Dynamic equations of thermoelastic Cosserat rods

A thermoelastic Cosserat rod with a heat flux along its length is modeled after reviewing a simple Cosserat rod model. Extended Kirchhoff constitutive relations that include thermal effects, and the associated heat conduction equation, are derived using the first law of thermodynamics. The rate of internal dissipation of the Cosserat rod is estimated by the Clausius–Duhem inequality. Nonlinear dynamic equations of the thermoelastic Cosserat rod, which extend the simple Cosserat rod model, are obtained. Dynamic equations of a planar thermoelastic Cosserat rod, the Timoshenko thermoelastic beam, and the planar Euler–Bernoulli thermoelastic beam are derived as a special case within the framework of the thermoelastic Cosserat rod.     

The limits of hamiltonian structures in three-dimensional elasticity,shells, and rods

Summary This paper uses Hamiltonian structures to study the problem of the limit of three-dimensional (3D) elastic models to shell and rod models. In the case of shells, we show that the Hamiltonian structure for a three-dimensional elastic body converges, in a sense made precise, to that for a shell model described by a one-director Cosserat surface as the thickness goes to zero. We study limiting procedures that give rise to unconstrained as well as constrained Cosserat director models. The case of a rod is also considered and similar convergence results are established, with the limiting model being a geometrically exact director rod model (in the framework developed by Antman, Simo, and coworkers). The resulting model may or may not have constraints, depending on the nature of the constitutive relations and their behavior under the limiting procedure. The closeness of Hamiltonian structures is measured by the closeness of Poisson brackets on certain classes of functions, as well as the Hamiltonians. This provides one way of justifying the dynamic one-director model for shells. Another way of stating the convergence result is that there is an almost-Poisson embedding from the phase space of the shell to the phase space of the 3D elastic body, which implies that, in the sense of Hamiltonian structures, the dynamics of the elastic body is close to that of the shell. The constitutive equations of the 3D model and their behavior as the thickness tends to zero dictates whether the limiting 2D model is a constrained or an unconstrained director model. We apply our theory in the specific case of a 3D Saint Venant-Kirchhoff material andderive the corresponding limiting shell and rod theories. The limiting shell model is an interesting Kirchhoff-like shell model in which the stored energy function is explicitly derived in terms of the shell curvature. For rods, one gets (with an additional inextensibility constraint) a one-director Kirchhoff elastic rod model, which reduces to the well-known Euler elastica if one adds an additional single constraint that the director lines up with the Frenet frame. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Juan C. Simo This paper was solicited by the editors to be part of a volume dedicated to the memory of Juan Simo.     

A Spatial Geometric Nonlinearity Spline Beam Element With Nodal Parameters Containing Strains北大核心CSCD

Many slender rods in engineering can be modeled as Euler-Bernoulli beams. For the analysis of their dynamic behaviors, it is necessary to establish the dynamic models for the flexible multi-body systems. Geometric nonlinear elements with absolute nodal coordinates help solve a large number of dynamic problems of flexible beams, but they still face such problems as shear locking, nodal stress discontinuity and low computation efficiency. Based on the theory of large deformation beams’ virtual power equations, the functional formulas between displacements and rotation angles at the nodes were established, which can satisfy the deformation coupling relationships. The generalized strains to describe geometric nonlinear effects in this case were derived. Some parameters of boundary nodes were replaced by axial strains and sectional curvatures to obtain a more accurate and concise constraint method for applying external forces. To improve the numerical efficiency and stability of the system’s motion equations, a model-smoothing method was used to filter high frequencies out of the model. The numerical examples verify the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed element. © 2022 Editorial Office of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. All rights reserved.     

Application of a refined theory of torsional vibrations to the calculation of natural frequencies and damping coefficients of orthotropic composite cantilever rods

For calculating the natural complex frequencies of torsional vibrations of rectangular orthotropic composite cantilever rods, a theory taking into account the normal stresses and inertial forces acting in the axial direction is employed. The results obtained are compared with those found by using the classical theory of torsional vibrations of rods, the theory of vibrations of thin orthotropic plates, and the FEM. It is found that the difference between the natural frequencies given by the classical and refined theories depends on relations between geometrical sizes of a rod and between its axial elastic modulus and shear moduli, and on the number of the mode of torsional vibrations.     

