Effect of blowing on supersonic dust-laden gas flow round a blunt body

One of the main problems which arise in the design of high-speed aircraft is the protection of the streamline surfaces against the erosion effect of solid particles and drops occurring in the free stream. For this purpose it is possible to use the device of blowing cold gas. This leads to the formation of a boundary layer of high density in which the particles are decelerated [1]. The present study investigates the effectiveness of this method of erosion protection in the example of supersonic flow round a sphere.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 178–181, March–April, 1986.     

Three-dimensional flow in axial flow fans of non-free vortex design

Three-dimensional laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) measurements were carried out downstream of isolated axial fan rotors of non-free vortex design in order to investigate the role of radial velocity components in design. The structure of secondary flows due to non-free vortex operation was studied in detail. It is pointed out that the tangential gradient of radial velocity at midspan is nearly in direct proportion with the spanwise gradient of ideal total head rise prescribed in design. Design criteria have been established for the neglect of torsion of stream surface segments inside the blading. A linear relationship was proposed in order to estimate the pitch-averaged radial velocities at the rotor exit. Using this relationship, a proposal has been put forward for taking the radial velocity components into account in non-free vortex design with the assumption of conical stream surfaces through the blading.     

Molecular Mixing and Flowfield Measurements in a Recirculating Shear Flow. Part I: Subsonic Flow

The mixing and flowfield of a complex geometry, similar to a rearward-facing step flow but with injection, is studied. A subsonic top-stream is expanded over a perforated ramp at an angle of 30°, through which a secondary stream is injected. The mass flux of the second stream is chosen to be insufficient to provide the entrainment requirements of the shear layer, which, as a consequence, attaches to the lower guidewall. Part of the flow is directed upstream forming a re-entrant jet within the recirculation zone that enhances mixing and flameholding. A control-volume model of the flow is found to be in good agreement with the variation of the overall pressure coefficient of the device with variable mass injection. The flowfield response to changing levels of heat release is also quantified. While increased heat release acts somewhat analogously to increased mass injection, fundamental differences in the flow behaviour are observed. The hypergolic hydrogen-fluorine chemical reaction employed allows the level of molecular mixing in the flow to be inferred. The amount of mixing is found to be higher in the expansion-ramp geometry than in classical free-shear layers. As in free-shear layers, the level of mixing is found to decrease with increasing top-stream velocity. Results for a similar configuration with supersonic flow in the top stream are reported in Part II of this two-part series.     

冲击拉伸实验装置的研制及其试验研究

材料动力学试验技术远比准静态力学中的复杂,为了模拟各种速率的冲击加载过程,试验装置设计就成为关键问题之一.特别是针对材料动态拉伸性能的测试,目前的冲击拉伸装置还没有统一标准,因此本文基于一维弹性应力波原理设计了一套双气室间接杆-杆型冲击拉伸试验装置.该装置采用了双气室对称布置的方式,通过气体转换器实现气路的转换,克服了现有气动式冲击拉伸设备结构复杂、密封要求严格的缺点.本文利用该装置对2A12T4铝合金试件的冲击拉伸性能进行了测试,并数值分析了应力波在杆系和试件中的传播效应.通过试验测试和数值分析论证了该冲击拉伸装置实验的可靠性和设计的合理性.     

A simple laser-heated thermocouple anemometer

A device based on the principle of hot wire anemometry but which employs a fine, laser-heated thermocouple as its sensor, is described. Its steady-state thermal equilibrium as a function of gas stream velocity is analysed theoretically and calibrated experimentally. Transient behaviour is then studied from heating/cooling curves, derived from photographic records of oscilloscope traces, obtained by switching the laser on/off at various flow velocities. This allows calculation of thermal inertia and elucidates its trade off against robustness of the sensor.     

离心风机叶片型线的一种二维逆命题简便设计方法

由于加工工艺和生产成本等因素的影响，离心风机中至今仍普遍采用二维叶片。本文方法通过控制叶轮内相对速度Ｗ沿平均流线ｍ的分布（Ｗ－ｍ分布），使气流相对速度在流动过程中按照设计要求的规律均匀变化，在叶轮回转面上设计出前向或后向叶片型线。为提高设计质量，可将叶轮子午面盘盖型线的设计与回转面上叶片型线的设计联系起来，使二者共同满足控制Ｗ－ｍ分布的需要。设计过程中可同时计算出叶片负荷供修改Ｗ－ｍ分布时参考。本     

柳杨沟泥石流特征及其工程影响分析

2001年7月11日晚11点至12日凌晨,位于小天都水电站下闸址以下约600 m的柳杨沟爆发泥石流,造成数十万元的经济损失,对小天都电站下闸址造成了一定影响。通过现场调查和室内计算,研究了柳杨沟泥石流的发育特征和运动特征,并分析在各种设计概率下发生泥石流对水电工程可能造成的影响。     

