微波射频场在微波管中产生爆炸电子发射特性初步分析

 对微波射频场在微波管内引起的场致发射和爆炸电子发射及等离子体的产生进行了分析,推导了等离子体产生强度与微波振幅、材料的电阻率、热传导系数、质量密度和比热容之间的关系,得到了晶须温度分布的表达式,通过数值解析的方式总结出在远大于微波周期的时间尺度上晶须温度提高随时间线性上升。在模型所述材料特性下,温度的上升率达到了3.22×10¹⁰ ℃/s,在100 ns量级就可以使晶须发生气化形成等离子体。     

Dynamical conductivity of type-I semiconductor superlattices

We calculated longitudinal and transverse macroscopic as well as microscopic dynamical conductivity for a modulation-doped type-I superlattice. Our computed long wavelength macroscopic conductivity significantly differs from Drude conductivity in the low-frequency regime (microwave and infrared radiations). Macroscopic conductivity shows oscillatory behaviour along the direction of growth of the superlattice. Propagation of transverse electromagnetic waves in a superlattice has been studied for all possible values of frequency and wavevector. It is found that microscopic transverse conductivity exhibits poles along both real and imaginary axes of frequency. Depending on the values of wavevector components, along and perpendicular to the direction of the superlattice, both poles can lie on real or imaginary axes of frequency. We also find that there can be more than one penetration depth for a superlattice and one of them decreases with frequency for frequencies below the microwave regime.     

Observation of weak-limit quasiparticle scattering via broadband microwave spectroscopy of a d-wave superconductor

There has long been a discrepancy between microwave conductivity measurements in high temperature superconductors and the conductivity spectrum expected in the simplest models for impurity scattering in a d-wave superconductor. Here we present a new type of broadband measurement of microwave surface resistance that finally shows some of the spectral features expected for a d(x2-y2) pairing state. Cusp-shaped conductivity spectra, consistent with weak impurity scattering of nodal quasiparticles, were obtained in the 0.6-21 GHz frequency range in highly ordered crystals of YBa2Cu3O6.50 and YBa2Cu3O6.99.     

Spatial inhomogeneity of the microwave-induced electronic states with zero conductivity in Corbino disks at high filling factors

The fluctuations of the microwave electromotive force in the magnetic field state with an extremely low conductivity have been revealed in 2D electronic Corbino disks prepared based on GaAs/AlAs heterostructures. The experimental data are attributed to the spatial inhomogeneity and time instability of the electronic states that have zero conductivity and are induced by microwave radiation in the 2D Corbino disks at high filling factors.     

Normal modes and quality factors of spherical dielectric resonators: I — shielded dielectric sphere

Electromagnetic theoretic analysis of shielded homogeneous and isotropic dielectric spheres has been made. Characteristic equations for the TE and TM modes have been derived. Dielectric spheres of radii of the order of μm size are found suitable for the optical frequency region whereas for the microwave region radii of the order of mm size are found suitable. Parameters suitable for their application in the optical and microwave frequency ranges have been used to compute the frequencies corresponding to the normal modes for the TE and TM modes. Expressions for the quality factors for realistic resonators, i.e., for a dielectric sphere with a non-zero conductivity and a metal shield with a finite conductivity have also been derived for the TE and TM modes. Computations of the quality factors have been made for resonators with parameters suitable for the optical and the microwave regions.     

Quantum-size affected conductivity of mesoscopic metal particles

The distinctively low microwave conductivity of metal colloids discovered recently during thermal particle coarsening is re-analysed with an effective medium treatment tailored for dense particle systems. The microwave data now favour the quantum-size before the classical model of the dielectric function even for mesoscopic metal particles.     

Charge transport along the lambda-DNA double helix

We have measured the conductivity sigma along the lambda phage DNA (lambda-DNA) double helix at microwave frequencies using lyophilized DNA in and also without a buffer. The conductivity is strongly temperature dependent around room temperature with a crossover to a weakly temperature dependent conductivity at low temperatures. Removal of the water mantle around the double helix leads to reduced conductivity.     

Microwave harmonic mixing in iodine doped polyacetylene

Measurements of the temperature dependence of the conductivity and of the microwave harmonic mixing (MHM) signal produced by the non-ohmic behavior of iodine doped polyacetylene in the metallic regime are reported. The experimental results are consistent with fluctuation induced tunneling conduction between fibers. The theory has been adapted for low electric field strengths and microwave frequencies.     

Hopping conductivity in polycrystalline diamond films

The results of the experimental study of the conductivity of a polycrystalline diamond film by dielectric spectroscopy are presented. A diamond film about 200 μm thick was grown by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition for 180 h. Two pronounced local peaks in the frequency dependence of the conductivity were observed. The relevant frequencies were temperature-dependent. These data permit us to hypothesize that the hopping mechanism of conductivity occurs in the polycrystalline diamond film. Two types of electrically active centers with different activation energies and relaxation times are involved in the conductivity.     

Microwave transmission and reflection of stratified lossy dielectric segments partially filling waveguide

The microwave transmission and reflection is evaluated for stratified lossy dielectric segments partially filling the rectangular waveguide by the method which combines the multimode network theory with the rigorous mode matching procedure. As an example, we investigate in detail the microwave scattering properties of II-VI-epitaxial layer on a lossy dielectric substrate inserted in the rectangular waveguide. The experimental data verify the accuracy and the effectiveness of the present method. Extensive numerical results are presented to establish useful guidelines for the contactless microwave measurement of the conductivity of the epitaxial layer.     

