微流控芯片流动注射气体扩散分离光度测定系统的研究

提出了纳升级进样量的微流控芯片流动注射气体扩散分离光度检测系统. 制作三层结构微流控芯片, 在玻璃片上加工微反应通道, 用聚二甲基硅氧烷[Poly(dimethylsiloxane), PDMS]加工气体渗透膜和具有接收气体微通道的底片, 实现了生成气体的化学反应、气-液分离和检测在同一微芯片上的集成化. 采用缝管阵列纳升流动注射进样系统连续进样, 用吸光度法测定NH+4以验证系统性能. 结果表明， 该系统对NH+4的检出限为140 μmol/L(3σ), 峰高精度为3.7%(n=9). 在进样时间12 s、注入载流48 s和每次进样消耗200 nL试样条件下, 系统分析通量可达60样/h. 若加大样品量到800 nL, 使接收溶液停流1 min, 该系统对NH+4的检出限可达到35 μmol/L(3σ), 但分析通量降低到20样/h.     

Automatic flow system titration based on multicommutation for spectrophotometric determination of total acidity in silage extracts

A multicommutated flow titration procedure is proposed for the spectrophotometric determination of total acidity in silage extracts. The flow network comprises a set of 3-way solenoid valves, computer-controlled to provide facilities to handle the titrand, titrant, and carrier solutions by using a single pumping channel. The procedure is based on the volumetric fraction variation approach that maintains the same volume of titrand solution and varies the titrant solution step by step, to provide determination without the use of an analytical curve. The procedure is implemented by using phenolphthalein as an external indicator; the proposed algorithm was able to titrate silage extracts presenting different color intensities. Sample solutions with concentrations ranging from 10(-3) to 10(-1) mol/L total acidity could be analyzed by using 10(-2) mol/L sodium hydroxide as the titrant solution. Other advantages include a relative standard deviation of <1.0% (n = 4) for a typical silage extract solution containing 26 mmol/L total acidity; an analytical throughput of 16 determinations per hour was also achieved. Accuracy was assessed by processing a set of silage extract solutions and comparing the results with those obtained by using the conventional potentiometric titration procedure. No significant difference at the 95% confidence level was observed.     

Application of NaClO-treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes as solid phase extraction sorbents for preconcentration of trace 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in aqueous samples

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized by oxidation of original multiwalled carbon nanotubes with NaClO were prepared and their application as solid phase extraction sorbent for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was investigated systemically, and a new method was developed for the determination of trace 2,4-D in water samples based on extraction and preconcentration of 2,4-D with solid phase extraction columns packed with NaClO-treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes prior to its determination by HPLC. The optimum experimental parameters for preconcentration of 2,4-D, including the column activating conditions, the amount of the sorbent, pH of the sample, elution composition, and elution volume, were investigated. The results indicated 2,4-D could be quantitatively retained by 100 mg NaClO-treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes at pH 5, and then eluted completely with 10 mL 3:1 (v/v) methanol-ammonium acetate solution (0.3 mol/L). The detection limit of this method for 2,4-D was 0.15 μg/L, and the relative standard deviation was 2.3% for fortified tap water samples and 2.5% for fortified riverine water sample at the 10 μg/L level. The method was validated using fortified tap water and riverine water samples with known amount of 2,4-D at the 0.4, 10, and 30 μg/L levels, respectively.     

Spectrophotometric methods for sertraline hydrochloride and/or clidinium bromide determination in bulk and pharmaceutical preparations

A spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of sertraline hydrochloride (Sert) and/or clidinium bromide (Clid) in bulk sample and in dosage forms was developed. The purpose of this work was to develop a rapid, simple, inexpensive, precise, and accurate visible spectrophotometric method. The procedure is based on formation of an ion-pair complex by their reaction with bromocresol green (BCG), bromophenol blue (BPB), and bromothymol blue (BTB) in buffered aqueous solution at pH 3. The colored products are extracted into a polar solvent and measured spectrophotometrically at the optimum λ_max for each complex. Optimization of different experimental conditions is described. Regression analysis of Beer-Lambert plots showed good correlation in the concentration range of 1–30 μg mL⁻¹. The apparent molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity, detection and quantification limits were calculated. For more accurate analysis, Ringbom optimum concentration range of 2–27 μg mL⁻¹ was used. The developed methods were successfully applied for the determination of sertraline hydrochloride and clidinium bromide in bulk in pharmaceutical formulations without any interference from common excipients. The procedure has the advantage of being highly sensitive and simple for the determination of the studied drugs, weak UV-absorbing compounds.     

固相萃取/高效液相色谱法对肝癌细胞中多西紫杉醇的测定

建立了固相萃取/高效液相色谱法测定肝癌细胞中多西紫杉醇浓度的方法。细胞样品经三氯乙酸沉淀蛋白,Bond-elut C18固相萃取柱提取,采用Agilent TC-C18(5μm,4.6 mm×150 mm)色谱柱分析,以乙腈-0.02 mol/L醋酸铵缓冲液(体积比50∶50,醋酸调至pH5.0)为流动相,流速为1 mL/min,检测波长为230nm,进样体积为20μL。多西紫杉醇的质量浓度在0.05~2.25 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.999 3,检出限为0.03 mg/L,提取回收率为93%~95%,其日内、日间精密度(n=5)不大于6.9%,且稳定性良好。方法简便、快速、灵敏度高、干扰小,可用于生物样品中低浓度多西紫杉醇的测定。     

Tandem use of solid-phase extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of mononitrotoluenes in aquatic environment

Solid‐phase extraction (SPE) in tandem with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been developed for the determination of mononitrotoluenes (MNTs) in several aquatic samples using gas chromatography‐flame ionization (GC‐FID) detection system. In the hyphenated SPE‐DLLME, initially MNTs were extracted from a large volume of aqueous samples (100 mL) into a 500‐mg octadecyl silane (C₁₈) sorbent. After the elution of analytes from the sorbent with acetonitrile, the obtained solution was put under the DLLME procedure, so that the extra preconcentration factors could be achieved. The parameters influencing the extraction efficiency such as breakthrough volume, type and volume of the elution solvent (disperser solvent) and extracting solvent, as well as the salt addition, were studied and optimized. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.5–500 μg/L and the limit of detection for all analytes was found to be 0.2 μg/L. The relative standard deviations (for 0.75 μg/L of MNTs) without internal standard varied from 2.0 to 6.4% (n=5). The relative recoveries of the well, river and sea water samples, spiked at the concentration level of 0.75 μg/L of the analytes, were in the range of 85–118%.     

Determination of 1-hydroxypyrene in human urine by HPLC with electrochemical detection at a boron-doped diamond film electrode

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) at a boron-doped diamond film electrode with preliminary separation and preconcentration by solid-phase extraction (SPE) has been developed for the determination of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in human urine. 1-HP is among the most widely used biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Optimal HPLC-ED conditions have been found: mobile phase methanol-0.05 mol L(-1) phosphate buffer pH 5.0 (80:20, v/v), detection potential +1,000 mV versus Ag/AgCl (3 mol L(-1) KCl), and flow rate 0.8 mL min(-1). For SPE, LiChrolut(?) RP-18 E cartridges were used. The extraction yield was (87.0 ± 5.8)% (n = 5). The concentration dependence of 1-HP was measured in the concentration range from 0.01 to 10 μmol L(-1) (2.18-2,180 μg L(-1)) using methanolic solutions resulting from the SPE pretreatment of spiked human urine samples. The limit of detection (signal-to-noise ratio 3) and the limit of quantification (signal-to-noise ratio 10) of the biomarker were 0.013 μmol L(-1) (2.84 μg L(-1)) and 0.043 μmol L(-1) (9.39 μg L(-1)), respectively, which is sufficient for its determination in the urine of persons exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Adsorption–Photometric Determination of Cationic Surfactant Traces

A procedure has been developed for the adsorption–photometric determination of cationic surfactants in natural water. The procedure is based on the adsorption preconcentration of the cationic surfactants on silica gel, the reaction of the concentrate with the anionic reagent bromothymol blue to form ion pairs on a solid surface, and the photometric determination of excess bromothymol blue in solution. The analytical range is (0.5–5) × 10^–5 M for a 50-mL sample.     