Cosserat生长弹性杆动力学的Gauss最小拘束原理

以自然界中具有生长、变形和运动特征的细长体为背景,用经典力学中的Gauss最小拘束原理研究生长弹性杆的动力学建模问题.在为生长弹性杆动力学建模提供新方法的同时,扩大了Gauss原理的应用范围.以Cosserat弹性杆为对象,分析弹性杆生长和变形的几何规则,表明生长应变和弹性应变是非线性耦合的;本构方程给出了截面的内力与弹性变形的线性关系;利用逆并矢,将经典力学中的Gauss原理和Gauss最小拘束原理用于生长弹性杆动力学,得到等价的两种表现形式,反映了时间和弧坐标在表述上的对称性,由此导出了封闭的动力学微分方程.给出了两种形式的最小拘束函数,表明生长弹性杆的实际运动使拘束函数取驻值,且为最小值.最后讨论了生长弹性杆的约束与条件极值等问题.     

Vibrations of Piezoceramic Rods

Presently, most of the research on vibrations of monolithic piezoelectric rods at weak electric fields is restricted to longitudinal oscillations of such structural members where free and forced vibrations have been dealt with and in the case of resonance conditions not only linear but also nonlinear effects within the constitutive relations have been incorporated. On the other hand, bending and torsional vibrations of piezoceramic one‐parametric rods have not been examined yet. The present contribution develops a linear vibration theory of rods with a focus to bending vibrations taking into account rotatory inertia and shear deformation. The governing boundary value problem for beams with both longitudinal and as well transversal polarization is derived, in particular free vibrations are analyzed. Also nonlinear extensions not only of physical nature but also geometrical ones are addressed. A possible technical application is given. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Finite element dynamic analysis of unsymmetric composite laminated beams with shear effect and rotary inertia under the action of moving loads

The finite element dynamic response of an unsymmetric composite laminated orthotropic beam, subjected to moving loads, has been studied. One-dimensional finite element based on classical lamination theory, first-order shear deformation theory, and higher-order shear deformation theory having 16, 20 and 24 degrees of freedom, respectively, are developed to study the effects of extension, bending, and transverse shear deformation. The theories also account for the Poisson effect, thus, the lateral strains and curvatures can be expressed in terms of the axial and transverse strains and curvatures and the characteristic couplings (bend–stretch, shear–stretch and bend–twist couplings) are not lost. The dynamic response of symmetric cross-ply and unsymmetric angle-ply laminated beams under the action of a moving load have been compared to the results of an isotropic simple beam. The formulation also has been applied to the static and free vibration analysis.     

Nonlinear bending and buckling for strain gradient elastic beams

Nonlinear bending of strain gradient elastic thin beams is studied adopting Bernoulli–Euler principle. Simple nonlinear strain gradient elastic theory with surface energy is employed. In fact linear constitutive relations for strain gradient elastic theory with nonlinear strains are adopted. The governing beam equations with its boundary conditions are derived through a variational method. New terms are considered, already introduced for linear cases, indicating the importance of the cross-section area, in addition to moment of inertia in bending of thin beams. Those terms strongly increase the stiffness of the thin beam. The non-linear theory is applied to buckling problems of thin beams, especially in the study of the postbuckling behaviour.     

Finite element analysis of arches undergoing large rotations - I: Theoretical comparison

In this two part paper, the first part deals with five different nonlinear theories applicable to the analysis of arches in the context of solving the large displacement and the large rotation problem. These theories include, classical theory, first-order shear deformation theory, third-order shear deformation theory, modified classical theory and the Donnell-type theory. All the theories are developed using the Total Lagrangian approach. Simplifications and assumptions used in each of the theory are discussed. Explicit strain displacement gradient relations and element independent equilibrium equations in terms of displacement gradients are given for all the theories. Limitations of each of theory are discussed. In the second part of this paper, application of these theories for the classification of arch geometries is considered.     

