We study the effect of fiber additives on rheology and sedimentation of particle suspensions in a base viscoelastic suspending fluid in the case when the suspension is subjected to shear flow. We found experimentally that fiber additives (3–6 mm in length and 8–12 μm in diameter at a mass fraction of 0–0.4%) increase the suspension viscosity and retard the particle sedimentation significantly. At the same mass concentration, long and thin fibers reduce the sedimentation velocity and increase the viscosity to a much greater extent than short and thick fibers. We revealed that both rheology and sedimentation are controlled by a single conformational parameter (overlap parameter) defined as the number of fibers per unit volume multiplied by fiber length cubed. 相似文献
The rheology of dilute, colloidal suspensions in polymeric suspending fluids can be studied with simultaneous dichroism and birefringence measurements. The dichroism provides a direct measure of the particle dynamics, but the birefringence is a composite property with independent contributions from the suspended particles and the polymer molecules. For suspensions where the contribution from the particles is significant, the composite birefringence must be decoupled in order to analyze the dynamics of the polymeric suspending fluid. A method to perform the decoupling is derived and then demonstrated through transient shear flow experiments with dilute suspensions ofFeOOH particles in semi-dilute, xanthan gum suspending fluids. The birefringence of the xanthan gum suspending fluid is calculated from experimental measurements of the composite birefringence and the dichroism of the suspension. To gather information on particle/polymer interactions, the calculated birefringence is compared to the birefringence of xanthan gum solutions containing no suspended particles and the dirchoism is compared to that of a suspension in a Newtonian fluid. 相似文献
Viscosities of suspended particles in polymeric solutions depend upon dissolved polymer concentration, volume fraction of particles and shear rate. In this analysis of viscosity data, relative viscosity was defined as the ratio of suspension viscosity to solution viscosity at the same shear stress rather than shear rate. These relative viscosities reached asymptotic values at high shear stress for all concentrations of dissolved polymer and for all particle loadings. At a given particle loading, the asymptotic values of relative viscosity were nearly independent of the concentration of dissolved polymer. Realtive viscosities were correlated with volume fraction by the one-constant equation of Maron and Pierce. 相似文献
A viscosity model for suspensions of rigid particles with predictive capability over a wide range of particle volume fraction and shear conditions is of interest to quantify the transport of suspensions in fluid flow models. We study the shear viscosity of suspensions and focus on the effect of particle aspect ratio and shear conditions on the rheological behavior of suspensions of rigid bi-axially symmetric ellipsoids (spheroids). We propose a framework that forms the basis to microscopically parameterize the evolution of the suspension microstructures and its effect on the shear viscosity of suspensions. We find that two state variables, the intrinsic viscosity in concentrated limit and the self-crowding factor, control the state of dispersion of the suspension. A combination of these two variables is shown to be invariant with the imposed shear stress (or shear rate) and depends only on the particle aspect ratio. This self-similar behavior, tested against available experimental and numerical data, allows us to derive a predictive model for the relative viscosity of concentrated suspensions of spheroids subjected to low (near zero) strain rates. At higher imposed strain rates, one needs to constrain one of the state variables independently to constrain the state of dispersion of the suspension and its shear dynamic viscosity. Alternatively, the obtained self-similar behavior provides the means to estimate the state variables from the viscosity measurements made in the laboratory, and to relate them to microstructure rearrangements and evolution occurring during deformation. 相似文献
The steady-shear viscosity, dynamic viscoelasticity, and sedimentation behavior were measured for silica suspensions dispersed
in aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). For suspensions prepared with polymer solutions in which the transient
network is developed by entanglements, the viscosity at a given shear rate decreases, shows a minimum, and then increases
with increasing particle concentration. Because the suspensions are sterically stabilized under the conditions where the particle
surfaces are fully covered with by a thick layer of adsorbed polymer, the viscosity decrease can be attributed to the reduction
of network density in solution. But under the low coverage conditions, the particles are flocculated by bridging and this
leads to a viscosity increase with shear-thinning profiles. The polymer chains with high molecular weights form flexible bridges
between particles. The stress-dependent curve of storage modulus measured by a stress amplitude sweep shows an increase prior
to a drastic drop due to structural breakdown. The increase in elastic responses may arise from the restoring forces of extended
