Longitudinal field-induced polarized light transmittance of magnetic fluids

The complete optical transmittance for a polarized light passing through the magnetic fluids is investigated theoretically and experimentally, when the externally magnetic field is applied along the propagation direction of the incident light. Hybrid effects due to the geometric shadowing and Faraday rotation are considered simultaneously. The Langevin-like functions are employed to describe the magnetic-field-dependent volume concentration of the particle-aggregation (φ′) and the approximate number of magnetic nanoparticles in the particle-aggregation (βN₀). Based on the experiments on the geometric shadowing effect of our magnetic fluid sample, the analytical expression for the total transmitted power with externally magnetic field after an analyzer is derived. Theoretical simulations disclose the influence of certain critical parameters of the magnetic fluids on the field-dependent optical transmittance. For the entire polarized light transmittance, qualitative agreement between the calculations and the experiments is achieved. Applications of magnetic fluids to several polarized devices operating in longitudinal field arrangement are proposed and discussed. The results presented in this work may be useful for designing the corresponding magnetic-fluid-based optical devices.     

正入射时双轴晶体中偏振光出射点随晶体取向而变化的轨迹

单色光波正入射到任意取向的双轴晶体上的情况,求得了双轴晶体中偏振光的传播方向及相应入射分量的折反系数的计算公式,并得出了偏振光的振动方向恒在折射面内、两折射面恒正交的重要结论。最后就NaNO₂晶体的相应计算数据,画出晶体中偏振光出射点随晶体取向而变化的轨迹图及反射系数变化图予以讨论。这些结果为应用新的方法测量双轴晶体光学参量提供了可能性。 关键词：     

与人射线偏振光振动方向无关的低偏振度消偏器

消偏器是光纤传感器、光放大器等偏振敏感性光学系统中的关键器件,用于减小输入光的偏振度(DOP)。设计了一种与入射线偏振光振动方向无关的低偏振度消偏器,该器件中利用人为的偏振相关延迟代替了保偏光纤的双折射,并在偏振相关型消偏器前增加了一个1/4波片,从而对任意方向振动的线偏振光具有相同的消偏能力,结构紧凑。对消偏性能随波片阶数、入射光中心波长和振动方向的变化作了数值计算。实验中采用半峰全宽为0．13 nm的光源,入射线偏振光在任意方向振动时,输出光偏振度小于2．6%,消偏器的插入损耗为0．6 dB,损耗起伏小于0．11 dB。实验和数值计算结果表明,该消偏器具有低偏振度、低插入损耗和适合于宽光谱应用的优点。     

与入射线偏振光振动方向无关的低偏振度消偏器

消偏器是光纤传感器、光放大器等偏振敏感性光学系统中的关键器件,用于减小输入光的偏振度(DOP).设计了一种与入射线偏振光振动方向无关的低偏振度消偏器,该器件中利用人为的偏振相关延迟代替了保偏光纤的双折射,并在偏振相关型消偏器前增加了一个1/4波片,从而对任意方向振动的线偏振光具有相同的消偏能力,结构紧凑.对消偏性能随波片阶数、入射光中心波长和振动方向的变化作了数值计算.实验中采用半峰全宽为0.13 nm的光源,入射线偏振光在任意方向振动时,输出光偏振度小于2.6%,消偏器的插入损耗为0.6 dB,损耗起伏小于0.11 dB.实验和数值计算结果表明,该消偏器具有低偏振度、低插入损耗和适合于宽光谱应用的优点.     

Separability of amplitude,phase and polarization information in the Jones calculus

The two-component Jones vector is cast in a form that achieves the separation of the information on the polarization ellipse from that on the amplitude and phase of the light wave. The shape, sense of rotation and orientation of the elliptic vibration of the electric field are described by the complex polarization variable χ while the amplitude a (size) and temporal phase ? of that vibration are described by the complex amplitude A = aexp(i?). The transformation of the complex amplitude of the wave A after passing through an optical system leads to a complex-amplitude transfer function (CATF) which is a nonanalytic function of the complex polarization variable χ. The CATF is, in turn, separable into polarization-dependent (real) amplitude and phase transfer functions (ATF and PHTF). Together with the polarization transfer function PTF (the transformation of χ), the ATF and PHTF provide a useful set of tools that complement the well-known Jones calculus.     

