Agglomeration, sputtering, and carbon monoxide adsorption behavior for Au/Al(2)O(3) prepared by Au(n)(+) deposition on Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(110)

Size-selected gold clusters, Au(n)(+) (n = 1, 3, 4), were deposited on an ordered Al(2)O(3) film grown on NiAl(110), and changes in morphology and electronic properties with deposition/annealing temperature and cluster size were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ion-scattering spectroscopy (ISS). Extensive agglomeration was observed by ISS for annealing temperatures above 300 K, accompanied by large shifts in the Au XPS binding energy. Agglomeration is more extensive in room-temperature deposition, compared to samples prepared by low-temperature deposition, then annealed to room temperature. Agglomeration is also observed to be dependent on deposited cluster size. CO adsorption was studied by ISS and temperature-programmed desorption, and we looked for CO oxidation under conditions where substantial activity is seen for Au(n)/TiO(2). No activity was observed for Au(n)/Al(2)O(3). The differences between the two systems are interpreted in terms of the nature of the metal-support interactions.     

Ba deposition and oxidation on theta-Al2O3/NiAl(100) ultrathin films. Part II: O2(g) assisted Ba oxidation

Ba deposition on a theta-Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(100) substrate and its oxidation with gas-phase O(2) at various surface temperatures are investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) techniques. Oxidation of metallic Ba by gas-phase O(2) at 800 K results in the growth of 2D and 3D BaO surface domains. Saturation of a metallic Ba layer deposited on theta-Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(100) with O(2)(g) at 300 K reveals the formation of BaO(2)-like surface states. These metastable peroxide (O(2)(2-)) states are converted to regular oxide (O(2-)) states at higher temperatures (800 K). In terms of thermal stability, BaO surface layers (theta(Ba) < 5 ML) that are formed by O(2)(g) assisted oxidation on the theta-Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(100) substrate are significantly more stable (with a desorption/decomposition temperature of c.a. 1050 K) than the thick (2 < theta(Ba) < 10 ML) metallic/partially oxidized Ba layers prepared in the absence of gas-phase O(2), whose multilayer desorption features appear as low as 700 K.     

Preparation and characterization of ultrathin [Ru(CO)3Cl2]2 and [BMIM][Tf2N] films on Al2O3/NiAl(110) under UHV conditions

Towards a better understanding of the interface chemistry of ionic liquid (IL) thin film catalytic systems we have applied a rigorous surface science model approach. For the first time, a model homogeneous catalyst has been prepared under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The catalyst, di-μ-chlorobis(chlorotricarbonylruthenium) [Ru(CO)(3)Cl(2)](2), and the solvent, the IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [BMIM][Tf(2)N], have been deposited by physical vapor deposition onto an alumina model support [Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(110)]. First, the interaction between thin films of [Ru(CO)(3)Cl(2)](2) and the support is investigated. Then, the ruthenium complex is co-deposited with the IL and the influence of the solvent on the catalyst is discussed. D(2)O, which is a model reactant, is further added. Growth, surface interactions, and mutual interactions in the thin films are studied with IRAS in combination with density functional (DFT) calculations. At 105 K, molecular adsorption of [Ru(CO)(3)Cl(2)](2) is observed on Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(110). The IRAS spectra of the binary [Ru(CO)(3)Cl(2)](2) + [BMIM][Tf(2)N] and ternary [Ru(CO)(3)Cl(2)](2) + [BMIM][Tf(2)N] + D(2)O show every characteristic band of the individual components. Above 223 K, partial decomposition of the ruthenium complex leads to species of molecular nature attributed to Ru(CO) and Ru(CO)(2) surface species. Formation of metallic ruthenium clusters occurs above 300 K and the model catalyst decomposes further at higher temperatures. Neither the presence of the IL nor of D(2)O prevents this partial decomposition of [Ru(CO)(3)Cl(2)](2) on alumina.     