圆弧形波纹膜片的矩阵联乘解法

将圆弧形波纹膜片看作几段圆环壳和中心圆板的组合构件,本文利用钱伟长教授的圆环壳一般解[1]及圆薄板小参数振动理论[2],导出环壳和板的传递矩阵和连接矩阵,用矩阵联乘法求得线性精确解和非线性解,计算结果同W.A.Wildhack的实验[3]是吻合的.     

Small strain deformations of elastic beams and rods including large deflections

A consistent theory for linear elastic behavior in which the strains are small but the displacements and rotations can be large is applied to the bending and twisting of a rod or beam by end loads and by its own weight. The theory provides solutions for geometries and loadings between those for which the infinitesimal theory applies and those for which structural theories, such as Kirchhoff s theory for rods, can be used. The results confirm the validity of Kirchhoff's rod theory within the range of small-strain, linear elastic behavior.

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Zusammenfassung Eine konsistente Theorie, bei der linearelastisches Verhalten und Verzerrungen klein vorausgesetzt, jedoch große Verschiebungen und Drehungen zugelassen sind, wird auf die Verbiegung und Verdrehung eines Stabes unter Endlasten und Eigengewicht angewendet. Die Theorie ergibt Lösungen für Geometrien und Belastungen im mittleren Bereich zwischen dem Gültigkeitsbereich der infinitesimalen Theorie und jenem der strukturellen Theorien wie die Kirchhoff'sche Stabtheorie im Bereich der kleinen Verzerrungen und des linear-elastischen Verhaltens.

     

Finite elements using absolute nodal coordinates for large-deformation flexible multibody dynamics

A family of structural finite elements using a modern absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) is discussed in the paper with many applications. This approach has been initiated in 1996 by A. Shabana. It introduces large displacements of 2D/3D finite elements relative to the global reference frame without using any local frame. The elements employ finite slopes as nodal variables and can be considered as generalizations of ordinary finite elements that use infinitesimal slopes. In contrast to other large deformation formulations, the equations of motion contain constant mass matrices and generalized gravity forces as well as zero centrifugal and Coriolis inertia forces. The only nonlinear term is a vector of elastic forces. This approach allows applying known abstractions of real elastic bodies: Euler–Bernoulli beams, Timoshenko beams and more general models as well as Kirchhoff and Mindlin plate theories.     

A new element for analyzing large deformation of thin Naghdi shell model. Part II: Plastic

In this paper a new element is developed that is based on Cosserat theory. In the finite element implementation of Cosserat theory shear locking can occur, especially for very thin shells. In the present investigation the director vector is constrained to remain perpendicular to the mid surface during deformation. It will be shown that this constraint yields accurate results in very large deformation of thin shells also the rate of convergency is very good. For plastic formulation, the model introduced by Simo is used and it has been reduced for constrained director vector and the consistent elasto-plastic tangent moduli is extracted for finite element solution. This model includes both kinematic and isotropic hardening. For numerical investigations an isoparametric nine node element is employed then by linearization of the principle of virtual work, material and geometric stiffness matrices are extracted. The validity and the accuracy of the proposed element is illustrated by the numerical examples and the results are compared with those available in the literature.     

Nonlinear static analysis of arbitrary quadrilateral plates in very large deflections

Through a linear mapping, an arbitrary quadrilateral plate is transformed into a standard square computational domain in which the deformation and director fields are developed together with the general forms of the uncoupled nonlinear equations. By proper interpolation of displacement and rotation fields on the whole domain, such that the boundary conditions are satisfied, a mathematical model based on the elastic Cosserat theory, is developed to analyze very large deformations of thin plates in nonlinear static loading. The principle of virtual work is exploited to present the weak form of the governing differential equations. The geometric and material tangential stiffness matrices are formed through linearization, and a step by step procedure is presented to complete the method. The validity and the accuracy of the method are illustrated through certain numerical examples and comparison of the results with other researches.     