一种液晶透镜盒间隙的测试方法

针对当前液晶透镜盒间隙测试存在的难题, 文中提出采用线偏振干涉法测试方法, 采用光强均匀分布的单色光入射, 检偏器的偏光轴方向与起偏器的偏光轴垂直或者平行, 液晶透镜的液晶取向层的摩擦方向与起偏器偏振轴夹角为45°, 此时干涉条纹亮暗差别最明显. 利用液晶透镜中心保持预倾角不变的透过率以及其他位置透过率最大值来计算液晶透镜的盒间隙, 该方法简单、可靠, 因采用光学手段测试, 其精确度相对较高. 关键词： 液晶透镜 盒间隙 线偏振光干涉 透过率     

Forward light reflection from a moving inhomogeneity

The reflection of monochromatic and quasi-monochromatic pulsed light incident on a moving inhomogeneity in the optical characteristics of a medium having plasma-type dispersion has been analyzed. The velocity V of the inhomogeneity, induced in the medium by an intense laser pulse, has been changed by varying its carrier frequency. It has been shown that the usual back-reflection mode, when the reflected radiation pulse moves in the direction opposite the direction of incident radiation, is implemented only if the velocity V is less than the critical value V _min, which depends on the carrier frequency of the incident radiation pulse. It has been found that reflected radiation moves in the same direction as the incident radiation in a certain range of the velocity V _min < V < V _max (forward reflection). In this case, the reflected radiation pulse begins to lag behind a fast-moving inhomogeneity. When V _max < V < c, where c is the speed of light in vacuum, the group velocity of the incident radiation pulse is less than the speed of inhomogeneity, and there is no reflection. Analytical treatment is supported by numerical simulation.     

Degree of polarization for quantum light field propagating through non-Kolmogorov turbulence

Nonclassical polarization properties of a quantum field propagating through non-Kolmogorov turbulence are studied in a turbulent atmosphere paraxial channel. The analytic equation for the quantum degree of polarization of linearly polarized light is obtained. It is shown by numerical simulation that the polarization fluctuations of the quantum field are a function of the turbulent strength, the photon number, the propagation distance, the fractal constant α and the coherence length ρ₀.     

A simple optical device for generating square flat-top intensity irradiation from a gaussian laser beam

A simple optical device, by which a square flat-top intensity irradiation area can be produced from a laser beam having a gaussian profile, is developed. Calculated nonuniformity [(I_max-I_min)/(I_max+I_min)×100] and the efficiency of this optical device (total energy irradiated in the square region/total energy of the gaussian beam) were 3% and 94%, respectively, for the best irradiation condition.     

DNA-wrapped carbon nanotubes aligned in stretched gelatin films: Polarized resonance Raman and absorption spectroscopy study

We present the study of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) embedded in the stretched gelatin film by the polarized resonance Raman spectroscopy and visible-NIR optical absorption. The polarized dependent absorption spectra taken along and normal to the stretching direction demonstrate a comparatively high degree of the alignment of isolated SWNTs in the gelatin matrix. The analysis of Raman spectra of isolated SWNTs in the gelatin stretched films showed that the degree of the alignment of carbon nanotubes along the stretching direction is about 62%. The dependence of the peak position of G⁺-band in Raman spectra on the polarization angle θ between the polarization of the incident light and the direction of the stretching of films was revealed. This shift is explained by the different polarization dependence of the most intensive A and E₁ symmetry modes within the G⁺-band. The performed studies of embedded DNA-wrapped nanotubes in the gelatin film show the simple method for obtaining the controlled ordered biocompatible nanotubes inside a polymer matrix. It can be used for manufacturing sizable flexible self-transparent films with integrated nanoelectrodes.     