bridges with high deformability. The effect of PEO on the rheological behavior of silica suspensions can be explained by a
combination of concentration reduction of polymer in solution and flocculation by bridging. 相似文献
In this work we have experimentally measured the apparent wall slip velocity in open channel flow of neutrally buoyant suspension of non-colloidal particles. The free surface velocity profile was measured using the tool of particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) for two different channels made of plane and rough walls. The rough walled channel prevents wall slip, whereas the plane wall showed significant wall slip due to formation of slip layer. By comparing the velocity profiles from these two cases we were able to determine the apparent wall slip velocity. This method allows characterization of wall slip in suspension of large sized particles which cannot be performed in conventional rheometers. Experiments were carried out for concentrated suspensions of various particle volume concentrations and for two different sizes of particles. It was observed that wall slip velocity increases with particle size and concentration but decreases with increase in the viscosity of suspending fluid. The apparent wall slip velocity coefficients are in qualitative agreement with the earlier measurements. The effect of wall slip on free surface corrugation was also studied by analyzing the power spectral density (PSD) of the refracted light from the free surface. Our results indicate that free surface corrugation is a bulk flow response and it does not arise from boundary problem such as development of slip layer. 相似文献
Electroviscous stresses arise as hydrodynamic flows disturb the ionic (Debye) clouds that screen charged surfaces in electrolyte solutions. The contribution thereof to the effective bulk viscosity (also known as the second or volume viscosity) of two-phase suspensions is quantified here. Specifically, the bulk viscosity of two model suspensions is calculated: (1) a dilute dispersion of rigid charged spherical particles immersed in a compressible electrolyte that undergoes uniform dilatation and (2) a dilute suspension of charged gas bubbles expanding uniformly in an incompressible electrolyte. In both cases, it is assumed that the fluid flow only slightly drives the Debye cloud out of equilibrium, which formally requires that the ratio of the ion diffusion to flow time scales—a Péclet number—is small. For a suspension of rigid particles, the electroviscous contribution to the effective bulk viscosity is proportional to the particle volume fraction and decreases monotonically as the ratio of the particle radius to the Debye length increases. Similar behavior is well known for the electroviscous contribution to the effective shear viscosity of a dilute hard-sphere suspension; a quantitative comparison between the bulk and shear viscosities is made. In contrast, the electroviscous contribution to the bulk viscosity of a dilute suspension of bubbles is independent of the bubble volume fraction and attains a finite value in the limit of vanishing Debye length. 相似文献
This paper reports the influence of activator type and concentration on the rheological properties of alkali-activated fly ash suspensions. A thorough investigation of the rheological influences (yield stress and plastic viscosity) of several activator parameters, including: (i) the cation type and concentration of alkali hydroxide and (ii) the alkali-to-binder ratio (n) and silica modulus (Ms), and (iii) the volume of the activation solution, on the suspension rheology is presented. The results indicate a strong dependence on the cation and its concentration in the activation solution. The viscosity of the activation solution and the volumetric solution-to-powder ratio are shown to most strongly influence the plastic viscosity of the suspension. The suspension yield stress is predominantly influenced by the changes in fly ash particle surface charge and the ionic species in the activator. A shift from non-Newtonian to Newtonian flow behavior is noted in the case of silicate-based suspensions for Ms?≤?1.5. This behavior, which is not observed at higher MS values, or when the fly ash is dispersed in hydroxide solutions or pure water, is hypothesized to be caused by colloidal siliceous species present in this system, or surface charge effects on the fly ash particles. Comparisons of the rheological response of alkali-activated suspensions to that of portland cement-water suspensions are also reported. 相似文献
Extensions to Batchelor’s theory have been derived to take into account different shaped particles while relating extensional viscosity enhancement to three parameters — shape, volume fraction and particle aspect ratio. The extended theory now allows calculation of the extensional viscosity enhancement, at a given volume fraction of particles, for either ellipsoidal or cylindrical particles. The formula improves the predictive capability of Batchelor’s theory when compared with measurements found in the literature for different rod-like polymer solutions. 相似文献
Mixtures of xanthan and guar gum in aqueous solution were studied in two flow situations: simple shear and porous media. In
addition, solids transport in vertical annular flow of sand suspensions was explored. The zero shear rate viscosity of the
solutions displayed a pronounced synergy: the viscosity of the mixture is higher than that of the polymer solutions in a wide