应用有限元法计算离心式叶轮内部流场

运用张量分析,采用半测地坐标系,导入了具有不变形式的流函数,推志了离心式叶轮内部准三元流动任意流面上函数所应满足的偏微分方程和定解条件,并运用伽辽金方法建立了相应的有限元方程。对离心式叶轮回转面上流动进行了计算,数值计算结果正确地揭示了离心式叶轮内部的流动规律。     

密切内锥乘波体设计方法和性能分析

发展了密切内锥乘波体的设计方法. 密切内锥乘波体采用ICFA(internalconical flow A)流动作为基准流场, 在定义乘波体出口激波型线(inlet capturecurve, ICC)和前缘型线(front capture tube,FCT)后, 采用密切轴对称技术及流线追踪技术, 设计生成密切内锥乘波体. 采用数值方法对设计的密切内锥乘波体在设计状态下进行了模拟, 将理论设计结果和数值模拟结果进行了对比验证, 数值模拟和理论设计结果一致吻合.      

Numerical study of a flapping liquid sheet sheared by a high-speed stream

A numerical study of a liquid sheet sheared on both sides by a high-speed stream is performed in this work, at moderate density and velocity ratio between phases. Near the injection, an interfacial wave develops on both interfaces of the liquid sheet. A vortical detachment of the high-speed stream is observed behind this wave and modifies the pressure field around the sheet. The global flapping mechanism is a consequence of the pressure difference between the two sides of the liquid sheet. The flapping dynamics is characterized and compared to existing correlations available in the literature. A sensitivity study of the flapping dynamics to the high-speed stream boundary layer thickness is performed and a relevant Strouhal number is proposed.     

Spectroscopic study of the properties of a supersonic plasma stream

A plasma diagnosis has been carried out by spectroscopic methods. The behavior of temperature and concentration of charged particles was measured along the stream as a function of polarity for a stream with a shock wave and a stream with periodic structure. An explanation of the observed phenomena is given. The physical processes occuring in a supersonic plasma stream are quite distinctive [1], Spectroscopic investigations are necessary since they provide more detailed information on the physical state of the plasma. It is also of interest to study wave processes taking place in the stream from the point of view of the additional plasma heating thus obtained.We take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to M. A. El'yashevich for discussing the results.     

用频率法测试一端固支另一端自由压杆的临界载荷

针对用频率法测定一端固支一端自由的杆件临界压力时,对杆件自由端的特殊约束要求,设计了一种双杆对称加载夹持装置,使杆件在承受轴向载荷作用的同时,仍然能够满足产生横向自由振动的条件。利用该装置进行频率法实验,得到了接近欧拉解的临界压力测试结果。结合实验数据分析,探讨了将频率法用于一端固支一端自由的压杆临界压力测试时,轴向压和轴向拉两种加载方式的适应性。     

准静态一维应变实验装置的设计与验证研究

准一维应变状态测试技术对混凝土等脆性材料的力学性能研究具有重要意义,而目前准一维应变实验装置设计单一、互换性较差,所以无法实现普及。针对上述情况,本文在套管围压装置的基础上进行叠加式设计与组合式分离设计,旨在建立一套结构简单、适用性广的准静态被动围压装置。基于数值模拟方法,本文对混凝土试样在一维应变状态与套管围压作用下的力学特性进行研究,从而分析混凝土试样在套管装置下能达到一维应变状态的程度;同时,对叠加式套管与整体式套管的性能进行比较,发现叠加式套管理论上能在准一维应变实验中很好地代替整体式套管。组合式分离设计的有效性最终通过相关实验得到验证。     

A hodograph-based method for the design of shock-free cascades

A hodograph-based method, originally developed by the first author for the design of shock-free aerofoils, has been modified and extended to allow for the design of shock-free compressor blades. In the present procedure, the subsonic and supersonic regions of the flow are decoupled, allowing the solution of either an elliptic or a hyperbolic-type partial differential equation for the stream function. The coupling of both regions of the flow is carried out along the sonic line which adjoins both regions. For the subcritical portion of the flow considered here, the pressure distribution is prescribed in addition to the upstream and downstream flow conditions. For the supercritical portion of the flow, the stream function on the sonic line is given instead of the supercritical pressure distribution which is found as part of the solution. In the special hodograph variables used, the equation for the stream function is solved iteratively using a second-order accurate line relaxation procedure for the subsonic portion of the flow. For the supercritical portion of the flow, a characteristic marching procedure in the hodograph plane is used to solve for the supersonic flow. The results are then mapped back to the physical plane to determine the blade shape and the supercritical pressures. Examples of shock-free compressor blade designs are presented. They show good agreement with the direct computation of the flow past the designed blade.     

