添加剂不同气相添加方式对溴化锂水溶液吸收水蒸气的影响

选取分子中含5～10个碳原子的15种醇类物质作为添加剂,进行溴化锂溶液吸收水蒸汽的静态池实验.实验分别采用了直接气相添加和在冷剂水中添加两种添加方式.直接气相添加实验结果表明,一些添加剂(其中包括正辛醇和异辛醇)仅以气态形式作用于溴化锂溶液表面时同样可以对溶液吸收水蒸汽产生显著的强化作用,另一些物质以气相添加时的强化效果与液相添加时有着很大的差别;添加剂在冷剂水中低温蒸发的气相添加实验表明,添加剂在冷剂水中的蒸发情况对气相添加的效果产生影响.     

气相界面活性剂对溴化锂水溶液吸收水蒸气的影响

目前在溴化锂吸收式制冷机/热泵中被广泛采用的界面活性剂是2-ethyl-1-hexanol(2EH)和1-octanol。传统的界面活性剂的添加方式是,将界面活性剂以液相形式投入到溴化锂溶液中。如果在三效循环中仍采用这样的方式将2EH加入到溴化锂溶液中,由于发生器的温度较高,势必有界面活性剂被蒸发而进入冷媒系统。为探讨三效循环界面活性剂的可能添加方式,同时试图研究界面活性剂以气相形式投入对溴化锂溶液吸收水蒸气的影响,本文针对几种可能有效的界面活性剂,做了界面活性剂的气相添加对吸收速度影响的测试实验。经过对2-ethyl-1-hexanol、1-heptanol和1-hexanol等添加剂的静态池实验,结果表明,气相添加的效果与液相投入没有明显的差别,同样可以大大提高溴化锂溶液吸收水蒸气的速度。     

添加剂对LiBr溶液吸收蒸汽过程中的强化机理

利用吊板法测量了加有正辛醇和异辛醇这两种添加剂的溴化锂溶液的表面张力 ,利用激光照相的可视化方法研究了在静池吸收过程中添加剂对溴化锂溶液吸收水蒸汽的强化影响 .实验结果显示液体添加剂和蒸汽添加剂都能显著地降低溴化锂溶液的表面张力 ;蒸汽添加剂不仅和液体添加剂一样可以在吸收表面引起马拉戈尼对流 ,而且对吸收具有更好的强化效果 .根据对实验现象的分析 ,得出了添加剂对吸收的强化机理 :由于溶液表面层对液体添加剂或蒸汽添加剂的表面吸附作用 ,造成吸收界面处表面张力分布不均匀 ,从而在吸收界面引起马拉戈尼对流现象 ,强化了吸收过程中的传热、传质性能     

传热传质分离的绝热吸收过程实验研究

根据传热传质分离的吸收形式,设计加工了一台溴化锂绝热降膜吸收的实验装置,对溴化锂水溶液在倾斜平板上对水蒸气的吸收特性进行了实验研究,分析了预冷却温差、溶液流量及平板倾角对吸收过程的影响。实验结果表明:预冷却温差、溶液流量及平板倾角越大,溴化锂溶液对水蒸气的吸收效果越好,并认为吸收过程可以分成三个步骤,另外就热质分离吸收器的设计过程中的溴化锂溶液的最小速度提出建议。     

辛醇对LiBr水溶液汽液界面的影响

采用分子动力学方法分析303.15 K时,添加不同量异辛醇的水或溴化锂水溶液汽液界面的微观结构,发现;未吸收水蒸气时,当异辛醇较少时,醇分子在界面处分布不均匀;当异辛醇较多时,异辛醇在界面处均匀分布,但排列比较松散;随着异辛醇数目的继续增加,异辛醇在界面处形成双层结构。异辛醇亲水羟基中的氢与阴离子存在氢键作用,而阳离子与异辛醇的氧之间存在着较强的静电相互作用。在非平衡条件下,采用分子动力学方法对添加或未添加正辛醇的溴化锂水溶液吸收水蒸气的动态过程模拟0到100ps,发现;加有正辛醇的溴化锂水溶液与未添加正辛醇的溴化锂水溶液相比,吸收的水分子数目明显增多。     

不同类型的添加剂对制冷效能的影响分析

为了提高溴化锂吸收式制冷系统的制冷效率,通常在制冷剂中添加表面活性剂,以提高制冷系统中溶液蒸发、吸收和冷凝过程中热量传递效率.通过研究溴化锂吸收式制冷系统的工作原理和工作过程,得到了活性剂对制冷性能影响关系式.在此基础上,对戊基甲醇、正六醇和1-羟基己烷这三种添加剂的制冷性能进行对比测试,实验表明添加浓度为150ppm...     

