6 by Al incorporation promoted the formation of Cu²⁺ and dispersion of CuO. With the increase in Cu loading, the Cu²⁺ content in the catalyst was decreased gradually along with increase in the bulk CuO. It was speculated that some exchanged Cu²⁺ could be transformed into highly dispersed CuO and even bulk CuO after calcination at a high Cu loading. Combined with the catalyst evaluation results, it was deduced that highly dispersed Cu²⁺ and CuO particles play significant roles in catalytic activity. The catalyst Cu/Al-K-10 achieved the highest space time yield of dimethyl carbonate of 135.4 mg/(g·h), which is 2.7 times the Cu/K-10 owing to its more dispersed Cu species. This laid the basis for preparing highly dispersed Cu species on mesoporous silica supports.     

Catalytic upgrading of lignin derived bio-oil model compound using mesoporous solid catalysts

The catalytic upgrading of a lignin-derived bio-oil model compound, the hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol, was performed using mesoporous solid catalysts. Platinum supported on silica and mesoporous silica (SBA-15 and KIT-6) were used as catalysts. The level of platinum incorporation and aluminum grafting did not alter the physical properties of the supports, such as surface area and pore size distribution. On the other hand, these treatments drastically affected the catalytic activities. A catalyst with platinum alone converted guaiacol to oxygenate compounds. In contrast, a series of catalysts with both platinum incorporation and aluminum grafting enhanced hydrodeoxygenation by converting guaiacol into hydrocarbons (cyclohexane and benzene). A comparison of the catalyst supports revealed the ordered mesoporous silica, SBA-15 and KIT-6, with high surface area, to have a higher hydrocarbon yield than conventional silica.     

Chiral Mn(III) salen complex immobilized on imidazole-modified mesoporous material via co-condensation method as an effective catalyst for olefin epoxidation

An imidazole modified mesoporous material has been prepared through a co-condensation procedure and adopted to covalently anchor chiral Mn(III) salen complex. The active centers in the as-synthesized catalyst were presented in the form of ionic species. The results of XRD, FTIR, DRUV-Vis, and N₂ sorption confirmed the successful immobilization of chiral Mn(III) salen complex inside the channels of the modified support and the maintenance of the mesoporous structure of parent support in the immobilized catalyst. This heterogeneous catalyst exhibited comparable catalytic activity and enantioselectivity to those of the homogeneous counterpart in the asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins. Furthermore, notably high turnover frequencies have been obtained over this heterogeneous catalyst for the relatively short reaction time and low catalyst amount, due in part to the ionic property as well as the uniform distribution of the active centers.     

Ordered mesoporous Co3O4 as highly active catalyst for low temperature CO-oxidation

Cubic ordered mesoporous Co(3)O(4), prepared via the nanocasting pathway using KIT-6 as hard template, was found to be an excellent catalyst for low temperature CO oxidation, with the activity clearly depending on surface area and pore systems of the catalysts.     

Ce-Co/KIT-6介孔材料的制备及其脱汞性能的研究

以P123表面活性剂为模板,采用硬模板法制备了有序介孔材料KIT-6,以KIT-6为载体,Ce(NO_3)_2·6H_2O和Co(NO_3)_2·6H_2O为Ce和Co源,采用溶液浸渍法制备了负载型Ce-Co/KIT-6介孔材料。在模拟烟气条件下,利用固定床实验台架研究了Ce-Co/KIT-6材料对烟气中的单质汞(Hg0)的脱除性能。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、N_2吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱分析(FT-IR)、氢气程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)以及热重分析(TGA)等方法对材料进行表征。结果表明,Ce和Co在KIT-6孔道内部高度分散,同时材料保持高度有序的孔道结构、比表面积高达495.2 m~2/g,孔径4.6 nm。脱汞实验结果表明,Ce-Co/KIT-6对Hg0的氧化吸附去除效率很高,250℃下对Hg0的氧化吸附去除效率高达95%以上,在这个过程中,O_2的存在明显促进了催化剂的脱汞能力。氧通过Ce-Co价态的变化进入金属结构中,再与汞发生反应是这个过程的主要机理。     

