三角点阵Eguchi-Kawai模型的Monte Carlo研究

本文对三角点阵的EK模型进行Monte Carlo研究. 结果表明, 对二维情况不存在U(1)对称性的自发破缺, 对三维情况, 在弱耦合区看到了明显的U(1)对称性的自发破缺.     

一类三次方对称离散混沌系统的分岔控制

通过分析对称性破缺分岔机制, 采用了一个直接的、有效的线性控制器, 精确控制了一类三次方对称离散混沌系统发生对称性破缺分岔和倍周期分岔时分岔点的位置. 进而分析了系统对初始值的敏感性和对称性, 选择合适的吸引域, 将对称性破缺分岔进行进一步控制, 从而使得对称性破缺分岔所缺解枝得以恢复. 数值结果表明了该控制器的有效性. 关键词： 离散混沌系统 对称性破缺 倍周期 分岔控制     

相对论再次幸存

正两项独立实验证明:没有证据表明相对论的基本对称性(即局域洛伦兹不变性)破缺。洛伦兹不变性意味着物理定律跟实验所选参考系的速度或方向无关。尽管它是粒子物理标准模型和相对论的一个基本对称性,但一些试图统一这两大理论体系的模型却预言该对称性将破缺。不过,迄今尚未发现洛伦兹对称性破缺的证据。两个实验小组最近又给出了更严格的限制。     

强相互作用系统的对称性及其破缺

本文简要介绍对称性及其破缺的概念和基本的数学上所说的幺正对称性等的微观粒子实现,从而为利用抽象的数学描述物理问题奠定基础。本文还简要介绍早期宇宙强相互作用物质演化过程的对称性及其破缺,尤其是可见物质质量的产生(比如DCSB)以及强相互作用等基本相互作用的规范对称性和破缺,为有意向探讨早期宇宙强相互作用物质演化的青年学者和研究生提供必要的知识储备,并打开一扇窗口。同时,还简要讨论原子核的对称性及其破缺,尤其是作为强相互作用多体系统的束缚态研究中的基本理论方法、(多粒子)壳模型及相互作用玻色子近似模型(IBM)、集体运动的描述及集体运动模式演化(形状相变)的研究方法及进展简况,提供一些在基本理论方法与前沿研究课题之间建立桥梁的实例。     

著名固体物理学家安德森教授来我国讲学

美国贝尔实验室顾问主任、普林斯顿大学(Prin-ceton University)教授、1977年物理学诺贝尔奖金获得者P.W.安德森(Anderson)教授应清华大学邀请于1980年2月27日至3月17日来我国进行讲学.前后在清华大学讲学十二次,在复旦大学讲学两次. 安德森教授是著名的固体物理学家.他十分注意研究固体物理学中的一些基本原理.这次来华讲学,他着重介绍了他多年研究的对称性破缺问题,联系凝聚态物理学中广泛的研究对象,阐明了什么叫破缺对称性.为什么会产生破缺对称性,以及由于破缺对称性所带来的后果.此外。还介绍了无序系统电子局域化理论的新发展。以…     

暗物质理论研究

正粒子物理主要研究自然界基本粒子以及它们之间的相互作用。考虑电弱对称性破缺之前的粒子物理标准模型和引力,我们知道自然界存在四种基本相互作用:强、弱、超荷和引力相互作用。我们用对称性描述基本粒子和它们之间的相互作用,如庞加莱代数的两个Casimir算子描述了粒子的质量和自旋,引力相互作用是用广义坐标变换(或数学上说微分同胚变换)下的不变性来描述,强、弱和超荷相互作用是用规范理论来描述,其相应的规范群     

对称性、对称性破缺和相变

本文将扼要介绍物理学中对称性的分类及其特征,说明对称性破缺与一物理系统从无序到有序的相变过程间的关系,并讨论了对称性破缺出现的前提     

宇称破坏与对称原理

六十五年前李政道和杨振宁提出了具有划时代意义的弱相互作用中宇称不守恒定律,随后得到吴健雄等人实验的验证,彻底打破了人们关于对称原理的认识和理解,对称原理不再仅仅是包含对称性和守恒律.从此,对称破缺与对称性共同构成对称原理,成为自然界遵循的普遍规律.     

对称性与对称的破缺性

对称与对称破缺是自然界中普遍存在着的一种矛盾关系。对称是变化中的同一 ,反映不同物质形态在运动中的共性 ,破缺是变化中的差异 ,反映不同物质形态在运动中各自的特性。自然界的物质 (包括整个自然界在内 )处于对称→对称破缺→深一级对称→对称性又破缺……这样不断深化之中     

对称性,对称性破缺和相变

本文将扼要介绍物理学中对称性的分类及其特征，说明对称性破缺与一物理系统从无序到有序的相变过程间的关系，并讨论了对称性破缺出现的前提。     

Spontaneous broken symmetry

The concept of spontaneous broken symmetry is reviewed in the presence of global symmetries both in matter and particle physics. This concept is then taken over to confront local symmetries in relativistic field theory. Emphasis is placed on the basic concepts where, in the former case, the vacuum of spontaneous broken symmetry is degenerate whereas that of local (or gauge) symmetry is gauge invariant. To cite this article: R. Brout, F. Englert, C. R. Physique 8 (2007).     