CONFIDENCE REGIONS IN TERMS OF STATISTICAL CURVATURE FOR AR（q） NONLINEAR REGRESSION MODELS

This paper constructs a set of confidence regions of parameters in terms of statistical curvatures for AR(q) nonlinear regression models. The geometric frameworks are proposed for the model. Then several confidence regions for parameters and parameter subsets in terms of statistical curvatures are given based on the likelihood ratio statistics and score statistics. Several previous results,, such as [1] and [2] are extended to AR(q)nonlinear regression models.     

Boundary-Value Problems of the Theory of Thin and Nonthin Orthotropic Shells with Account of Nonlinearly Elastic Properties and Low Shear Rigidity of Composite Materials

The basic geometric and physical relations and resolving equations of the theory of thin and nonthin orthotropic composite shells with account of nonlinear properties and low shear rigidity of their materials are presented. They are derived based on two theories, namely the theory of anisotropic shells employing the Timoshenko or Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis and the nonlinear theory of elasticity and plasticity of anisotropic media in combination with the Lagrange variational principle. The procedure and algorithm for the numerical solution of nonlinear (linear) problems are based on the method of successive approximations, the difference-variational method, and the Lagrange multiplier method. Calculations of the stress-strain state for a spherical shell with a circular opening loaded with internal pressure are presented. The effect of transverse shear strains and physical nonlinearity of the material on the distribution of maximum deflections and circumferential stresses in the shell, obtained according to two variants of the shell theories, is studied. A comparison of the results of the problem solution in linear and nonlinear statements with and without account of the shell shear strains is given. The numerical data obtained for thin and nonthin (medium thick) composite shells are analyzed.     

On nonlinear universal relations in nonlinear elasticity

In the theory of nonlinear elasticity universal relations are relationships connecting the components of stress and deformation tensors that hold independently of the constitutive equation for the considered class (or sub-class) of materials. They are classified as linear or nonlinear according as the components of the stress appear linearly or nonlinearly in the relations. In this paper a general scheme is developed for the derivation of nonlinear universal relations and is applied to the constitutive law of an isotropic Cauchy elastic solid. In particular, we consider examples of quadratic and cubic universal relations. In respect of universal solutions our results confirm the general result of Pucci and Saccomandi [1] that nonlinear universal relations are necessarily generated by the linear ones. On the other hand, for non-universal solutions we develop a general method for generating nonlinear universal relations and illustrate the results in the case of cubic relations. (Received: November 9, 2005)     

SOME ASYMPTOTIC INFERENCE IN MULTINOMIAL NONLINEAR MODELS （A GEOMETRIC APPROACH）

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Size dependent buckling analysis of functionally graded micro beams based on modified couple stress theory

Buckling analysis of functionally graded micro beams based on modified couple stress theory is presented. Three different beam theories, i.e. classical, first and third order shear deformation beam theories, are considered to study the effect of shear deformations. To present a profound insight on the effect of boundary conditions, beams with hinged-hinged, clamped–clamped and clamped–hinged ends are studied. Governing equations and boundary conditions are derived using principle of minimum potential energy. Afterwards, generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method is applied to solve the obtained differential equations. Some numerical results are presented to study the effects of material length scale parameter, beam thickness, Poisson ratio and power index of material distribution on size dependent buckling load. It is observed that buckling loads predicted by modified couple stress theory deviates significantly from classical ones, especially for thin beams. It is shown that size dependency of FG micro beams differs from isotropic homogeneous micro beams as it is a function of power index of material distribution. In addition, the general trend of buckling load with respect to Poisson ratio predicted by the present model differs from classical one.     

非局部非对称弹性固体理论

本文基于非局部连续统场论和非线性连续体力学理论,建立了非局部非对称弹性固体的非线性理论.它完善和发展了Eringen等人所建立的非局部弹性场论.将文献[1]中所建立的非局部非对称弹性力学的线性理论推广到有限变形.证明了在非局部弹性固体中存在着非局部体力矩.非局部体力矩引起应力的非对称性,而非局部体力矩则由原子晶格相互作用形成的共价键所产生的.并应用本文建立的理论合理地解释了平面横波和纵波色散系关的不相似性.