介孔分子筛Ti-AlKIT-1的制备、表征与催化性能

分别采用直接(ds)和后合成法(ps)合成含铝的介孔分子筛Al(ds or ps)KIT-1。 以钛酸四丁酯Ti（OEt）4为钛源,将钛嫁接在AlKIT-1表面制备出Ti-AlKIT-1样品。 用傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射、固体核磁共振(MAS NMR)、固体紫外 可见漫反射光谱（DRS）、能谱(EDS)和N2吸附-脱附对样品进行了表征,并以双氧水氧化环己醇为探针考察了样品的催化活性。 实验结果表明,分子筛Ti-AlKIT-1具有规整的介孔孔道结构,钛进入介孔分子筛骨架而成为四配位的骨架钛,铝的存在形式与样品AlKIT-1的预处理有关,经铵溶液洗涤的Al(ds)KIT-1中没有非骨架铝。 Ti-AlKIT-1在催化双氧水氧化环己醇反应中铝和钛存在明显的协同作用。 样品Ti-Al(ds)KIT-1表现出更高的催化作用,这与其具有较高的比表面积、较大的孔容和较高钛铝比有关,80 ℃反应48 h,重复使用3次后,环己醇的转化率降低至51.3%,仅下降4.31%。     

不同载体对负载型氧化钨催化剂在己二酸合成反应中的结构及性能影响

以SBA-15、六角介孔二氧化硅(HMS)和SnO2为载体,通过浸渍法合成了含钨负载型催化剂,并考察了三种催化剂在环氧环己烷选择氧化制备己二酸反应中的催化性能.通过X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜/场发射透射电镜(TEM/FETEM),紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS),拉曼(Raman)光谱,X射线光电子能谱(XPS)以及傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱等手段对各种催化剂的结构进行表征.结果表明,载体与催化剂的性能有密切的关系.以SnO2为载体的WO3/SnO2催化剂活性最高,其次是WO3/HMS催化剂,WO3/SBA-15催化剂的活性最差.XRD分析显示WO3/SnO2催化剂中氧化钨物种的晶化程度最低,TEM和XPS结果表明氧化钨物种在WO3/SnO2催化剂表面高度分散并且粒径尺寸很小(约2 nm),UV-Vis DRS结果表明在WO3/SnO2催化剂中存在孤立[WO4]四面体和低聚态的钨物种,这些物种的存在可能是WO3/SnO2催化剂具有高活性的主要原因.此外,WO3/SnO2催化剂可以重复使用多次,6次反应后己二酸(AA)得率仍然保持在80%以上,说明氧化钨物种与SnO2载体间存在强烈的相互作用,从而提高了催化剂的稳定性.     

Highly efficient mesoporous WO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>/KIT-6 catalysts for oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene with hydrogen peroxide

Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of organic compounds containing sulfur element from a model oil was performed using tungsten oxide catalysts supported on mesoporous silica with cubic Ia3d mesostructure, well-defined mesopores (7.2 nm), high surface area (719 m²/g), and three-dimensional pore network (WO _x /KIT-6). The prepared WO _x /KIT-6 catalysts (5–20 wt% WO _x ) were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, N₂ sorption measurements, electron microscopy, H₂-temperature programmed reduction, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Among the mesoporous catalysts, 10 wt% WO _x /KIT-6 exhibited the best catalytic performance. Sulfur-containing organic compounds, such as dibenzothiophene, 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene, and benzothiophene, were completely (100 %) removed from the model oil over 10 wt% WO _x /KIT-6 catalyst in 2 h. In addition, the catalyst could be reused several times with only slight decrease in catalytic activity.     