range of relative concentrations of the two polymers, in agreement with previous literature. However, at relatively high shear
rates, the viscosity approaches the value of the more viscous xanthan gum solutions at mass fractions of xanthan gum between
0.1 and 0.15, and the degree of synergy substantially decreases. Stress relaxation experiments in simple shear indicate that
the polymer mixtures exhibit a well-defined yield stress after relaxation that is absent in solutions of pure polymers. In
porous media flow experiments, a synergistic behavior mimicking the shear flow results was obtained for the polymer mixtures
at low shear rates. However, at a critical shear rate, the apparent viscosity in porous media flows exceeds the shear viscosity
due to the elongational nature of flow in the pores. The solids transport capacity in annular flows is well-represented by
trends in shear viscosity and stress relaxation behavior. However, the lack of viscosity synergy at high shear rates limits
the applicability of the mixtures as a way to improve solids suspension capacity in annular flows. 相似文献
In this paper we study the bulk stress of a suspension of rigid particles in viscoelastic fluids. We first apply the theoretical framework provided by Batchelor [J. Fluid Mech. 41 (1970) 545] to derive an analytical expression for the bulk stress of a suspension of rigid particles in a second-order fluid under the limit of dilute and creeping flow conditions. The application of the suspension balance model using this analytical expression leads to the prediction of the migration of particles towards the centerline of the channel in pressure-driven flows. This is in agreement with experimental observations. We next examine the effects of inertia (or flow Reynolds number) on the rheology of dilute suspensions in Oldroyd-B fluids by two-dimensional direct numerical simulations. Simulation results are verified by comparing them with the analytical expression in the creeping flow limit. It is seen that the particle contribution to the first normal stress difference is positive and increases with the elasticity of the fluid and the Reynolds number. The ratio of the first normal stress coefficient of the suspension and the suspending fluid decreases as the Reynolds number is increased. The effective viscosity of the suspension shows a shear-thinning behavior (in spite of a non-shear-thinning suspending fluid) which becomes more pronounced as the fluid elasticity increases. 相似文献
We present a model for the shear viscosity of non-colloidal suspensions with Newtonian matrix fluids. The model is based on the original idea first presented by Brinkman (Applied Sci Research A1:27-34. 1947) for the viscous force exerted by a flowing fluid on a dense swarm of spherical particles. In particular, we consider an inertialess suspension in which the mean flow is driven by a pressure difference, and simultaneously, the suspension is subject to simple shear. Assuming steady state, incompressibility and taking into account a resistance force which is generated due to the presence of the particles in the flow, the three-dimensional governing equations for the mean flow around a single spherical particle are solved analytically. Self-consistency of the model provides a relationship between the resistance parameter and the volume fraction of the solid phase. A volume, or an ensemble, averaging of the total stress gives the bulk properties and an expression for the relative (bulk) viscosity of the suspension. The viscosity expression reduces to the Einstein limit for dilute suspensions and agrees well with empirical formulas from the literature in the semi-dilute and concentrated regimes. Since the model is based on a single particle and its average interaction with the other particles is isotropic, no normal stress differences can be predicted. A possible method of addressing this problem is provided in the paper. 相似文献
This paper presents results on the rheological behaviour of suspensions of two kinds of TiO2 particles in two different polymer solutions. The particles differ in their hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties. The dispersing
media are a solution of high molecular weight polyisobutylene in decalin and a solution of a low molecular weight polybutene
in decalin. The concentrations of polymer are adjusted in order to get the same zero shear viscosity. The shear viscosity
measurements display an apparent yield stress in some cases. The existence and the values of the yield stress depend on the
volume fraction of solid particles and on the type of particles. The evolution of the intrinsic viscosity and of the maximum
packing fraction vs the shear rate is interpreted in terms of evolution of the size and of the shape of aggregates of particles
under shear. The effect of temperature on the development of the yield stress is also discussed. The results are completed
by microscopic observations. 相似文献
The body-force-driven motion of a homogeneous distribution of spherically symmetric porous shells in an incompressible Newtonian
fluid and the fluid flow through a bed of these shell particles are investigated analytically. The effect of the hydrodynamic
interaction among the porous shell particles is taken into account by employing a cell-model representation. In the limit
of small Reynolds number, the Stokes and Brinkman equations are solved for the flow field around a single particle in a unit
