温度对贮氢合金MINi~3~.~7~5Co~0~.~6~5Mn~0~.~4Al~0~.~2动力学性能的影响

在-20℃～85℃的范围内系统地研究了温度对贮氢合金MINi~3~.~7~5Co~0~.~6~5Mn~0~.~4Al~0~.~2动力学性能的影响。结果表明：该贮氢合金电极的电化学反应电阻R~t,欧姆内阻R~0,阴极极化过电位,阳极极化过电位,阳极极化过程中的电化学反应过电位η~a和浓差极化过电位η~c均随温度的升高而减小,该电极的交换电流密度i~0,对称因子β和电极中氢的扩散系数D随温度的升高而增大。当放电电流密度较低时,电化学反应是整个电极过程的速度控制步骤;当放电电流密度较高时,氢的扩散是整个电极过程的速度控制步骤;在中等放电电流密度下,电极过程由电化学过程和氢的扩散过程混合控制。该电极中电化学反应过程和氢扩散过程的活化能分别为28.1kJ.mol^-^1和19.9kJ.mol^-^1。     

微包覆钴贮氢合金电极电化学性能的研究

以化学镀钴方法微包覆处理贮氢合金,用交流阻抗、循环伏安以及模拟电池充放电实验研究了该贮氢合金电极的电化学性能.结果表明,贮氢合金经包覆钴后,即可减小电极表面的电化学反应阻抗,提高其催化活性,并降低充放电过程的极化,从而增大了电极的放电容量和充电效率.相关的电极过程为扩散控制.     

金属间化合物LaCo13的电化学储氢性能研究

研究了金属间化合物LaCo13的电化学储氢性能,分别考察了LaCo13电极的活化、电化学容量、温度特性、电位特性、循环寿命和高倍率放电性能,并采用电化学阻抗谱技术研究了LaCo13电极过程的动力学性能.结果表明,LaCo13在电解液中具有较高的电化学容量和良好的循环寿命,温度由30℃升高到60℃时,LaCo13电极的电化学容量从339升高到388 mAh·g-1,但放电平台压较低,高倍率放电性能不如AB5型合金.LaCo13电极过程动力学性能表明,其吸放氢是由电化学反应和氢的扩散混合控制.     

锌铋合金电极在溶胶电解液中的电化学行为

锌电极的自腐蚀速率, 持续放电下的阳极溶解速率和电极钝化的难易程度是碱性电池性能的重要电化学参数. 本文应用线性极化、恒流放电等电化学实验方法研究了电解液中添加Carbopol树脂以及电极中添加Bi对锌电极电化学行为的影响. 并应用金相显微镜和环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)对锌电极和锌铋合金电极浸蚀及放电后的形貌进行了表征. 结果表明: 电解液中添加适量的Carbopol树脂可明显提高电极的极化电阻, 显著降低电极的自腐蚀速率; 阳极的溶解电位出现不同程度的正移, 阳极过电位显著增大且大电流密度放电时较明显促进电极钝化. 锌电极中添加一定量的Bi对改善电极表面氧化物膜的沉积形貌和电极表面固液界面的传质条件, 减小电极的自腐蚀速率, 抑制电极自腐蚀等方面具有显著作用.     

化学镀Ni—Co—P合金对Mm（NiCoAiMn）5贮氢合金电极动力学性能的影响

通过电化学方法,研究了化学镀Ni-Co-P合金对Mm(NiCoAlMn)5五元稀土贮氢合金电极动力学性能的影响,研究表明,引入很少量（1－2％）Co的Ni-Co-P合金镀层可有效地提高MH电极的交换电流密度io,极限电流密度iL及α相中氢的扩散系数Dα（H）,还研究了化学镀Ni-Co-P合金对稀土贮氢合金电极循环伏安（CV）曲线和阴,阳极极化曲线及对称因子β的影响,进而阐明了化学镀对MH电极过程动力学的影响。     