Polarisation of the IR luminescence of cubic ZnS single crystals

The polarization of the IR luminescence of oriented ZnS crystals has been measured. None of the three main emission bands shows measurable polarization after excitation with polarized or unpolarized light. This result supports centers with symmetryT _d because they do not require any selection rules for the polarization of optical dipole transitions.     

Optical properties of magnetic photonic crystals with an arbitrary magnetization orientation

We have studied the peculiarities of diffraction of light in magnetic photonic crystals at large values of magnetooptical activity parameter and modulation depth. We have considered the case of an arbitrary angle between the directions of the external static magnetic field and the normal to the layer. The problem has been solved by the modified Ambartsumyan layer summation method. It has been shown that the given system is nonreciprocal with respect to not only circular, but linear polarizations also. In this case, a new type of nonreciprocity is observed (namely, the relation R(α) ≠ R(–α) holds, where R is the reflection coefficient and α is the angle of incidence). It has been demonstrated that in the case of oblique incidence, there appears a new photonic forbidden band that is not selective relative to the polarization of incident light. We have detected strong dependences of reflectance, absorbance, transmittance nonreciprocity, and other characteristics on the angle between the direction of the external static magnetic field and the normal to the layer boundary. Such a system can be used as a controllable polarization filter and a mirror, as well as a source of circular (elliptic) polarization, a controllable optical diode, and so on.     

Acousto-optic filter of nonpolarized electromagnetic radiation

An acousto-optic tunable filter that is insensitive to the polarization of incident light is studied both theoretically and experimentally. The fundamental possibility of designing an acousto-optic filter of nonpolarized light is demonstrated. The filter operates in the visible range of electromagnetic waves with λ=480–750 nm and provides a high spatial and temporal resolution. The number of resolvable spots of the filtered image reaches a value of 400×400 with the spectral bandwidth of the device being Δλ=1.7 nm. The results of the processing of optical images formed by arbitrarily polarized light beams are discussed. An acousto-optic filter based on a TeO₂ crystal can be used in optics and spectroscopy in the processing of light beams with an arbitrary polarization, as well as in analyzing optical images formed by light beams whose polarization varies with time.     

Optical properties of orientated (SN)x-films in the visible and near infrared region

Optical reflectance and transmittance measurements between 0.3 and 5.5 eV were performed on (SN)_x-films which showed a parallel orientation of the crystallites with respect to their polymer chain axis.The optical behaviour below 3 eV for light polarized parallel to the chain axis and in particular a strong absorption peak between 1 and 2 eV is explained to be a Maxwell-Garnett resonance of the free carriers. The influence of the free carriers is also observed for light polarized perpendicular to the chains and is analysed by the same model. From the anisotropy of the transport properties the interchain coupling is inferred.     

Polarized optical pulses in a medium with third- and fifth-order nonlinearities

The dynamics of polarized solitary optical waves in a medium characterized by nonlinear susceptibilities of the third and fifth orders (χ₃ > 0, χ₅ < 0) is studied by numerical methods. The interaction of scalar pulses with the maximum amplitude leads to the creation of a coupled state of two solitary waves which oscillates during the propagation into the depth of the nonlinear medium. As a result of the inelastic collision of two circularly polarized steady-state pulses, a series of secondary pulses of different degrees of ellipticity appears.     