中空纤维支载离子液体液液微萃取法检测环境水体中的三氯生

三氯生(5 Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol,TCS)是一种新型环境水体污染物,具有潜在的生态与健康风险,因此发展合适的分析方法来检测水环境中这类化合物极其必要.本研究以1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸离子液体( [C8 MIM][PF6])为萃取剂,基于中空纤维的离子液体液液微萃取方法,结合HPLC/UV用于环境水样中TCS的分析测定;通过对各参数(萃取剂、供体相的体积、供体相pH值、离子强度、萃取时间等)的优化在最优条件下(样品相体积为50 mL,pH值2,盐浓度为0.2 mol/L,200 r/min振荡萃取8 h),获得了较高的富集倍数(907倍)、较低的检出限(0.05 μg/L,RSD=7.4％,n=6)和较好的线性范围(0.1～100 μg/L);以4种环境水样加标实验对方法的准确性进行评估,其回收率可达94.2％～108.5％(RSD=5.5％～8.0％,n=6);本方法可广泛应用于环境水体中痕量TCS的分析检测.     

Efficient strategy for the selective determination of dopamine in human urine by molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction

An efficient molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction protocol was developed for the separation of dopamine (DA) from human urine. After successful validation of the analytical method using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection, a new strategy for the selective determination of DA in the presence of norepinephrine and epinephrine in human urine was presented. In the proposed protocol, the LODs and quantification for DA were 166 ± 36 and 500 ± 110 nmol/L, respectively, and the total recoveries of DA in the range of 1–15 μmol/L varied between 98.3 and 101.1%. DA was detected in the real urine samples at the level of 47–167 μg/L (0.250–0.895 μmol/L). The superiority of the novel analytical strategy was shown by comparison with the results obtained for a commercially available imprinted sorbent.     

Flow-injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Uric Acid in Urine via Prussian Blue Reaction

A simple and sensitive flow injection(FI) spectrophotometric method was reported for the determination of uric acid based on the reduction of Fe(III)/ferricyanide in the presence of uric acid. The in situ reduced ions reacted with unreduced portion of ferricyanide/Fe(III) to form soluble Prussian blue, which was monitored at an absorption wavelength of 735 nm. The optimized conditions allow a linear calibration graph in a concentration range of 1―100 μmol/L. The relative standard deviation was in a range of 0.5%―2.5%, with a detection limit(3σ blank) of 0.3 μmol/L and a sampling frequency of 60 injection/h was obtained. The effect of common substances present in human physiological fluids on the determination of uric acid was examined. The method was applied to determining uric acid in human urine samples with the recoveries in a range of 96%―105%. The results agree well with those by spectrophotometric reference method at a confidence level of 95%. Spectrophotometric procedures for uric acid determination in clinical samples were reviewed briefly.     

分子印迹固相微萃取测定中成药的鸟苷含量

用自制的分子印迹整体柱作固相微萃取介质,结合HPLC-UV装置,建立了中成药鸟苷成分的萃取检测方法。方法的线性范围为0.01～5.30μmol/L,检测限(LOD)为2.5 nmol/L(S/N=3),定量限(LOQ)9.0 nmol/L(S/N=10),样品加标回收率在94%～104%之间。方法已用于刺五加片、板蓝根冲剂及清热口服液等中成药鸟苷成分的检测。     

A green analytical procedure for sensitive and selective determination of iron in water samples by flow-injection solid-phase spectrophotometry