Dehydrogenation of dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole on Pd/Al2O3 model catalysts

To elucidate the dehydrogenation mechanism of dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole (H(12)-NEC) on supported Pd catalysts, we have performed a model study under ultra high vacuum (UHV) conditions. H(12)-NEC and its final dehydrogenation product, N-ethylcarbazole (NEC), were deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) at temperatures between 120 K and 520 K onto a supported model catalyst, which consisted of Pd nanoparticles grown on a well-ordered alumina film on NiAl(110). Adsorption and thermally induced surface reactions were followed by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS) in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It was shown that, at 120 K, H(12)-NEC adsorbs molecularly both on the Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(110) support and on the Pd particles. Initial activation of the molecule occurs through C-H bond scission at the 8a- and 9a-positions of the carbazole skeleton at temperatures above 170 K. Dehydrogenation successively proceeds with increasing temperature. Around 350 K, breakage of one C-N bond occurs accompanied by further dehydrogenation of the carbon skeleton. The decomposition intermediates reside on the surface up to 500 K. At higher temperatures, further decay to small fragments and atomic species is observed. These species block most of the absorption sites on the Pd particles, but can be oxidatively removed by heating in oxygen at 600 K, fully restoring the original adsorption properties of the model catalyst.     

Low temperature H2O and NO2 coadsorption on theta-Al2O3/NiAl(100) ultrathin films

The coadsorption of H(2)O and NO(2) molecules on a well-ordered, ultrathin theta-Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(100) film surface was studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD), infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For H(2)O and NO(2) monolayers adsorbed separately on the theta-Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(100) surface, adsorption energies were estimated to be 44.8 and 36.6 kJ/mol, respectively. Coadsorption systems prepared by sequential deposition of NO(2) and H(2)O revealed the existence of coverage and temperature-dependent adsorption regimes where H(2)O molecules and the surface NO(x) species (NO(2)/N(2)O(4)/NO(2)(-),NO(3)(-)) form segregated and/or mixed domains. Influence of the changes in the crystallinity of solid water (amorphous vs crystalline) on the coadsorption properties of the NO(2)/H(2)O/theta-Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(100) system is also discussed.     

K改性NiAl类水滑石衍生复合氧化物催化分解N2O

制备了Ni/Al=4.1(原子比)的NiAl类水滑石,焙烧获得NiAl复合氧化物,浸渍K2CO3溶液制备了K改性NiAl复合氧化物催化剂,其中K/Ni=0.05~0.2(原子比),用于N2O催化分解反应.通过元素分析、XRD、BET、H2-TPR、XPS等技术表征了催化剂的组成结构,考察了NiAl类水滑石的预处理方式、...     

Ni的引入对Pd/Al2O3催化甲烷燃烧性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了Ni掺杂的Pd/Al2O3催化剂,考察了其低浓度甲烷催化燃烧活性和水热稳定性.结果表明,随着Ni的引入及其含量的增加,Pd/Al2O3催化剂性能明显提高,Ni含量至20%时,在0.4%CH4,4%H2O和空气平衡的原料气组成,80000h-1空速和600oC条件下反应150h后,CH4转化率仍能保持在97.5%以上.X射线衍射、H2程序升温还原、NH3程序升温脱附和透射电镜等结果表明,NiAl2O4晶相的形成改善了载体酸性和活性组分的分散度,从而提高了催化剂性能.     

Ba deposition and oxidation on theta-Al2O3/NiAl(100) ultrathin films. Part I: Anaerobic deposition conditions

Room-temperature Ba deposition on an oxygen-terminated theta-Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(100) ultrathin film substrate under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions is studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) techniques. In addition, Ba oxidation by the ions of the alumina substrate at 300 K < T < 1200 K in the absence of a gas-phase oxidizing agent is investigated. Our results indicate that at room temperature Ba grows in a layer-by-layer fashion for the first two layers, and Ba is partially oxidized. Annealing at T < 700 K results in further oxidation of the Ba species, whereas annealing at higher temperatures leads to loss of Ba from the surface via desorption and subsurface diffusion.     