High frequency study of electropolymerised conducting polypyrrole thin film

The polypyrrole (PPY) thin films were synthesized by electropolymerisation in potassium nitrate solution. The substrate used was stainless steel. DC conductivity, microwave reflection, microwave conductivity and microwave dielectric constant of the conducting PPY thin films are reported. DC conductivity was between 1.6 × 10⁻² S/cm and 42.3 × 10⁻² S/cm. Microwave conductivity was between 10 S/cm and 160 S/cm. The ?′ generally decreases as frequency increases similarly ?″ also decreases with increases in frequency. The measurements have been carried over the frequency range 8.2-12 GHz. These polypyrrole thin films were characterized by FTIR. The polypyrrole thin film increases the reflectivity of the stainless steel.     

Small-field D.C. conduction inn-type germanium in the presence of large microwave field

Small-field d.c. conduction inn-type germanium in the presence of large microwave field is theoretically studied assuming a Maxwellian distribution function for the carriers. Scattering by intra-valley acoustic and optical phonons and by equivalent inter-valley phonons have been taken into account, but the effect of non-equivalent inter-valley scattering has been neglected. The small-field d.c. conductivity is found to be appreciably different from the d.c. conductivity corresponding to the r.m.s. value of the microwave field and nearly frequency-independent up to a frequency of 35 Gc/s. The anisotropy in its values is also found to be of the same order as in the values of the high-field d.c. conductivity. The calculated values show close agreement with the experimental results in the field range 1 to 3 kV cm^?1 and for frequencies between 2.85 to 35 Gc/s.     

Theory of microwave losses of one-dimensional conductors in the skin effect regime: Application of TTF-TCNQ

Solutions for the microwave cavity losses due to a long isotropic or anisotropic conducting crystal oriented parallel to the maximum cavity E field are reported. The results are used to study the temperature dependent microwave conductivity of TTF-TCNQ along the principal conducting b-axis.     

Microwave waveguide method for the measurement of electron mobility and conductivity in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures

The microwave waveguide method for contactless determination of the electron mobility and conductivity of thin active layers is reported. The method is based on relative measurements of the magnetic field dependences of the derivative of the reflection coefficient with respect to the magnetic field from a semiconductor wafer bridging the waveguide.Experiments are performed on GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures at microwave frequency = 36.4 GHz and liquid nitrogen temperature. For the analysis of the experimental data the theoretical basis for arbitrary frequencies is developed. The main advantage of the proposed method is that this method enables one to determine material parameters - mobility and conductivity - without careful calibration of the microwave system and does not require the accurate measurements of the absolute values of the reflection coefficient and phase of the reflected wave.     

Enhanced thermal conductivity in nanofluids under the action of oscillating force fields

The thermal conductivity of nanoparticles colloidal suspensions, submitted to the action of an external force field has been calculated by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. For driven forces in the radio frequency and microwave ranges, we show that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids can be strongly enhanced without cluster formation.     

Properties of electropolymerised polypyrrole thin film on silver

This paper reports the properties of electropolymerised polypyrrole thin film on silver. The transmission, reflection, conductivity and dielectric behavior of polypyrrole coated silver has been studied in the 8-12 GHz frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The polypyrrole thin film makes silver a better conductor for microwaves. The microwave conductivity is larger than the DC conductivity by many orders of magnitude. The real and imaginary part of dielectric constant increases in magnitude with increasing doping level and also it decreases in magnitude with increasing frequency.     

Model of a microwave beam coupling to CO2 laser plasma

We have designed a transmission line model of the microwave coupling mechanism for a microwave pumped CO₂ laser. The model is a total loss ridge waveguide transmission line having nonuniform impedance. The laser plasma is modeled as a frequency-dependent lossy dielectric and acts as a distributed resistance in the length of the microwave cavity. The coupling structure of the microwaves is designed not to be resonant at the microwave source frequency of 2.45 GHz at 1 kW and propagating the total microwave field energy to be absorbed without internal reflection. An exact solution to this general transmission line propagation constant for a shunt resistance along length of the guide is found. The measurements and predictions of the parameters of the plasma conductivity as a function of the attenuation constant agree closely.     

高导热金刚石薄膜的研究

分析了影响金刚石膜热导率的主要因素，指出声子的散射是造成金刚石膜热导率降低的主要原因．采用光热偏转法实现了金刚石薄膜热导率的测试，测量误差小于5%，从减少杂质和晶界对导热声子的散射入手，研究了在不同的制备方法下碳源气体和金刚石膜内晶粒取向对其热导率的影响．结果表明在低碳源气体浓度下采用微波等离子体化学汽相沉积方法制备的具有较高程度（400）晶粒取向的金刚石薄膜具有高的热导率性质．优化的工艺条件制备出热导率为15.2W/（K·cm）左右的金刚石膜． 关键词：     

Resonant microwave conductivity response to ac current in La0.7Pb0.3MnO3 crystals

An experimental study of the effect of low-frequency transport current on the microwave conductivity of single-crystal La_0.7Pb_0.3MnO₃ is reported. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the microwave conductivity response to a current follows a relaxation behavior. In a nonzero external magnetic field, the response spectrum exhibits a peak of resonant amplitude enhancement. The resonant response has a nonlinear nature. The temperature and field dependences of the main parameters of the microwave response correlate directly with the behavior of the magnetoresistance. The results obtained are analyzed within the oscillator approximation. Electronic phase separation is proposed as a possible mechanism for the current action. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 41, 2187–2192 (December 1999)     

ac Impurity hopping conducting in p-InSb

We report the first measurement of the ac conductivity of p-InSb at low temperatures in the fréquency range 10 −10¹⁰ Hz. The conductivity has been determined from the gathering of three sets of data, the dc conductivity curve, the conductivity data obtained from an ultrasonic experiment and the microwave conductivity. Frequency effects have only been observed in the hopping conduction regime. It was found that the ac conductivity varies as ω (S=0.75). The results are discussed in relation with the single-phonon hopping theory.