Multifractal analysis of fracture morphology of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/carbon black conductive composite

In this paper, based on scanning electron microscope (SEM), the fracture morphology of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/carbon black (EVA/CB) conductive composite with various cross-linkers 2,4-di(2-phenylisopropyl) phenol (DCP) contents were analysed by multifractal analysis. The relationship among the multifractal spectrum, cross-linker DCP content, the fracture morphology, fracture process and some mechanical property were discussed. The results showed that the larger the width Δα (Δα = α_max − α_min) of the multifractal spectra f(α), the more nonuniform the fracture surface morphology, in other words, the more the roughness. Moreover, the width Δα (Δα = α_max − α_min) of the multifractal spectra f(α) is the result of competition between ductile fracture and brittle fracture. Also, some mechanical property will correspondingly change when various cross-linker DCP contents were added. Multifractal analysis showed that the spectrum width Δα (Δα = α_max − α_min) of the multifractal spectra f(α) could be used to characterize the surface morphology and mechanical property of EVA/CB conductive composite, quantitatively.     

Spin Hall effect of light in metallic reflection

We report the first measurement of the spin Hall effect of light (SHEL) on an air-metal interface. The SHEL is a polarization-dependent out-of-plane shift on the reflected beam. For the case of metallic reflection with a linearly polarized incident light, both the spatial and angular variants of the shift are observed and are maximum for -45°/45° polarization, but zero for pure s and p polarization. For an incoming beam with circular polarization states however, only the spatial out-of-plane shift is present.     

Effect of absorption on light scattering by agglomerated debris particles

We study the influence of material absorption on light scattering by agglomerated debris particles whose sizes are comparable with the wavelength. We find that the angular profile of linear polarization is extremely sensitive to the imaginary part of refractive index, and there are some unique features that may assist in the retrieval of physical properties of particles using remote-sensing techniques. Most notably, the position of the positive polarization maximum α_max changes monotonically with the imaginary part of refractive index, allowing it to be used to characterize this property. In addition, the amplitude of the negative polarization branch (NPB) is significantly greater for dielectric particles than for non-dielectric particles. It disappears in the transition region between dielectric and conducting particles before reappearing as the imaginary part of the refractive index is increased further. Further increasing the imaginary part of the refractive index may see the NPB disappearing and reappearing in quasi-periodic fashion. This recurrent NPB has a much smaller amplitude than that of dielectric particles. This suggests that the cometary circumnuclear haloes, which have significant NPBs, cannot contain significant quantities of absorbing particles. In addition, combined observations suggest that the polarization maximum of circumnuclear haloes are relatively small P_max～12%, and occur at relatively small phase angles α_max～60°, which is also consistent with dielectric particles.     

Scattering of partially polarized light by aligned atoms

A compact expression for the cross section of scattering of an arbitrarily polarized light by aligned atomic systems is obtained, in which the dependence on the geometric parameters and the Stokes parameters specifying the state of partial polarization of the incident radiation is represented in explicit form. The effect of atomic alignment and the processes of dissipation of the light energy on the polarization specific features and the angular distribution of the scattered light is investigated. In particular, it is shown that, if a dissipative channel is accessible, the angular distribution and the degree of linear polarization of scattered light depend on the degree of circular polarization of the incident radiation η₂. Dissipative processes also induce the circular polarization of the light scattered by aligned atoms when η₂=0.     

双面曝光长周期光纤光栅偏振相关损耗

研究了采用高频CO2激光脉冲通过单面和双面曝光制作出的长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)的偏振相关损耗特性。单面曝光制作的长周期光纤光栅由于光纤横截面折射率改变不均匀,对入射光偏振态有较强的依赖性,主要表现为偏振相关损耗较大;为了降低偏振相关损耗,在制作长周期光纤光栅的过程中采用双面曝光的方法,以使其横截面折射率调制受高频CO2激光曝光改变均匀。实验数据显示,高频CO2激光脉冲制作的普通单面曝光长周期光纤光栅最大偏振相关损耗高达1.24 dB,而采用双面曝光的相同谐振峰值长周期光纤光栅的偏振相关损耗则可降至0.42 dB。因此,双面曝光制作的长周期光纤光栅能较好地克服入射光偏振态的不良影响,从而满足对偏振敏感的光纤通信和传感系统的应用要求。