金红石型氧化钛负载的铱在催化分解N_2O推进剂反应中的应用（英文）

氧化亚氮(N_2O)是一种性能独特优越的新型绿色推进剂,分解后可以生成高温富氧燃气,实现自增压式多种模式推进,是小卫星推进系统理想的推进剂选择,因而具有广阔的应用前景.在标准状态下,N_2O热分解反应活化能为250 k J/mol,致使其非催化热分解温度高达600 ℃,显然小卫星的能源系统无法满足,必须采取催化分解的手段,改变反应路径、降低反应活化能,使N_2O能够在较低的温度下分解.有关N_2O分解催化剂的报道很多,如纯相或复合氧化物、金属交换分子筛和负载贵金属等,但是这些催化剂仍然存在活性较低等问题,难以满足N_2O推进系统的应用需求.氧化钛是光催化和金催化常用的催化剂,经还原后能够形成氧缺陷,可以为涉氧反应提供电子,而N_2O分解会产生大量氧,氧脱附是其速率控制步骤,因而以氧化钛为载体,有望促进氧脱附及N_2O分解.与此同时,氧化铱具有较高的N_2O分解活性,而且与金红石型氧化钛晶格相似,相似的晶格参数可能会促进其在氧化钛表面的分散,进一步提高N_2O分解性能.基于此,本文以金红石氧化钛(r-TiO_2)为载体,采用匀相沉积沉淀法制备了不同载量的金红石氧化钛负载铱催化剂(Ir/r-TiO_2),并制备了锐钛矿型氧化钛、混合晶相P25和γ-Al_2O_3负载铱催化剂作为对比.通过活性测试我们发现,Ir/r-TiO_2催化剂显示了非常优异的N_2O分解活性,N_2O转化率明显高于参比催化剂,在250℃就能够开始分解,在300 ℃可以分解完全,而且当Ir含量降低到0.1%时,催化剂仍然保持与2 wt%Ir/γ-Al_2O_3相当的催化活性.随后我们采取多种表征手段对Ir/r-TiO_2的活性本质和N_2O分解机理进行了探究.首先利用BET、HAADF-STEM和XRD对催化剂的基本物性进行了测试,发现Ir/r-TiO_2具有较低的比表面积,但金属铱在金红石氧化钛表面表现出较高的分散度,平均粒径仅为1.25 nm.采用H-2-TPR和O 1s XPS考察了催化剂的电子特性和还原特性,发现Ir/r-TiO_2催化剂上高分散的Ir与氧的结合能较弱,易于还原,有助于N_2O的分解和生成氧的脱附.进一步采用原位N_2O-DRIFT对N_2O分解过程进行了研究,发现了桥式过氧物种,并据此提出了N_2O在Ir/r-TiO_2催化剂上的分解机理.     

Interaction of water with ordered theta-Al(2)O(3) ultrathin films grown on NiAl(100)

The structure of an ordered, ultrathin theta-Al(2)O(3) film grown on a NiAl(100) single-crystal surface was studied by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and its interaction with water was investigated with temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and XPS. Our results indicate that H(2)O adsorption on the theta-Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(100) surface is predominantly molecular rather than dissociative. For theta(H)()2(O) < 1 ML (ML = monolayer), H(2)O molecules were found to populate Al(3+) cation sites to form isolated H(2)O species aligned in a row along the cation sites on the oxide surface with a repulsive interaction between them. For theta(H)()2(O) > 1 ML, three-dimensional ice multilayers were observed to form, which then desorb during TPD with approximate zero-order kinetics as expected. A small extent of H(2)O dissociation was observed to occur on the theta-Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(100) surface, which was attributed to the presence of a low concentration of oxygen atom vacancies. Titration of these defect sites with adsorbed H(2)O molecules revealed an estimated defect density of 0.05 ML for the theta-Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(100) system consistent with the ordered nature of the synthesized oxide film.     