添加正辛醇的溴化锂水溶液汽液界面微观形态

采用分子动力学方法研究303 K时,添加正辛醇(1-octanol)的溴化锂水溶液汽液界面的微观形态、密度分布和结构性质.模拟结果表明: Li+、Br在汽液界面处解吸;正辛醇分子吸附在汽液界面并在界面处优势取向;醇分子的亲水基会尽可能多地趋向水分子,二者在界面处以氢键相互作用.同时,在非平衡条件下,采用分子动力学方法模拟了添加或未添加正辛醇的溴化锂水溶液吸收水蒸气的动态过程,发现在短时间内,部分水蒸气分子吸附在汽液界面处或到达溶液内部.     

不同溴化锂溶液浓度及添加剂对气泡泵工作特性影响的实验研究

实验分析研究了溴化锂溶液驱动的气泡泵。实验中保持12 mm管径、960W加热功率、1244 mm提升高度不变,改变溴化锂溶液浓度、浸没高度和添加剂质量分数来测试分析气泡泵性能。浸没高度为378～528 mm。溴化锂溶液浓度为45.5%～59.5%。选取异辛醇作为添加剂,添加的质量分数为（40～70）×10^-6。实验结果表明,溴化锂溶液浓度对气泡泵的工作性能影响很大而异辛醇影响很小。     

3363/3364离子膜在NH_3-H_2O-LiBr吸收式制冷系统中的应用研究

由于NH3-H20-LiBr三元溶液中溴化锂的存在会使溶液性质发生改变,易于发生过程的进行,但阻碍了吸收氨的传质过程,对吸收性能不利.对此提出了一种膜分离技术,可将溴化锂从进入吸收器的溶液中分离出来,进而改善吸收性能.为检验对溴化锂的分离效果,采用装有3363/3364异相离子交换膜堆的膜分离装置进行实验。实验结果表明NH3-H20-LiBr三元溶液在膜分离器中一次循环后分离溴化锂的效率达90%,两次循环后分离效率达95%以上。基于上述实验中的分离效率,利用Aspen Plus模拟器,进一步模拟分析了带有这种膜分离装置的NH3-H20-LiBr三元吸收式制冷系统,并计算其性能系数.结果表明,与普通三元吸收式制冷系统相比,采用膜分离技术后,NH3-H20-LiBr吸收式制冷系统的性能系数可提高近10%.     

醇水混合冷却剂表面张力和接触角的测定

喷雾冷却具有散热能力强、冷却工质需求量小等优点,在解决电子器件散热方面具有广阔的应用前景。纯水中添加醇类可以有效提升喷雾冷却性能。为进一步探索醇类添加剂强化喷雾冷却性能的机理,本文开展醇水混合溶液表面张力和接触角的实验测定研究。分别在水中加入不同浓度的乙醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、正戊醇、正己醇、正庚醇和正辛醇等醇类,利用悬滴法探究醇类浓度对溶液的表面张力的影响规律;利用Young-Laplace坐滴法探究醇类浓度对接触角的影响规律。结果表明,水中添加醇类后表面张力降低,且其随醇类溶质浓度的增加而变小,且其下降速率均随浓度的增加越来越慢;添加低醇类添加剂均可降低溶液的接触角,而高醇类接触角随浓度变化没有明显的变化规律。     

降液膜流动孤波中的涡流影响因素分析

孤波中的涡流被认为是波动强化传热传质机理之一。本文通过数值模拟方法计算了溴化锂溶液沿平板降膜的流动过程。利用VOF方法捕捉降液膜的自由流动表面,利用CSF模型考虑表面张力对降液膜流动的作用,重点研究了扰动频率,Re和倾斜角对孤波中的涡流的影响。模拟结果表明,随着入口扰动频率的增加,涡流经历了完全开式涡,半开式涡至消失的...     