cell, and the drag force acting on the particle by the fluid is obtained in closed forms. For a suspension of porous spherical
shells, the mobility of the particles decreases or the hydrodynamic interaction among the particles increases monotonically
with a decrease in the permeability of the porous shells. The effect of particle interactions on the creeping motion of porous
spherical shells relative to a fluid can be quite significant in some situations. In the limiting cases, the analytical solution
describing the drag force or mobility for a suspension of porous spherical shells reduces to those for suspensions of impermeable
solid spheres and of porous spheres. The particle-interaction behavior for a suspension of porous spherical shells with a
relatively low permeability may be approximated by that of permeable spheres when the porous shells are sufficiently thick. 相似文献
We investigate the shear thinning of red blood cell-dextran suspensions. Microscopic images show that at low polymer concentration, aggregation increases with increasing concentration until it reaches a maximum and then decreases again to non-aggregation. This bell-shape dependency is also deduced from the rheological measurements, if the data are correctly normalized by the viscosity of the suspending phase since a significant amount of polymers adsorb to the cell surfaces. We find that the position of the maximum of this shear rate-dependent bell shape increases with increasing viscosity of the suspending phase, which indicates that the dynamic process of aggregation and disaggregation is coupled via hydrodynamic interactions. This hydrodynamic coupling can be suppressed by characterizing a suspension of 80 % hematocrit which yields good agreement with the results from the microscopical images. 相似文献
Dynamics of model-stabilized colloidal suspensions were investigated by the self-consistent particle simulation method (SC), a new simulation algorithm that takes into account the interaction between the particles and suspending fluid. In this method, the fluid-particle interaction is introduced self-consistently by combining the finite element method (FEM) for fluid motion with Brownian dynamics (BD) for particle dynamics. To validate the reliability of the proposed algorithm, the shear dynamics of the stable particle suspensions were investigated. Relative viscosity and microstructure as a function of dimensionless shear rate at different volume fractions were in good agreement with previous observations. The robustness of the method was also verified through numerical convergence test. The effect of the fluid-particle interaction was well represented in simulations of two model problems, pressure-driven channel flow and rotating Couette flow. Plug-shaped velocity profile was observed in pressure-driven channel flow, which arised from shear thinning behavior of the stable suspension. In rotating Couette flow, shear banded nonlinear flow profile was observed. Although full hydrodynamic interaction (HI) was not rigorously taken into account, it successfully captured the macroscopic structure-induced flow field. It also takes advantage of the geometrical adaptability of FEM and computational efficiency of BD. We expect this newly developed simulation platform to be useful and efficient for probing the complex flow dynamics of particle systems as well as for practical applications in the complex flow of complex fluids. 相似文献
Studying the flow of highly concentrated granular suspensions represents a great challenge since they are characterized by a rather complex rheological behavior. In addition, macroscopic heterogeneities may be induced by the flow during rheological measurements due to the eventual relative motion between the liquid and the granular phases that may take place under certain conditions. Solid–liquid separation may ultimately lead to flow blockage. In the present investigation we consider experimentally the influence of the rheological properties of the suspending fluid on the transition between the flow and blockage of a concentrated suspension in a squeeze set-up geometry. The suspending fluid consists of an aqueous Xanthan solution for which rheological properties can be tuned by changing the polymer concentration. For each polymer concentration, it is shown that there exist flow parameters (squeeze velocity and gap thickness) for which one has a transition between homogeneous flow of the suspension and its blockage. Blockage diagrams, delimiting flowability and blockage zones, are then determined. Physical arguments are given to relate the evolution of the blockage diagrams to the flow parameters and rheological properties of suspending fluid. 相似文献
The rheological behaviour of suspensions is influenced by many parameters, one of which is the particle shape. For rigid
particle suspensions a number of studies demonstrate the effects of the particle aspect ratio. Indeed, fibres are widely used
as rheology modifiers in different materials such as synthetic polymers. This work is concerned with testing the hypothesis
that regularly shaped particles with aspect ratios larger than one that are made of gelled biopolymers could be used as rheology
modifiers for biopolymer solutions. Biopolymers, and mixtures thereof are a widely used ingredient in foods and other products
with structure functionality. Tailoring rheology modifiers by morphology offers an alternative to using different biopolymers.