Natural-convection heat transfer in a nonuniform finite annulus with concentric heat source

In this paper, the mechanisms of natural-convection heat transfer inside a nonuniform finite annulus have been numerically investigated. The system is actually a streamlined, water-filled latex balloon with a coaxial cylindrical heating element. The balloon can be applied as a local hyperthermia treatment device for the removal of undesirable tissue if sufficiently high temperatures and preferably uniform surface heat fluxes can be maintained. A validated control-volume-based method has been employed to solve the coupled transient three-dimensional transport equations for laminar free convection. The effects of heat-source temperature distributions and device orientations on the heat transfer have been studied. Possible design improvements of this device are discussed.     

奇点法在叶轮机械任意回转面亚音速可压缩流动计算中的应用

本文在[3]的基础上,进一步将传统奇点法的应用范围从计算不可压缩流动推广到叶轮机械任意回转面亚音速可压缩流动的计算,并在数值处理方面做了有益的改进.算例和设计实例表明本方法计算可靠并具有实用性,为叶轮机械准三元流动计算中S_1和S_2两类流面间的反复迭代提供了一个有力的计算工具.     

Influence of turbulence intensity and free stream velocity oscillations on stagnation point heat transfer

A model is proposed for the momentum eddy diffusivity induced by free stream turbulence intensity and integral length scale. The eddy diffusivity model is applied to the stagnation point of a cylinder situated in a steady uniform crossflow in the presence of free stream turbulence. A numerical solution of the governing steady-state momentum and energy equations with the proposed eddy diffusivity model yielded results for the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number. Agreement between the numerical predictions of this work and experimental data is very good. The experimental data concerning the unsteady stagnation point heat transfer under the combined influence of free stream velocity oscillations and turbulence intensity have been successfully correlated by means of a new turbulence parameter     

Fouling of a cylindrical probe and a finned tube bundle in a diesel exhaust environment

The objective of this work is to provide data simultaneously from an extended surface heat exchanger and a mass accumulation probe in a diesel exhaust environment. To obtain information about the possible link between the fouling behavior of the probe and the heat exchanger, a finned tube bundle was inserted in a diesel exhaust gas stream on the DELFINE loop at GRETh with a mass accumulation probe upstream of the bundle. A retractable protective device allowed the probe mass accumulation kinetics to be obtained during each fouling test. The results concerning the mass accumulation and the heat exchanger (asymptotic) fouling resistance behavior outline the role of the soot particle thermophoresis and the fluid velocity. The proposed model, which explains the probe mass accumulation kinetics, emphasizes the modification of the deposit thermal conductivity during the deposition.     

力学环境约束下剪切销可靠性分析及优化设计

剪切销是火工装置关键部件,其可靠性不仅表现为点火作用下可靠剪断,还表现为受力学环境激励不发生断裂。本文中以多项式混沌展开方法为基础,建立了力学环境约束下的剪切销分析模型,结合序贯优化与可靠性分析方法,提出了剪切销可靠性优化设计的思路。以某型火工作动装置为应用实例,依据实用的力学环境,进行了剪切销可靠性分析及优化设计,揭示了设计参数与力学环境之间的关系,并获得了影响可靠性的关键参数。最后,开展了优化后的火工作动装置实验测试,结果佐证了优化设计的有效性。     

Numerical simulation and experimental visualization of the influence of the deformation frequency of a radially deforming circular cylinder impulsively started on cylinder wake

A periodic superimposed motion may notably influence the flow structure and the development of the convective heat transfer relative to non‐deformable case. In particular, a radial deformation of a circular cylinder, may cause a possible synchronization with the cylinder wake, which is itself periodic when Vortex Street takes place. This synchronization phenomenon, often called ‘lock‐in’, may cause undesirable effects, but may also constitute a way of controlling the wake development. Body deformability may be used as wake control device that would favourably affect the interplay of primary and secondary vorticities, thus reducing the drag coefficient. These numerical and experimental studies are done herein for a Reynolds number equal to 23500. The problem is resolved by using the Navier–Stokes equations in the vorticity‐stream function form. The vorticity transport equation is solved by a second‐order finite difference method in both directions of the domains. The Poisson equation for the stream‐function is solved by a SOR method. The advance in time is achieved by a second‐order Adams–Bashforth scheme. The effect of turbulence is represented by eddy viscosity ν_t, which is determined by a sub‐grid‐scale model. In the present study, we use a Smagorinsky model. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.