A greener analytical procedure based on flow-injection solid-phase spectrophotometry is proposed for iron determination. Iron(II) is reversibly retained on 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol immobilized on C18-bonded silica, yielding a brown complex. The metal ion is eluted as iron(II) with a small volume of a diluted acid solution without removing the immobilized reagent, which can be used for at least 100 determinations. Other chemicals (buffer and reducing agent) were carefully selected taking into account the analytical performance and toxicity. The developed procedure is 10-fold more sensitive in comparison to the analogous procedure based on measurements in solution, being suitable for the determination of iron in water samples with good accuracy and precision. The detection limit (99.7% confidence level), sampling rate and coefficient of variation (n = 10) were estimated as 15 μg L⁻¹, 25 measurements per hour and 4.0%, respectively. The proposed procedure involves a reduced effluent generation (3.6 mL per determination) and consumes micro amounts of reagents.     

An automatic flow injection analysis procedure for photometric determination of ethanol in red wine without using a chromogenic reagent

An automatic reagentless photometric procedure for the determination of ethanol in red wine is described. The procedure was based on a falling drop system that was implemented by employing a flow injection analysis manifold. The detection system comprised an infrared LED and a phototransistor. The experimental arrangement was designed to ensure that the wine drop grew between these devices, thus causing a decrease in the intensity of the radiation beam coming from the LED. Since ethanol content affected the size of the wine drop this feature was exploited to develop an analytical procedure for the photometric determination of ethanol in red wine without using a chromogenic reagent. In an attempt to prove the usefulness of the proposed procedure, a set of red wines were analysed. No significant difference between our results and those obtained with a reference method was observed at the 95% confidence level. Other advantages of our method were a linear response ranging from 0.17 up to 5.14 mol L⁻¹ (1.0 up to 30.0%) ethanol (R=0.999); a limit of detection of 0.05 mol L⁻¹ (0.3%) ethanol; a relative standard deviation of 2.5% (n=10) using typical wine sample containing 2.14 mol L⁻¹ (12.5%) ethanol; and a sampling rate of 50 determinations per hour.     

Quantification of glutathione in plasma samples by HPLC using 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan as a fluorescent labeling reagent

A rapid and highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatograpy method with fluorescence detection has been developed for determination of glutathione (GSH) in human plasma. A simple pre-column derivatization procedure with 7-flouro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-F) reagent was employed. The separation of the derivatized glutathione was performed using a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer (0.02 mol/L, pH 6.0)-acetonitrile (77:23, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with the column temperature 2°C. The eluted derivatives were fluorometrically detected at an excitation wavelength 470 nm and an emission wavelength 530 nm. Under the optimum chromatographic conditions, the calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.1 μmol/L to 10.0 μmol/L with the correlation coefficient of 0.9988. The precision of the method was satisfactory with the intra- and inter-day coefficient of variation being 6.3%, 6.9%, respectively. This method has been used to determine glutathione concentrations in plasma samples from healthy individuals.     

Development and validation of a sensitive and fast solid-phase spectrophotometric procedure for phenol determination in pharmaceuticals

A very sensitive, simple, and fast solid-phase spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of phenol using the p-nitrobenzenediazonium reagent (DAR reagent) was developed. This procedure is based on the simultaneous concentration of the orange product on a Dowex 1-X2 anion exchanger within 15 min, and a direct absorbance measurement of the sorbed species at both 530 nm (the absorption maximum of the phenol-DAR in the resin phase) and 700 nm (the range where only the resin absorbs light). Quality control and evaluation of the analytical parameters was carried out using a comprehensive prevalidation strategy. The linearity of the method was confirmed within an analyte working range from 0.01 to 0.10 μmol (0.2 to 2.0 nmol mL(-1)). The precision ranged from ±1.17 to ±9.61%; the accuracy ranged from -17.50 to +17.81%. The evaluated limiting values were L(D) = 0.0013 μmol and L(Q) = 0.0082 μmol. The DAR-SPS method was successfully applied to the determination of phenol in a pharmaceutical sample of salicylic acid (98.0-100.0%) and vaccines (98.0-103.4%).     