Spontaneous symmetry breaking in quantum many-body systems (A solid-state physicist’s view of Goldstone’s theorem and all that)

The concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking arose first in the context of superconductivity, before it became important for elementary particle physics. Starting with its original discovery, a comparison of the workings of the Goldstone mechanism in relativistic quantum fixed theory on the one hand and in quantum statistical mechanics on the other is given. The roles of locality and of long range forces are traced. For condensed matter physics, an approach using functional integral methods and macroscopic order parameter fields, valid near critical points is outlined. A possibly more widely valid approach is also presented, to complete this review of the Goldstone theories in quantum statistical mechanics. Talk delivered at the International Symposium on Theoretical Physics, Bangalore, November 1984.     

Spontaneous baryogenesis

The recently discovered mechanism of “spontaneous baryogenesis” for generating the baryon asymmetry is implemented in several particle physics models. In these scenarios, baryon number is an approximate symmetry spontaneously broken at a scale |;. The baryon asymmetry is generated without CP violation. Furthermore, this can come about during an epoch when baryon violation is in thermal equilibrium. We consider how various observational constraints affect the realization of this mechanism in acceptable models of particle interactions, and find that the observed baryon asymmetry can be produced for |;≳ 3 × 10¹³ GeV.     

Top quark condensation from broken family symmetry

We investigate the vacuum alignment in a fully dynamical “moose” model which breaks electroweak symmetry with a top quark condensate and show how the prefered vacuum depends on the explicit masses of the fermions involved. Our results are also applicable to the cases in which electroweak symmetry is broken by a fourth family of quarks, or by a technicolour mechanism. Such moose models allow the scale of new physics, Λ, to be in the TeV range with the absence of flavour changing neutral currents ensured by a GIM mechanism.     

Mass matrix models: the sequel

The smallness of the quark sector parameters and the hierarchy between them could be the result of a horizontal symmetry broken by a small parameter. Such an explicitly broken symmetry can arise from an exact symmetry which is spontaneously broken. Constraints on the scales of new physics arise from new flavor-changing interactions and from Landau poles, but do not exclude the possibility of observable signatures at the TeV scale. Such a horizontal symmetry could also lead to many interesting results: (i) quark—squark alignment that would suppress, without squark degeneracy, flavor-changing neutral currents induced by supersymmetric particles, (ii) exact relations between mass ratios and mixing angles, (iii) a solution of the μ-problem and (iv) a natural mechanism for obtaining hierarchy among various symmetry-breaking scales.     

Seesaw mechanism for scalar fields as possible basis for dark energy

We propose a novel mechanism for dark energy, based on an extended seesaw for scalar fields, which does not require any new physics at energies below the TeV scale. A very light quintessence mass is usually considered to be technically unnatural, unless it is protected by some symmetry broken at the new very light scale. We propose that one can use an extended seesaw mechanism to construct technically natural models for very light fields, protected by supersymmetry softly broken above a TeV.     

Transition to deformed shapes as a nuclear Jahn-Teller effect

The Jahn-Teller effect is well known in molecular physics as an interplay between degenerate electronic states and a molecular vibration, giving rise to a spontaneous breaking of a molecular symmetry. We translate the concept of the Jahn-Teller effect to nuclear physics and discuss nuclear collective motion and deformation from that point of view. It becomes transparent that the well-known surface quadrupole motion, with its tendency to stable deformations, can be understood as a nuclear Jahn-Teller mode emerging from the interaction between degenerate nucleon states and giant resonance vibrations. The axial symmetry may break down further to non-axial or to reflection asymmetry shapes by the same mechanism.     

Phenomenological implications of S-duality symmetry

It is proposed that S-duality is a fundamental symmetry of nature which is spontaneously broken. Axion and dilaton are identified with the doublet of the S  -duality symmetry group SL(2,R)$\mathit{SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$. The symmetry is broken at a high scale corresponding to the experimentally estimated axion decay constant fχ$f_{\chi }$. The symmetry breaking mechanism is discussed in analogy with PCAC in pion physics. S-duality invariant interactions of fermions with axion and dilaton doublet are introduced. The symmetry breaking mechanism contributes negligibly small corrections to fermion masses in the QCD sector. Inspired by universality in string theory, the S-duality invariant interaction of the axion–dilaton doublet to QCD fermions is proposed to generalize to all fermions. Phenomenological consequences of this broken symmetry are explored.     

Spontaneous breaking of spatial and spin symmetry in spinor condensates

Parametric amplification of quantum fluctuations constitutes a fundamental mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking. In our experiments, a spinor condensate acts as a parametric amplifier of spin modes, resulting in a twofold spontaneous breaking of spatial and spin symmetry in the amplified clouds. Our experiments permit a precise analysis of the amplification in specific spatial Bessel-like modes, allowing for the detailed understanding of the double symmetry breaking. On resonances that create vortex-antivortex superpositions, we show that the cylindrical spatial symmetry is spontaneously broken, but phase squeezing prevents spin-symmetry breaking. If, however, nondegenerate spin modes contribute to the amplification, quantum interferences lead to spin-dependent density profiles and hence spontaneously formed patterns in the longitudinal magnetization.