不同KIT-6老化温度制备的介孔MnO2孔径对其催化氧化乙醇的影响

乙醇既是一种被广泛使用的溶剂, 也大量存在于乙醇燃料车尾气中. 它是一种挥发性有机化合物(VOCs), 能直接参与光化学反应影响空气质量, 因此去除乙醇很有必要. 催化氧化法消除VOCs 是很有前景的技术, 其关键是催化剂的制备和筛选. 目前, 用于乙醇催化氧化的催化剂主要是贵金属催化剂(Pt, Pd, Rh, Au, Ag)和金属氧化物催化剂(Cu, Mn, Co, Fe),此外, 还有一些钙钛矿型催化剂. MnO2具有多种结构(α, β, γ和δ)和形貌(管状, 棒状, 球状和孔状等). 不同形貌和结构的MnO2具有不同的VOCs 催化氧化性能. 我们已经报道了介孔MnO2, 特别是三维有序介孔MnO2, 具有良好的乙醇催化氧化活性, 有一定的应用前景. 然而, KIT-6老化温度对介孔MnO2孔径的影响, 以及MnO2孔径对催化氧化乙醇活性的影响尚不清楚. 如果通过调整KIT-6老化温度改变介孔MnO2的孔径, 很有可能改善催化剂低温还原性, 氧物种和活性位等, 进而提高其催化性能. 本文以40, 100和150 ℃ 老化合成的KIT-6介孔硅为硬模板, 制备出不同的介孔MnO2催化剂, 分别记作Mn-40, Mn-100和Mn-150, 用于乙醇氧化反应中, 讨论了催化剂孔径对其活性的影响. 采用X 射线粉末衍射(XRD), 氮气吸附-脱附(BET), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM), 氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR), 氧气程序升温脱附(O2-TPD), X 射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术对催化剂进行了表征. XRD 广角结果表明, 各催化剂均具有软锰矿型MnO2晶相, 其中Mn-40催化剂存在少量Mn2O3晶相. XRD 小角和SEM结果表明, 各催化剂均为介孔材料, Mn-100催化剂的有序度和对称性最好, KIT-6老化温度的改变使Mn-40和Mn-150的有序度和对称性降低. BET 结果表明, Mn-40, Mn-100和Mn-150分别具有三孔, 双孔和单孔体系. 随着KIT-6老化温度的降低, KIT-6的孔径降低, 而介孔MnO2催化剂的孔径增加. XPS 结果表明, Mn-40因少量Mn2O3晶相的存在而具有较多的Mn3+阳离子和表面晶格氧物种, 能增加催化剂氧空位的数量, 有利于氧物种的吸附, 活化和迁移, 从而增强催化活性. TPR 和TPD表明, Mn-40催化剂具有良好的低温还原性, 它的氧物种容易在低温下脱附并参与氧化反应. 催化剂活性测试结果表明, 随着介孔MnO2催化剂的孔径增加, 其活性增加. 催化剂孔径和活性从大到小的顺序为Mn-40>Mn-100>Mn-150. 以老化温度为40 ℃的KIT-6模板制备的Mn-40催化剂, 具有较高的乙醇转化频率 (TOF), 120 ℃的TOF 为0.11 s-1. Mn-40催化剂具有良好的乙醇氧化催化活性归因于较大孔径, 其孔径呈三孔体系分布, 最大孔径分布在1.9, 3.4和6.6 nm 处, 三孔体系的形成是因为催化剂孔道的对称性和有序度降低. 此外, Mn-40催化剂具有良好的乙醇氧化催化活性也归因于由较多Mn3+阳离子引起的较多表面晶格氧物种和氧空位以及较好的低温还原性.     

介孔材料为硅源合成多级孔Mo/H-IM-5催化剂及其在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的应用

在IM-5分子筛的合成体系中以介孔材料KIT-6作为硅源,制备出了多级孔IM-5复合分子筛(IM-5-K)。利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、比表面积分析、NH3-TPD等手段对样品的物理性质和酸性进行表征。将经过钼修饰的Mo-IM-5-K催化剂应用于甲烷无氧芳构化反应中,考察其活性。催化测试结果显示,多级孔Mo-IM-5-K催化剂的最高甲烷转化率和芳烃产率为12.4%和6.9%,高于常规Mo-IM-5-C催化剂。同时,Mo-IM-5-K催化剂有更好的稳定性。催化剂反应活性和稳定性的差异是由于其具有不同的孔道结构和酸性所致。介孔的存在会影响活性Mo物种的落位及分布状态,有利于反应物与活性位的接触和芳烃产物的扩散,进而提高催化剂的活性和稳定性。     

Functionalization of mesoporous carbon with superbasic MgO nanoparticles for the efficient synthesis of sulfinamides