Low-temperature decomposition of methanol on Au nanoclusters supported on a thin film of Al2O3/NiAl100

With a variety of surface probe techniques, we investigated low-temperature decomposition of methanol on Au nanoclusters formed by vapor deposition onto an ordered Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(100) thin film. Upon adsorption of methanol on the Au clusters (with mean diameter 1.5-3.8 nm and height 0.45-0.85 nm) at 110 K, some of the adsorbed methanol dehydrogenates directly into carbon monoxide (CO); the produced hydrogen atoms (H) begin to desorb near 125 K whereas most of the CO desorbs above 240 K. The reaction exhibits a significant dependence on the Au coverage: the produced CO increases in quantity with the Au coverage, reaches a maximum at about 1.0-1.5 ML Au, whereas decreases with further increase of the Au coverage. The coverage-dependence is rationalized partly by an altered number of reactive sites associated with low-coordinated Au in the clusters. At least two kinds of reactive sites for the low-temperature decomposition are distinguished through distinct C-O stretching frequencies (2050 cm(-1) and 2092 cm(-1)) while the produced CO co-adsorbs with H and methanol.     

碱性助剂的添加对Ni/CaO-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

在CH4、 CO2和O2制合成气的反应中, 通过在Ni/CaO-Al2O3催化剂中添加碱性助剂K2O、 MgO和La2O3, 使催化剂的性能得到了改善. 实验结果表明, MgO和La2O3助剂的添加, 有利于提高催化剂的活性;添加K2O, 却相反. 测得催化剂上积炭量的顺序为: Ni-La2O3/CaO-Al2O3相似文献   

碱金属助剂类型及前驱物对改性NiAl复合氧化物催化分解N2O活性的影响

制备了不同Ni/Al原子比的NiAl类水滑石样品,焙烧获得NiAl复合氧化物,用于N₂O分解反应,研究了NiAl复合氧化物组成对催化活性的影响。在活性较高的NiAl复合氧化物表面浸渍碱金属碳酸盐溶液,制备改性NiAl复合氧化物,考察了碱金属类型（Na、K、Cs）和钾前驱物（K₂CO₃、K₂C₂O₄、CH₃COOK、KNO₃）对改性催化剂活性的影响。用XRD、ICP-AES、FT-IR、BET、H₂-TPR、XPS技术表征了催化剂的组成结构。结果表明,Ni/Al原子比为2.7的NiAl复合氧化物催化活性较高;Na、K、Cs碳酸盐改性NiAl复合氧化物均提高了催化剂活性,其中K的助剂效应最强。钾前驱物对K改性NiAl复合氧化物的催化活性有显著影响,其中碳酸钾、醋酸钾、草酸钾的加入明显提高了改性催化剂的催化活性,而加入硝酸钾反而降低了催化剂活性。     

Effect of Transition Metals (Cu, Co and Fe) on the Autothermal Reforming of Methane over Ni/Ce0.2Zr0.1Al0.7Oδ Catalyst

The transition metals (Cu, Co, and Fe) were applied to modify Ni/Ce0.2Zr0.1Al0.7Oδ catalyst.The effects of transition metals on the catalytic properties of Ni/Ce0.2Zr0.1Al0.7Oδ autothermal reforming of methane were investigated. The Ni-supported catalysts were characterized by XRD, TPR and XPS.Tests in autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen showed that the addition of transition metals (Cu and Co) significantly increased the activity of catalyst under the conditions of lower reaction temperature,and Ni/Cu0.05Ce0.2Zr0.1Al0.65Oδ was found to have the highest conversion of CH4 among all catalysts in the operation temperatures ranging from 923 K to 1023 K. TPR, XRD and XPS measurements indicated that the cubic phases of CexZr1-xO2 solid solution were formed in the preparation process of catalysts.Strong interaction was found to exist between NiO and CexZr1-xO2 solid solution. The addition of Cu improved the dispersion of NiO, inhibited the formation of NiAl2O4, and thus significantly promoted the activity of the catalyst Ni/Cu0.05Ce0.2Zr0.1Al0.65Oδ.     