Determination of Trace Tin by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry at a Carbon Paste Electrode

A sensitive and selective procedure for the determination of trace tin at a carbon paste electrode was described. Each measurement cycle consisted of three steps: accumulation, reduction and stripping. The tin complex with bromopyrogallol red (BPR) was accumulated on the electrode surface in 0.10 mol/L acetate buffer (pH 4.5). After electrochemical reduction of Sn(II) had been carried out, the reoxidation wave of Sn(0) appeared at ?0.69 V (vs. SCE) on scanning the potential in the positive direction in 4.0 mol/L HCl. For a preconcentration time of 2 min, the detection limit was 0.06 μg/L (5×10^?10 mol/L ) and the linear range was from 0.1 to 50 μg/L. The proposed method was applied to the determination of tin in canned food and waste water samples with satisfactory results.     

A flow-based procedure with solenoid micro-pumps for the spectrophotometric determination of uric acid in urine

The determination of uric acid in urine shows clinical importance, once it can be related to human organism dysfunctions, such as gout. An analytical procedure employing a multicommuted flow system was developed for the determination of uric acid in urine samples. Cu(II) ions are reduced by uric acid to Cu(I) that can be quantified by spectrophotometry in the presence of 2,2′-biquinoline 4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (BCA). The analytical response was linear between 10 and 100 μmol L^− 1 uric acid with a detection limit of 3.0 μmol L^− 1 (99.7% confidence level). Coefficient of variation of 1.2% and sampling rate of 150 determinations per hour were achieved. Per determination, 32 μg of CuSO₄ and 200 μg of BCA were consumed, generating 2.0 mL of waste. Recoveries from 91 to 112% were estimated and the results for 7 urine samples agreed with those obtained by the commercially available enzymatic kit for determination of uric acid. The procedure required 100-fold dilution of urine samples, minimizing sample consumption and interfering effects. In order to avoid the manual dilution step, on-line sample dilution was achieved by a simple system reconfiguration attaining a sampling rate of 95 h^− 1.     

Cellulose membrane modified with polypyrrole as an extraction device for the determination of emerging contaminants in river water with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

In this study, a simple, efficient, and reusable device based on cellulose membranes modified with polypyrrole was developed to extract 14 emerging contaminants from aqueous matrices. For chemical polymerization, a low‐cost cellulose membrane was immersed in 0.1 mol/L pyrrole and 0.5 mol/L ammonium persulfate for 40 min in an ice/water bath. The cellulose membranes modified with polypyrrole were accommodated in a polycarbonate holder suitable for solid‐phase extraction disks. Solid‐phase extraction parameters that affect extraction efficiency, such as sample volume, pH, flow rate, and desorption were optimized. Subsequently, determination of target compounds was performed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The linear range for analytes ranged from 0.05 to 500 μg/L, with coefficients of determination above 0.990. The limits of quantification varied between 0.05 and 10 μg/L, with relative standard deviations lower than 17%. The performance of the proposed cellulose membranes modified with polypyrrole device for real samples was evaluated after extraction of emerging contaminants from a river water sample from the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Bisphenol A (6.39 μg/L), caffeine (17.83 μg/L), and paracetamol (19.28 μg/L) were found in these samples.     

高效液相色谱法测定肉制品中甘草抗氧化物的含量

建立了测定肉制品中甘草抗氧化物含量的方法。样品经流动相提取,采用C．8色谱柱分离,以甲醇-0．2mol／L乙酸铵-冰乙酸（体积比70：29：1）为流动相,流速为1．0mL／min,波长为250nm,以保留时间进行定性,峰面积进行定量。甘草酸在1．0-80．0μg／mL范围内线性关系良好,回归方程为y=8．55×10^-5x-0．599（r=0．9997）,检出限为1．0mg／kg,定量限为3．0mg／kg,加标回收率为95．7％-103．4％,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1．57％-3．53％（n=6）。该方法适用于检验机构日常检验中大批量肉制品中甘草抗氧化物含量的测定。