Highly basic MgO nanoparticles with different sizes have been successfully immobilized over mesoporous carbon with different pore diameters by a simple wet-impregnation method. The prepared catalysts have been characterized by various sophisticated techniques, such as XRD, nitrogen adsorption, electron energy loss spectroscopy, high-resolution TEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the temperature-programmed desorption of CO(2). XRD results reveal that the mesostructure of the support is retained even after the huge loading of MgO nanoparticles inside the mesochannels of the support. It is also demonstrated that the particle size and dispersion of the MgO nanoparticles on the support can be finely controlled by the simple adjustment of the textural parameters of the supports. Among the support materials studied, mesoporous carbon with the largest pore diameter and large pore volume offered highly crystalline small-size cubic-phase MgO nanoparticles with a high dispersion. The basicity of the MgO-supported mesoporous carbons can also be controlled by simply changing the loading of the MgO and the pore diameter of the support. These materials have been employed as heterogeneous catalysts for the first time in the selective synthesis of sulfinamides. Among the catalysts investigated, the support with the large pore diameter and high loading of MgO showed the highest activity with an excellent yield of sulfinamides. The catalyst also showed much higher activity than the pristine MgO nanoparticles. The effects of the reaction parameters, including the solvents and reaction temperature, and textural parameters of the supports in the activity of the catalyst have also been demonstrated. Most importantly, the catalyst was found to be highly stable, showing excellent activity even after the third cycle of reaction.     

The catalytic effect of Al-KIT-5 and KIT-5-SO<Subscript>3</Subscript>H on the conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

The aim of this work is to study the production of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from fructose using heterogenous catalysts based on KIT-5. For this propose, Al-KIT-5 and KIT-5-SO₃H as the Lewis and Bronsted catalysts were prepared and were characterized using different techniques such as FT-IR, SEM, EDS, TEM, BET, TGA and elemental analysis. With the use of Al-KIT-5 as the catalyst, the appropriate reaction temperature and time were 135 °C and 60 min, respectively. Moreover, with the use of KIT-5-SO₃H as the catalyst, the proper reaction conditions were found to be 125 °C and 45 min, respectively. In addition, the corresponding amounts of catalyst weight were 40 and 50 mg for KIT-5-SO₃H and Al-KIT-5, respectively. Under these conditions, the conversion of fructose was 93.9 and 88.3%, respectively. These results indicated that, due to its Bronsted acid nature, the KIT-5-SO₃H catalyst showed better results when 40 mg catalyst was used at 125 °C for 45 min in DMSO as the solvent. Both catalysts could be recycled and reused several times.     

Readily accessible mesoporous silica nanoparticles supported chiral urea-amine bifunctional catalysts for enantioselective reactions

The main objective of this study is to develop readily accessible and recyclable solid catalysts for enantioselective reactions. To achieve this, magnetic MCM-41 and non-magnetic SBA-15 mesoporous supports were prepared, then mesoporous silica supported chiral urea-amine bifunctional catalysts were synthesized by grafting of chiral urea-amine ligand onto SBA-15 and magnetic MCM-41. The magnetic and non-magnetic supports and so-prepared solid catalysts were characterized by using different methods such as N₂ sorption measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (FESEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results showed that (1R, 2R) or (1S, 2S)-1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diamine was successively immobilized onto magnetic MCM-41 and SBA-15 pores. The heterogeneous chiral solid catalysts and their homogenous counterparts exhibited high activities both enantioselective transfer hydrogenation reaction (up to 99% conversion and 65% ee) and enantioselective Michael reaction (up to 98% conversion and 26% ee). Moreover, the SBA-15 supported solid catalysts were separated from the reaction mixture by simple filtration, whereas the magnetic MCM-41 supported solid catalysts were separated by simple magnetic decantation and reused in three consecutive catalytic experiments.     

微波固相法制备Mn(Salen)/Al-HMS催化剂

微波固相法制备Mn(Salen)/Al-HMS催化剂;Mn(Salen)络合物;Al-HMS;微波辐射;苯乙烯;环氧化反应     

A homochiral luminescent 2D porous coordination polymer with collagen-type triple helices showing selective guest inclusion

A homochiral luminescent porous coordination polymer, [Cd(L)(H(2)O)]·3H(2)O, with interconnected collagen like triple-helical chains has been synthesized solvothermally by using cadmium(II) salt and a newly designed d-isosorbide-based, enantiomerically pure chiral ligand. The framework is a 2D porous material and forms a 1D channel along the a axis, with the channel dimensions ~6.2 × 4.4 ?(2). The compound has high selectivity in the uptake of water and methanol over other solvents (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, benzene, and cyclohexane) inside the channels.