It is demonstrated how biopolymer suspensions with regular spheroidal, or cylindrical particle shapes can be produced by gelling
the droplet phase of a liquid two phase biopolymer mixture in a shear field. Biopolymers were chosen such that gelation is
initiated by cooling. Shear-cooling at constant stresses leads to the formation of ellipsoidal particles. Cylindrical particles
can be generated by stepping up the shear stress prior to gelation, i.e., stretching the droplet phase into fibrils, and trapping
the shape prior to break-up through gelation.
Morphologies and steady shear rheological data for suspensions of the two biopolymers gellan and κ-carrageenan with an internal
phase volume of 0.2 are reported. The influence of particle shape on relative viscosity is pronounced. At high shear stresses
particle orientation leads to decreased viscosity with increasing particle aspect ratio. In the low shear region, higher aspect
ratio suspensions show higher viscosities. Additionally, the material properties, including the interfacial tension, which
influence the suspension morphology are reported.
Received: 3 March 2000 Accepted: 22 August 2000 相似文献
Dense colloidal suspensions are processed in a wide variety of industries. Challenges for pumping suspensions and slurries at high concentrations include shear thickening and dilation, which can have deleterious consequences. These systems are shear sensitive close to the jamming point, meaning that a significant increase in high shear viscosity can be observed with just a few percent change in volume fractions. Therefore, accurate and rapid determination of the jamming point can greatly aid formulation. Typically, conventional rheometry identifies the jamming point by a time-consuming process, whereby multiple flow curves of suspensions of different volume fraction are measured and extrapolated to the volume fraction where the viscosity diverges. We present an alternative approach for rapid, one-step, experimental determination of the jamming point for aqueous suspensions. The procedure monitors the shear stress under constant shear stress or shear rate as the sample is dewatered using immobilization cell rheometry, until the viscosity diverges. The method is validated by comparing the results of this work with conventional rheometry for a model suspension. Then it is applied to examine the effect of grafting a short-chain polymer to particles, comprising an industrial suspension of silica-coated titania. Polymeric coating of the particles increases the jamming concentration and mitigates shear thickening, qualitatively consistent with predictions from simulations.
Brownian relaxation caused by Brownian movement of particles in suspensions can macroscopically be probed by small-amplitude oscillatory shear experiments. Phenomenological considerations suggest a direct proportionality between suspension viscosity and Brownian relaxation times. To verify this relation experimentally, a set of nanocomposite suspensions with viscosities varying over five decades is presented. The suspensions are chosen in a way to ensure that particle-particle interactions and average particle-particle distances are identical so that they can be used as a model system to study the mere influence of suspension viscosity on Brownian relaxation. The suggested linear relationship between suspension viscosity and Brownian relaxation time can be confirmed. Moreover, a verification of a recently introduced characteristic timescale for Brownian relaxation is presented. 相似文献