氢气在贮氢合金电极上析出反应机理的研究

贮氢合金电极上氢气的析出反应分为水分子的放电和吸附氢原子复合脱附两个步骤，即反应按Ｖｏｌｍｅｒ－Ｔａｆｅｌ机理进行，反应的超电势η可以区分为η１和η２两个组成部分，反映了Ｖｏｌｍｅｒ和Ｔａｆｅｌ反应的极化特征。析氢反应的速度由二者混合控制，在高超电势区，主要则由Ｖｏｌｍｅｒ反应所控制。     

La-Mg-Ni系A2B7型贮氢合金的结构与电化学性能

合金结构研究表明,La2-xMgxNi7(x=0.3～0.8)主要由Ce2Ni7,Gd2Co7,PuNi3型物相组成.合金中Mg含量对合金相结构有着重要影响,主相的晶胞参数随Mg含量(x)的增加呈线性减小,合金的吸放氢平台也随之升高.电化学测试表明,随合金中Mg含量的增加,合金电极的放电容量先增大后减小,合金电极的循环稳定性呈恶化趋势,La1.4Mg0.6Ni7合金电极具有最高的电化学放电容量(378 mAh·g-1),La1.6Mg0.4Ni7合金电极具有最佳的循环稳定性(S270=81%).合金电极的高倍率放电性能(HRD)随Mg含量的增加而增大.当合金中Mg含量较低时(x≤0.5),合金电极反应速度控制步骤为氢在合金体相中的扩散;当Mg含量较高时(x≥0.5),合金电极反应速度控制步骤转变为电极表面的电荷转移.     

覆铜板在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为

应用线性极化、循环伏安(CV)及电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等电化学方法对覆铜板(CCL)和纯铜的腐蚀电化学行为进行了研究和比较. 结果表明, 覆铜板的耐蚀性弱于纯铜, 其阳极溶解过程与纯铜有所不同; 在较低电位下, CCL 以铜的氯化络合物的形式溶解, CuCl-2的扩散为该过程的控制步骤; 随着电位的升高, 腐蚀产物CuCl在电极表面形成疏松多孔的膜, Cl-在膜中的传输成为溶解过程的控制步骤. 电极表面CuCl 膜的消长过程是产生感抗弧的主要原因.     

电化学法制备Ni-W-P纳米线阵列电极及其催化析氢性能

采用二次氧化法制备了多孔阳极氧化铝(AAO)模板, 通过控制电位沉积技术在AAO模板内组装了Ni-W-P合金纳米线阵列. 在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下观察到Ni-W-P纳米线表面光滑, 长约20 μm, 直径均匀(约为100 nm), 与AAO模板孔径基本一致. 阴极极化曲线和交流阻抗图谱(EIS)的测试结果表明, Ni-W-P合金纳米线阵列电极析氢反应(HER)电阻减小, 具有更高的催化析氢活性, 电流密度为10 mA·cm^-2时, 析氢极化电位较Ni-W-P合金电极正移约250 mV.     

多孔Ni、Ni-Mo合金及其氧化物的制备与析氢性能

采用快速凝固结合脱合金化的方法制备了纳米多孔Ni、Ni-Mo合金及其氧化物电极材料,通过XRD、SEM、TEM、BET等对电极的物相、形貌结构、孔径分布进行表征,通过线性扫描伏安法、Tafel斜率和计时电位等方法测试多孔电极的电催化析氢性能。结果显示,制备的电极材料在10 mA·cm-2电流密度下Ni-Mo合金析氢活性最强,析氢过程由Volmer-Heyrovsky步骤控制,其表观交换电流密度为0.25 mA·cm-2,经10 000 s恒电流密度(100 mA·cm-2)电解后析氢过电位(η)仅增加39 mV,表现出优良的析氢稳定性。Ni-Mo合金电极比表面积的提高和本征催化活性的改善使其获得了更低的析氢过电位。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。