Preparation and Unimolecular-Micellization Behavior of Homopolymer of Surface-Active Monomer AMC14AB

采用水溶液均聚合方法,制备了阳离子型表面活性单体(2-丙烯酰胺基)乙基十四烷基二甲基溴化铵(AMC14AB)的均聚物,使用荧光探针法、表面张力测定及电导测定法,重点考察了均聚物P(AMC14AB)在水溶液中的胶束化行为与表面吸附现象. 在水溶液中,均聚物P(AMC14AB)呈现单分子链胶束的聚集形态,具有零临界胶束浓度,从开始加入P(AMC14AB)起,水溶液中随即产生单分子链胶束,不存在Krafft温度. P(AMC14AB)在溶液表面也发生表面吸附,使水的表面张力下降,即P(AMC14AB)也具有表面活性;随着浓度增大,表面吸附量增大,水的表面张力持续下降;当表面吸附达饱和时,表面张力～浓度曲线上出现突变点,该点定义为饱和的表面吸附浓度,而不应该再称为临界胶束浓度. P(AMC14AB)单分子链胶束溶液对疏水有机物(甲苯)的增溶情况,明显不同于普通小分子表面活性剂十六烷基溴化铵(CTAB)的多分子胶束溶液,甲苯增溶量～P(AMC14AB)浓度的关系曲线上无突变点,而且对甲苯的增溶能力高于CTAB的多分子胶束溶液.     

Thermodynamic analysis and design data for a double-effect absorption heat pump system using four working pairs

Performance analysis of a double-effect absorption heat pump system has been done for water-four working pairs (or mixture) by computer simulation. The coefficient of performance and mass flow ratio are investigated to compare these aqueous solutions [waterLiCl, waterLiBrLiBr waterLiClCaCl₂Zn(NO₃)₂] which was developed for only cooling, with conventional waterLiBr solution, based on mass, material and heat balance equations for each part.From this analysis, it is found that the performances of the new aqueous solutions are better than that of LiBrwater solution not only in cooling systems, but also in heating systems, although the operating temperature ranges of these new aqueous solutions are very narrow in heating. Theoretical thermodynamic performance data can be used and are given here by design data.     

The wettability of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) by aqueous solutions of ternary surfactant mixtures

Contact angle measurements on poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) surface were carried out for the systems containing ternary mixtures of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxypoly(ethylene glycols), Triton X-100 (TX100) and Triton X-165 (TX165). The aqueous solution of ternary surfactant mixtures were prepared by adding the third surfactant to the binary mixture of the surfactants where the synergetic effect in the reduction of the surface tension of water was determined, to compare the influence of the third surfactants on the values of surface tension of this binary mixture and the values of the contact angle on PTFE. The obtained results and calculations indicate that the ternary mixtures of CTAB + TX165 (αCTAB = 0.2, γ_LV = 60 and 50 mN/m) + TX100 (C = 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻² M) have the biggest efficiency of the reduction of contact angle of water on PTFE in comparison to aqueous solutions of the single surfactants and their binary and ternary mixtures. Also in the case of all studied ternary mixtures of surfactants at concentrations of the bulk phase corresponding to unsaturated monolayer at water-air interface the adsorption of surfactants at PTFE-water interface is different than that at water-air interface, but is the same at concentrations near the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Thus the linear dependences between γ_LV cos θ − γ_LV and cos θ − 1/γ_LV, in the range of concentration studied for all systems confirm the same adsorption at two interfaces only at C near the CMC.     

Phase-transfer catalysis and ultrasonic waves II: saponification of vegetable oil.

Saponification of oils which is a commercially important heterogeneous reaction, can be speeded up by the application of ultrasound in the presence of phase-transfer catalyst (PTC). This paper focuses on the ability of ultrasound to cause efficient mixing of this liquid-liquid heterogeneous reaction. Castor oil was taken as a model oil and the kinetic of the reaction was followed by the extent of saponification. The hydrolysis of castor oil was carried out with different PTC such as cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride (BTAC) and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) in aqueous alkaline solution. As hydroxyl anion moves very slowly from aqueous to oil phase, the presence of a PTC is of prime importance. For this purpose, cationic surfactants are selected. The sonication of biphasic system were performed by 20 kHz (simple horn and cup horn) and 900 kHz. It was found that CTAB was better than the two others and this could be related to the molecular structure of the PTCs. The effect of temperature was also studied on the saponification process. By increasing the temperature, the yield was also increased and this could be explained by intermolecular forces, interfacial tension and mass transfer. Saponification of three different vegetable oils shows that the almond oil is saponified easier than the two others and this could be related to their properties such as surface tension, viscosity and density.     