担载镍催化剂上乙炔与甲酸甲酯加氢酯化合成丙烯酸甲酯:担载量和焙烧温度的影响(英文)

以ＮｉＯ担载量为０．０８ｗｔ％～１８．７ｗｔ％及焙烧温度为６２３ Ｋ～８７３ Ｋ的ＮｉＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂进行乙炔与甲酸甲酯的加氢酯化反应,并结合ＴＰＲ、ＸＰＳ、ＸＲＤ和ＢＥＴ技术对催化剂进行表征。催化剂在制备过程中,镍离子与载体氧化铝间的相互作用产生两种不同的镍物种,ＮｉＯ晶相和ＮｉＡｌ２Ｏ４类物种,它们间的比例随担载量及焙烧温度而异,因而表现出其对乙炔与甲酸甲酯加氢酯化不同的反应性能。实验结果表明,在７７３ Ｋ焙烧的１０Ｗｔ％ＮｉＯ／Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３最适合乙炔与甲酸甲酯的加氢酯化反应。     

Temperature-dependent structuring of Au-Pt bimetallic nanoclusters on a thin film of Al2O3/NiAl(100)

Au-Pt bimetallic nanoclusters on a thin film of Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(100) undergo significant structural evolution on variation of the temperature. Au and Pt deposited sequentially from the vapor onto thin-film Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(100) at 300 K form preferentially bimetallic nanoclusters (diameter ≦ 6.0 nm and height ≦ 0.8 nm) with both Au and Pt coexisting at the cluster surface, despite the order of metal deposition. These bimetallic clusters are structurally ordered, have a fcc phase and grow with their facets either (111) or (001) parallel to the θ-Al(2)O(3)(100) surface. Upon annealing the clusters to 400-500 K, the Au atoms inside the clusters migrate toward the surface, resulting in formation of a structure with a Pt core and an Au shell. Annealing the sample to 500-650 K reorients the bimetallic clusters--all clusters have their (001) facets parallel to the oxide surface--and induces oxidation of Pt. Such annealed bimetallic clusters become encapsulated with the aluminium-oxide materials and a few Au remain on the surface.     

Characterization and reactivity of γ-Al_2O_3 supported Pd–Ni bimetallic nanocatalysts for selective hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene

Several g-Al2O3 supported Pd–Ni bimetallic nanocatalysts(Pd–Ni(x:y)/Al2O3; where x and y represent the mass ratio of Pd and Ni, respectively) were prepared by the impregnation method and used for selective hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene to cyclopentene. The Pd–Ni/Al2O3 samples were confirmed to generate Pd–Ni bimetallic nanoparticles by X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The catalytic activity was assessed in view of the effects of different mass ratios of Pd and Ni, temperature, pressure, etc. Among all the samples, the Pd–Ni(1:1)/Al2O3(PN-1:1) catalyst showed extremely high catalytic ability. The conversion of cyclopentadiene and selectivity for cyclopentene can be simultaneously more than 90%.     

A novel catalyst for hydrazine decomposition: molybdenum carbide support on gamma-Al2O3

An alumina-supported Mo2C catalyst is found to be as active as a conventionally used Ir/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst for catalytic decomposition of hydrazine tested in a monopropellant thruster.     

二维M-Co3O4负载Ir对香草醛加氢脱氧性能研究

以二维金属-有机框架M-Co₃O₄为载体制备了具有高活性的Ir/M-Co₃O₄催化剂.采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)、 N₂物理吸/脱附等方法对催化剂进行了表征,并研究了催化剂、温度、时间、溶剂等因素对香草醛加氢脱氧反应的影响.结果表明, Ir/M-Co₃O₄催化剂具有较好的普适性和稳定性,在香草醛加氢脱氧制备4-甲基愈创木酚(MMP)反应中表现出较高的活性和选择性,香草醛的转化率达100%, MMP的选择性不低于99%.     

NO2 adsorption on ultrathin theta-Al2O3 films: formation of nitrite and nitrate species

Interaction of NO2 with an ordered theta-Al2O3/NiAl(100) model catalyst surface was investigated using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The origin of the NO(x) uptake of the catalytic support (i.e., Al2O3) in a NO(x) storage catalyst is identified. Adsorbed NO2 is converted to strongly bound nitrites and nitrates that are stable on the model catalyst surface at temperatures as high as 300 and 650 K, respectively. The results show that alumina is not completely inert and may stabilize some form of NO(x) under certain catalytic conditions. The stability of the NO(x) formed by exposing the theta-Al2O3 model catalyst to NO2 adsorption increases in the order NO2 (physisorbed or N2O4) < NO2 (chemisorbed) < NO2- < NO3-.