稳态荧光探针法测定Tween系列非离子表面活性剂临界胶束浓度

以芘为荧光探针,测定了不同条件下的Tween系列表面活性剂增溶芘后的稳态荧光光谱,建立了Tween非离子表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)的测试方法,研究了影响非离子表面活性剂临界胶束浓度的因素。根据I338/I333与Tween浓度的变化关系,可得到Tween20、40、60、80的临界胶束浓度分别为5.1×10-5、3.7×10-5、3.1×10-5、8×10-6mol/L。结果表明,同系列的非离子表面活性剂的分子结构对其临界胶束浓度有一定影响。同时,制备温度和外部添加的试剂如无机盐、乙醇、丙三醇均影响其临界胶束浓度。     

双光束激光处理水溶液对ICP发射光谱的增强作用

为了改变水溶液的物理性质,提高ICP发射光谱的辐射强度,实验采用波长为976 nm的近红外激光和10.6 μm的CO₂激光正交辐照水溶液,研究了不同激光功率密度和辐照时间对水溶液表面张力和粘度的影响,也探讨了处理后水溶液对ICP光谱强度的增强作用。实验结果表明,在976 nm激光功率密度为0.265 7 W·cm-2,CO₂激光为0.2069 W·cm-2以及辐照时间为40 min条件下,水溶液的表面张力和粘度比未进行激光处理时的分别减小了42.13%和14.03%,而雾化效率升高了51.26%。将优化条件下激光处理的水溶液引入ICP光源后发现,样品元素As,Cd,Cr,Hg和Pb的光谱强度比水溶液未处理时的分别提高了46.29%,94.65%,30.76%,33.07%和94.58%,信背比分别增大了43.84%,85.35%,28.71%,34.37%和90.91%;等离子体温度和电子密度也分别升高了5.94%和1.18%。可见,双光束激光正交辐照水溶液的方法能够明显降低水溶液的表面张力和粘度,提高ICP光源的辐射强度,这为顺利检测水样品中痕量重金属元素创造了条件。     

Synthesis and solution properties of cationic gemini surfactants with long unsaturated tails

Gemini surfactants 22:1-s-22:1, where s = 2 and 6 methylene groups and 22:1 refer to erucyl dimethylammonium bromide chains, together with the monomeric surfactant erucyl bis-(hydroxyethyl) methylammonium bromide (EHAB) which has the same long unsaturated tails with gemini surfactants, were synthesized and characterized and solution properties of these surfactants were investigated using surface tension, conductivity and viscosity measurement. It has been found that the critical micelle concentration (cmc) values of 22:1-2-22:1 and 22:1-6-22:1 are 15.4 and 8.3 μM, respectively, less than the cmc value of EHAB (38 μM). On the other hand, the surface tension of 22:1-2-22:1 and 22:1-6-22:1 at cmc are 40.9 and 42.4, respectively, greater than the surface tension of EHAB (30.9 at cmc). Both 22:1-2-22:1 and 22:1-6-22:1 have nearly the same value of a₀ (the minimum head group areas per surfactant molecule at the aqueous solution/air interface), which is almost the half value of a₀ corresponding to EHAB. On the other hand, the ionization degree α of micelles of both 22:1-2-22:1 and 22:1-6-22:1 is approximately twice the value of α corresponding to micelles of EHAB. Though 22:1-2-22:1 has more similarity with 22:1-6-22:1 rather than EHAB as presented above, 22:1-2-22:1 in water cannot enhance the viscosity of the solution significantly in the presence of salt. In contrast, both 22:1-6-22:1 and EHAB in water can give rise to highly viscoelastic or gel-like solutions even at the high temperature in the presence of salt. In particular, 22:1-6-22:1 has proved to be a more efficient candidate for high temperature rheology-control applications than EHAB. The effect of salt upon the viscosity of 22:1-6-22:1 in aqueous solution is significant. The most proper ratio of 22:1-6-22:1/NaSal for enhancing the viscosity of solution has been proved to be 0.7.